蔡劍媚

(廣東省中山市第二中學(xué))

一、理論依據(jù)

普通高級中學(xué)《英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》明確規(guī)定了對語言知識(shí)所應(yīng)該掌握的目標(biāo)，“基礎(chǔ)教育階段學(xué)生應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)和掌握的英語語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)包括語音、詞匯、語法、功能和話題等五方面的內(nèi)容”。新課標(biāo)要求普通高中畢業(yè)生達(dá)到八級目標(biāo)，其中對詞匯的要求是：（1）運(yùn)用詞匯理解和表達(dá)不同的功能、意圖和態(tài)度等；（2）運(yùn)用詞匯描述比較復(fù)雜的事物、行為和特征，說明概念等；（3）學(xué)會(huì)使用3000個(gè)單詞和400～500個(gè)習(xí)慣用語或固定搭配。在高中的英語課堂中，閱讀課型占了英語課堂的大部分時(shí)間。在閱讀教學(xué)上，許多老師都遵循了“頭腦風(fēng)暴，導(dǎo)入新課——快速閱讀，回答問題——細(xì)讀課文，抓住信息-小組討論，“代表發(fā)言”這一模式授課，一味強(qiáng)調(diào)閱讀能力，忽視詞匯教學(xué)，造成學(xué)生對長難句不理解，一篇課文學(xué)習(xí)完畢，學(xué)生未能對本課的生詞有印象，嚴(yán)重影響了詞匯的積累，對語言綜合技能的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的障礙。筆者認(rèn)為教師應(yīng)該發(fā)揮教學(xué)課堂這一主渠道，讓詞匯教學(xué)滲透在英語閱讀課堂中。

二、教學(xué)實(shí)踐

緊緊圍繞閱讀主題，利用課文提供的豐富的語言材料，設(shè)計(jì)多種形式的詞匯聯(lián)系，讓學(xué)生在學(xué)中做，在做中學(xué)，以達(dá)到:（1）掃除閱讀障礙，更準(zhǔn)確地理解課文和把握信息；（2）通過語境讓學(xué)生了解新詞匯復(fù)習(xí)舊詞匯，達(dá)到鞏固和積累詞匯的目的；（3）培養(yǎng)學(xué)生觀察語言現(xiàn)象，注重英語詞匯的正確使用，培養(yǎng)語言的綜合技能。

1.用英語釋義（paraphrase）新詞,培養(yǎng)英語思維的習(xí)慣。

例如在教Unit 1 Friendship（人教版必修模塊1）時(shí)，筆者對有關(guān)的新詞做如下釋義：“I don’t want to ①set down ②a series of facts in a diary as most people do,...” ＝ “I don’t want to①write down ②a number of things that happen one after another in a diary as most people do,...”

A night the earth didn’t sleep Before the earthquake(paragraph 1)During the earthquake(paragraphs 2-3)1.The water in the(1)rose and fell.2.Chickens and pigs were too nervous to eat,mice ran out of the fields and fish jumped out of the ponds.3.People saw (2)in the sky and heard the sound of planes and the water(3)in some buildings cracked and(4).1.At 3:42 am everything began to shake.Then later that afternoon,another big （5） shook Tangshan.2.The large city lay(6).Two thirds of the people were killed or(7).3.Some of the rescue workers and doctors were(8)under the ruins.After the earthquake(paragraph 4)1.The army sent soldiers to help the (9)workers.2.Workers built(10)for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.

2.在細(xì)讀課文的過程中，填寫信息詞，獲取更多的信息。

例如，在 Unit 4 Earthquake（必修 1）的課 文 ANIGHTTHEEARTHDIDN’T SLEEP,課文描述了地震前，地震中和地震后的情況，涉及到許多生詞，在給學(xué)生梳理課文脈絡(luò)的同時(shí)，要求學(xué)生細(xì)讀課文，查找并填寫描述地震的一些信息詞，這些詞也是本課的新詞匯。

(Keys：1.wells,2.bright light,3.pipes,4.burst,5.quake,6.in ruins,7.injured,8.trapped,9.rescue,10.shelters)

3.對課文改寫設(shè)空，使學(xué)生進(jìn)一步理解課文，并在語境中進(jìn)一步領(lǐng)悟新詞的意義和用法。

例如，筆者對Unit 2 The Olympic Games（必修2）課文AN INTERVIEW 改寫并設(shè)置10個(gè)所學(xué)新詞進(jìn)行填空。

The text is about an interview about the development of Olympic Games between Pausanias,a(1)writer and Li Yan,a (2)for the 2008 Olympic Games.The ancient Olympic Games began in “Ancient(3)”.The modern Olympic Games,including Winter and Summer Games,are held every four years on a(4)basis.Unlike ancient Olympic,in which no(5)and women were allowed to join,in modern Olympic Games,(6)who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be (7)as competitors.(8),it is a great(9)but also a great honor for Beijing to have been chosen to(10)the Olympic Games in 2008.

