張淵智,張志芳,盛劍秋,李世榮,張 帆,任艷敏,楊 姝,高慧芳,馮 燕
1.昆明市第一人民醫(yī)院消化科,云南昆明650011;2.河南省職工醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院麻醉科;3.北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院消化科
遺傳性非息肉病性結(jié)直腸癌綜合征(hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer,HNPCC)是一種發(fā)病與錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變密切相關(guān)的常染色體顯性遺傳性結(jié)直腸癌,與散發(fā)性結(jié)直腸癌相比較,具有影響因素單一、家庭聚集性和易于防治的特點。我們先前通過隨訪14個HNPCC中共222例hMLH1或hMSH2種系突變攜帶狀態(tài)明確的家系成員,分析了hMLH1或hMSH2種系突變攜帶者患癌風(fēng)險度[1-2],本研究探討性別對HNPCC家系成員中錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生惡性腫瘤風(fēng)險度的影響。
1.1 研究對象 14個HNPCC家系中共222例hMLH1或hMSH2種系突變攜帶狀態(tài)明確的家系成員,其中94例為hMLH1或hMSH2種系突變攜帶者[1-2](見表1)。94例種系突變攜帶者中,59例發(fā)生結(jié)直腸癌,7例發(fā)生胃癌,1例發(fā)生膽囊癌,1例發(fā)生卵巢癌,1例發(fā)生皮膚癌;男64例,女30例。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 HNPCC家系成員調(diào)查表:所有被調(diào)查的HNPCC家系成員均填寫HNPCC家系成員調(diào)查表,內(nèi)容包括姓名、性別、出生日期、確診結(jié)直腸癌的時間、家族惡性腫瘤史、個人惡性腫瘤史、腫瘤發(fā)生部位和數(shù)目、組織學(xué)類型等情況。所有參與調(diào)查的患者及家系成員均簽署知情同意書。
1.2.2 診斷標準:Amsterdam標準Ⅰ(Amsterdam Criteria Ⅰ,ACⅠ)[2]、Amsterdam 標準Ⅱ(ACⅡ)[3]、日本標準(Japanese criteria for HNPCC,JC)[4]。對 Amsterdam標準Ⅱ中結(jié)直腸外腫瘤譜略作修改,包括胃癌、肝癌等臨床上顯示與HNPCC綜合征相關(guān)的多種器官的惡性腫瘤。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 14.0統(tǒng)計軟件包對資料進行描述性分析,計數(shù)資料的相關(guān)性分析、率或構(gòu)成比的比較、相對危險度的計算等均采用χ2檢驗;突變攜帶者發(fā)生腫瘤的年齡相關(guān)累計風(fēng)險度的計算與比較采用Kaplan-Meier方法、Cox風(fēng)險比例模型和對數(shù)秩檢驗。顯著性水準α=0.05,所有統(tǒng)計學(xué)檢驗均為雙側(cè)檢驗。累積風(fēng)險度用均數(shù)和95%可信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI)表示。
表1 14個HNPCC家系的臨床診斷標準、突變基因及家系成員的突變攜帶情況Tab 1 Clinical criteria,mutation gene and mutation status of members in 14 HNPCC families
2.1 錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生HNPCC相關(guān)惡性腫瘤的累積風(fēng)險度與性別的關(guān)系 94例攜帶hMLH1或hMSH2種系突變的家系成員中,發(fā)生惡性腫瘤者共有67例(包括2例絨毛狀腺瘤患者),男性攜帶者與女性攜帶者在30歲、40歲、50歲,60歲等年齡時發(fā)生HNPCC相關(guān)腫瘤的累積危險度如表2所示。如不考慮HNPCC相關(guān)惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生部位,男性與女性種系突變攜帶者在不同年齡的患癌累積風(fēng)險度間具有非常顯著性差異(χ2=7.74,P<0.01),男性攜帶者的患癌年齡較女性明顯提前(見圖1),但在60歲時兩者基本趨于一致,均達90%以上;當腫瘤的發(fā)生部位為結(jié)直腸時,男性與女性種系突變攜帶者在不同年齡的患癌累積風(fēng)險度間具有非常顯著性差異(χ2=9.47,P<0.01),男性攜帶者結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病年齡較女性患者明顯提前(見圖2);當腫瘤的發(fā)生部位為胃時,男性與女性種系突變攜帶者在不同年齡的患癌累積風(fēng)險度間的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=0.34,P>0.05)。
圖1 不同性別的hMLH1或hMSH2種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生HNPCC相關(guān)腫瘤的年齡累積危險度;圖2 不同性別的hMLH1或hMSH2種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生結(jié)直腸癌的累積危險度Fig 1 Cumulative cancer risk between man and woman hMLH1 or hMSH2 mutation carriers;Fig 2 Cumulative colorectal cancer risk between man and woman hMLH1 or hMSH2 mutation carriers
表2 不同性別的hMLH1或hMSH2種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生HNPCC相關(guān)惡性腫瘤的累積危險度(%)Tab 2 Cumulative cancer risk between man and woman hMLH1 or hMSH2 mutation carriers(%)
