龍 博， 陳 忠， 李玉春

（1.海南師范大學(xué) 生命科學(xué)學(xué)院，海南 ?？?571158；2.山東大學(xué) 生態(tài)學(xué)與生物多樣性研究所，山東 濟(jì)南 250100）

不同因素對(duì)動(dòng)物家域面積的影響

龍 博1，2， 陳 忠1， 李玉春2*

（1.海南師范大學(xué) 生命科學(xué)學(xué)院，海南 ?？?571158；2.山東大學(xué) 生態(tài)學(xué)與生物多樣性研究所，山東 濟(jì)南 250100）

對(duì)動(dòng)物家域大小的研究是動(dòng)物生態(tài)學(xué)與保護(hù)生物學(xué)的基本研究領(lǐng)域之一，對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)動(dòng)物的生境質(zhì)量、生境選擇、棲息地負(fù)載量具有重要意義.迄今對(duì)動(dòng)物家域的研究主要集中在家域面積的測算方法，但研究不同因素對(duì)動(dòng)物家域面積的影響是更重要的生態(tài)學(xué)問題.文章綜述了不同因素對(duì)動(dòng)物家域面積影響的研究成果，包括性別、季節(jié)、種群密度、捕食風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、婚配制度和人類影響，以促進(jìn)該領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展.

家域面積；因素；核心法；最小多邊形法

家域（home range）是動(dòng)物進(jìn)行取食、繁殖、巡游等日?；顒?dòng)的場所[1]，是關(guān)系到野生動(dòng)物生境質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)、棲息地負(fù)載量以及保護(hù)區(qū)規(guī)劃和管理等重要領(lǐng)域的基礎(chǔ)參數(shù)[2-4].動(dòng)物家域面積在不同季節(jié)、不同時(shí)段受到不同因素的影響而不斷變化，這種變化即反映了環(huán)境對(duì)動(dòng)物的影響，同時(shí)也是動(dòng)物適應(yīng)環(huán)境、有選擇地利用生境的一種表現(xiàn).目前對(duì)動(dòng)物家域的研究集中在家域面積的測算方面，對(duì)影響家域面積的因子及其變化規(guī)律的研究成為一個(gè)正在興起的領(lǐng)域.本文總結(jié)了不同因素對(duì)動(dòng)物家域面積影響的研究成果，為今后有關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究提供參考.

1 家域面積計(jì)算方法簡介

計(jì)算動(dòng)物家域面積使用過的方法有很多種，例如調(diào)和平均數(shù)法[5]、橢圓法[6]、Fouries法[7]及其柵格法[8-9]等，但由于這些方法的假定使用條件在野生動(dòng)物難以得到滿足或具有明顯的缺點(diǎn)而已經(jīng)很少被使用.目前被廣泛使用的方法是最為簡單直觀的最小凸多邊形法（MCP：Minimum Convex Polygon）和基于家區(qū)內(nèi)部利用密度分布的核心法（kernel method）.

最小凸多邊形法（MCP）是估算動(dòng)物家域面積最常用和最簡單的方法.該方法連接動(dòng)物最外圍定位點(diǎn)得到的多邊形作為動(dòng)物的家域，其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為多邊形的外角大于180°.最小多邊形法的缺點(diǎn)是：1）不能描述家域內(nèi)動(dòng)物的利用密度分布，計(jì)算出的家域內(nèi)往往包括動(dòng)物并未利用的大片區(qū)域；2）偏遠(yuǎn)定位點(diǎn)對(duì)動(dòng)物家域面積的計(jì)算影響顯著，容易造成家域面積估計(jì)過大[10-11].核心法（Kernel Method）是Wor?ton提出的最新方法，其基本原理是利用核心法（kernel）對(duì)動(dòng)物的定位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行曲面擬合，按照一定的空間或密度百分率截取底面積作為動(dòng)物的家域面積.Li et al利用核心法計(jì)算了日本日光國立公園梅花鹿（Cervus nippon）的家域面積和內(nèi)部利用，并首次將這種方法譯為“核心法”[12].核心法受偏遠(yuǎn)定位點(diǎn)的影響小，能精確估算動(dòng)物家域面積及其對(duì)家域內(nèi)的利用密度分布，但它在定位點(diǎn)的空間自相關(guān)性、平滑系數(shù)的設(shè)定以及所用柵格大小等參數(shù)的設(shè)置上存在差異，對(duì)活動(dòng)范圍較小的動(dòng)物適用性不夠好[13-15].

2 影響家域面積的因素

2.1 性別對(duì)家域面積的影響

不同性別的個(gè)體由于身體大小不同而對(duì)能量的需求不同，家域面積取決于動(dòng)物的能量需求[16]，這種差異導(dǎo)致不同性別個(gè)體的家域面積不同[17-22].雌雄個(gè)體由于在繁殖和育幼中的作用不一樣，由此導(dǎo)致能量需求和生境選擇的差異，也是導(dǎo)致家域面積不同的主要原因.Coleman&Downs通過無線電遙測方法獲得了黑尾青毛鼠（Thallomys nigricauda）的活動(dòng)位點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)，應(yīng)用MCP法測算了雌雄個(gè)體的家域面積，發(fā)現(xiàn)雄性個(gè)體的家域面積明顯大于雌性的[23].對(duì)梅花鹿、野貓（Felis catus）、赤樹（鼠平）（Arborimus longicaudus）、美洲暮蝠（Nycticeius hu?meralis）不同性別個(gè)體家域面積的研究均顯示雄性個(gè)體家域面積大于雌性個(gè)體[12，24-26].