(Keys：1.Greek,2.volunteer,3.Greece,4.regular,5.slaves,6.athletes,7.admitted,8.Nowadays,9.responsibility,10.host)

4.課文理解后，提供新詞，要求學(xué)生復(fù)述課文，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生口、筆頭的表達(dá)能力。

例如，教授 Unit 3 Travel journal(必修2)要求學(xué)生復(fù)述或改寫JOURNEY DOWN THE NEKONG這篇課文，字?jǐn)?shù)要求在100左右，提供學(xué)生如下新詞：

ever since,persuade,cycling,graduate from,the schedule for,organize,determined,care about,make up one’s mind,change one’s mind,give in,be fond of,stubborn,care about,journey,finally

（范例：Wangkun and Wangwei have been fond of cycling and dreaming of making a bike trip ever since middle school.After they graduated from college,Wangkun was persuaded to buy a mountain bike,and they made a schedule for the journey down the Mekong River.Wangweiinsisted on organizing the trip.Wangkun was a little worried,because Wanyan didn’t care about details.However,Wangkun knew he couldn’t make her change her mind,for she was very stubborn.Finally,Wangkun gave in.They looked up much information for the trip;though it was no easy trip,they were determined to go and they made up their mind to have fun in the trip.）

5.展示圖片，提供新詞，讓學(xué)生造句，鞏固新詞。

例如：Unit 6 Health problems(選修 6)中的新詞，看圖說話的訓(xùn)練。

1.be accustomed to,

2.be addicted to,quit

3.athletes,breathless,manage to do

4.unfit,due to

(參考例句：1.The couple are accustomed to the life here.2.He is addicted to smoking,so it is tough for him to quit it.3.The athletes are breathless now,but they will manage to reach the finishing line.4.The boy is unfit,which is due to his unhealthy diet.)

6.小組討論，用所給單詞編故事。

仍以 Unit 6 Health problems(選修 6)為例，按以下要求訓(xùn)練學(xué)生。

Form a group of four,have a discussion and make up a short story using as many of the words or expressions below as possible.

tough,adolescence,unfit,automatically,mentally,quit,pregnant,abnormal,breathless,strengthen,desperate,disappointed,be due to,be accustomed to,feel like doing,be addicted to,manage to,decide on

每個(gè)學(xué)生都參與討論，發(fā)揮想象，編寫故事。盡管有些故事非常離奇古怪，但是訓(xùn)練學(xué)生使用的詞匯已經(jīng)達(dá)到，學(xué)生在編寫的過程中學(xué)會(huì)使用了詞匯，并且還可以在相互欣賞故事中糾正自己的錯(cuò)誤，或者學(xué)習(xí)更好的用法，效果非常好。

7.提供詞匯和話題，要求學(xué)生仿寫課文。

例如：在教 Unit 4 Earthquake（必修 1），四川汶川正好發(fā)生了大地震，筆者讓學(xué)生仿照課文，寫一篇有關(guān)汶川地震的報(bào)道。盡量使用所學(xué)詞匯：

event,earthquake,shake,kill,injure,destroy,rescue,shock,disaster,bury,dig out,shelter,suffering,extreme,tens of thousands of,electricity,

(范 例 ：An 8.0-magnitude earthquake shook Wenchuan County in Sichuan Province at 2:28 pm on May 12,2008.The whole nation was shocked at the disaster.The whole county was badly destroyed;the houses and roads were useless;electricity was cut off.Tens of thousands of people were killed or injured.The suffering of the people was extreme.

Soon after the quakes,soldiers and rescue workers were sent to the quake-hit areas to help the people there.The army made their efforts to dig out those who were trapped or buried by the quakes.Workers and soldiers built shelters for the survivors whose homes had been destroyed.With the help of the whole nation,the people in quake-hit areas will get over the difficulty.)

讓詞匯教學(xué)滲透在英語閱讀課堂中，首先要求我們老師要改變我們的教學(xué)理念，將詞匯教學(xué)與閱讀能力培養(yǎng)藝術(shù)地結(jié)合起來。其次，要求我們教師在課堂上多想辦法讓學(xué)生更多地接觸詞匯，訓(xùn)練詞匯，鞏固詞匯，提高學(xué)生詞匯知識(shí)水平，讓他們愉快地徜徉在閱讀的海洋中，享受英語閱讀的樂趣。

[1]中華人民共和國教育部.義務(wù)教育普通高級中學(xué)英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[M].北京師范大學(xué)出版社，2001.