2.2 性別相同時hMLH1和hMSH2種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生HNPCC相關(guān)惡性腫瘤的累積風(fēng)險度 在性別相同的hMLH1和hMSH2種系突變攜帶者,30歲、40歲、50歲和60歲等年齡時發(fā)生HNPCC相關(guān)腫瘤的平均累積危險度如表3所示。男性hMLH1和hMSH2種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生所有HNPCC相關(guān)惡性腫瘤的累積風(fēng)險度間的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=0.95,P>0.05);女性hMLH1和hMSH2種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生所有HNPCC相關(guān)惡性腫瘤的年齡累積風(fēng)險度間的差異也無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=0.45,P>0.05)。hMLH1和 hMSH2種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生結(jié)直腸癌或腺瘤的累積風(fēng)險度間的差異,在男性組(χ2=0.71,P >0.05)、女性組(χ2=2.18,P >0.05)均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
表3 性別相同時hMLH1和hMSH2種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生HNPCC相關(guān)惡性腫瘤的累積危險度(%)Tab 3 Cumulative cancer risk of hMLH1 and hMSH2 mutation carriers with the same sex(%)
HNPCC綜合征又稱Lynch綜合征,是最常染色體顯性遺傳結(jié)直腸癌,在臨床上以家族為單位發(fā)病,且大多數(shù)患者發(fā)生結(jié)直腸癌。國內(nèi)外研究顯示在所有結(jié)直腸癌患者中,符合Amsterdam標準Ⅰ的HNPCC患者發(fā)病率約為0.3% ~3%[5-12]。目前認為HNPCC的發(fā)病與錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變密切相關(guān),大約45%~92%的HNPCC家系可檢出錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變[3,13-17];其中 hMLH1 與 hMSH2 約占 90%左右[15-16,18-21]。與普通人群相比,發(fā)生HNPCC綜合征的家系成員是發(fā)生惡性腫瘤尤其是結(jié)直腸癌的高危人群。國外研究表明錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變對HNPCC家系成員發(fā)生惡性腫瘤及部位的風(fēng)險度具有一定的預(yù)測作用[22-27]。國內(nèi)類似研究報道較少。關(guān)于HNPCC家族成員中hMLH1與hMSH2種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生惡性腫瘤及不同部位腫瘤的風(fēng)險度與性別的相關(guān)性,國外僅有少數(shù)研究報道[22,27-28],國內(nèi)未見類似報道。
Barrow等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變攜帶者在70歲時發(fā)生結(jié)直腸癌的累積風(fēng)險度50.4%(95%CI:47.8% ~52.9%),男性攜帶者為 54.3%(95%CI:50.7% ~57.8%),明顯高于女性攜帶者(46.3%,95%CI:42.8% ~49.9%,P=0.02)[28];女性突變攜帶者70歲時發(fā)生腸外腫瘤的累積風(fēng)險度為47.4%(95%CI:43.9% ~50.8%),明顯高于男性患者(26.5%,95%CI:22.6% ~30.4%,P <0.001),但男性攜帶者70歲時發(fā)生胃癌的累積風(fēng)險度明顯高于女性患者(P<0.001)[27]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,在30歲、40歲、50歲、60歲等年齡點時,男性hMLH1或hMSH2種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生所有HNPCC相關(guān)惡性腫瘤的累積危險度較女性種系突變攜帶者高(P<0.01),男性攜帶者的發(fā)病年齡普遍較女性提前,但均在60歲時達到高峰,二者發(fā)病的平均累積危險度基本趨于一致。當腫瘤的發(fā)生部位為結(jié)直腸時,男性種系突變攜帶者在各個年齡點的累積危險度明顯高于女性突變攜帶者(P<0.01)。在胃癌方面,男性與女性種系突變攜帶者發(fā)病的年齡相關(guān)累積風(fēng)險度間的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。本研究結(jié)果與國外同類研究相似[22,27-28],但我國錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生各種HNPCC相關(guān)惡性腫瘤及結(jié)直腸癌的累積風(fēng)險度均明顯高于國外突變攜帶者,并且盡管女性突變攜帶者發(fā)病年齡雖較男性晚,但在60歲時二者發(fā)病的累積危險度均趨于一致。此外,我國男性與女性錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生胃癌的累積風(fēng)險度亦較國外攜帶者高。原因可能與以下因素有關(guān):① 我國HNPCC相關(guān)腸外腫瘤最常見的是胃癌[29],而國外最常見的則是子宮內(nèi)膜癌,胃癌所占的比例較低[22,27-28]。②可能與人種有關(guān)。本組資料同時顯示,在性別相同時hMLH1與hMSH2錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變攜帶者患癌累積風(fēng)險度間的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),與國外研究相同[27-28]。
本研究提示,雖然男性錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變攜帶者發(fā)生HNPCC相關(guān)惡性腫瘤的風(fēng)險度較女性提前,但兩者的發(fā)病風(fēng)險度均在40歲時明顯增加,并在60歲時發(fā)病的風(fēng)險度均超過90%。因此在40歲以后要加強對HNPCC家系成員中錯配修復(fù)基因種系突變攜帶者的隨訪力度,定期進行胃鏡和腸鏡檢查,并且女性攜帶者要定期進行生殖器官檢查,以達到腫瘤早期防治和最大限度節(jié)省醫(yī)療費用的目的。
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