2.2 季節(jié)對(duì)家域面積的影響

家域最重要的功能之一是為動(dòng)物提供足夠的食物資源[27].食物的種類和數(shù)量、獲取食物的難易程度、食物的分布是影響動(dòng)物家域面積的主要因素，而氣候的季節(jié)性變化和植物物候?qū)е聞?dòng)物家域內(nèi)食物的數(shù)量和分布發(fā)生季節(jié)性變化，從而引起動(dòng)物的家域面積具有季節(jié)性變化[28-32].例如，平原囊鼠（Geomys bursarius）雌性個(gè)體由于環(huán)境中食物數(shù)量和種類的變化以及繁殖季節(jié)能量需求的增加導(dǎo)致其春冬季節(jié)的家域面積明顯大于春夏季節(jié)[33].對(duì)棕熊（Ursus arctos）家域的無線電遙測結(jié)果也顯示雌性個(gè)體夏季家域面積大于春季和冬季[34].Brandt&Cresswell對(duì)火雀（Lagonosticta sanguinodor?salis）跟蹤遙測發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于旱季需要移動(dòng)更遠(yuǎn)的距離尋找水源而使旱季家域面積大于雨季[35].繁殖季節(jié)的營巢行為也是導(dǎo)致鳥類家域面積季節(jié)變化的一個(gè)重要原因，如Reynolds et al.對(duì)萊桑鴨（Anas Laysanensis）家域面積遙測表明，繁殖季節(jié)營巢個(gè)體的家域面積和活動(dòng)時(shí)間明顯小于未營巢個(gè)體[36].

2.3 種群密度對(duì)家域面積的影響

影響動(dòng)物家域面積的因素中除了外界環(huán)境條件（如食物種類和數(shù)量、生存空間大小、捕食風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、棲息地質(zhì)量等）外，還有動(dòng)物本身的內(nèi)部因素如種群數(shù)量和婚配制度[37].結(jié)群或家族生活的動(dòng)物由于尋找的食物資源必須滿足整個(gè)群或家族的需求，在食物匱乏的季節(jié)或食物量匱乏的生境中其活動(dòng)范圍要比單個(gè)個(gè)體的大，即需要更大的家域面積.對(duì)小興安嶺和南卡羅萊納州野豬（Sus scrofa）家域的研究已發(fā)現(xiàn)，家族群體的家域面積大于單獨(dú)個(gè)體的家域面積[38-39].對(duì)毛蜘蛛猴（Brachyteles arachnoids）家域的研究亦發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著種群密度的增加其家族的家域面積顯著擴(kuò)大[40].

2.4 捕食風(fēng)險(xiǎn)對(duì)家域面積的影響

動(dòng)物在自然環(huán)境中無時(shí)無刻不面臨著被捕食的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[41]，動(dòng)物可以通過減少活動(dòng)時(shí)間、改變活動(dòng)區(qū)域、尋求隱蔽場所等等方式盡量減少被捕食的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[42-44]，這些應(yīng)對(duì)捕食風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的策略導(dǎo)致了家域面積的變化.通過對(duì)24頭野豬的遙測發(fā)現(xiàn)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下野豬除夜間覓食外其余時(shí)間均藏匿在獵人難以到達(dá)的灌木叢中，縮小活動(dòng)范圍以減小被獵捕的概率，因此家域面積明顯小于低捕獵捕風(fēng)險(xiǎn)期[45].由于成年松樹林提供了茂盛的枝葉和足夠的樹洞供北美飛鼠（Glaucomy sabrinus）躲避天敵的捕食，因此成年松樹林的面積往往可影響到北美飛鼠的家域面積[46-47].對(duì)西點(diǎn)林鸮（Strix occidentalis）、獅子（Pan?thera leo persica）家域面積研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，動(dòng)物為了應(yīng)對(duì)捕食風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)選擇高郁閉度的區(qū)域，導(dǎo)致家域面積的改變[48-49].

2.5 婚配制度對(duì)家域面積的影響

動(dòng)物在繁殖季節(jié)進(jìn)入臨近異性的家域?qū)ふ遗渑?，?dǎo)致雄性與雌性個(gè)體家域重疊范圍大于非繁殖季節(jié).對(duì)長爪沙鼠（Meriones unguiculatus）繁殖季節(jié)家域面積的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，不僅雄性長爪沙鼠會(huì)進(jìn)入附近雌性長爪沙鼠的家域，雌性長爪沙鼠也會(huì)主動(dòng)進(jìn)入雄性的家域與更多的雄性長爪沙鼠交配[50].運(yùn)用無線電遙測技術(shù)對(duì)兩種不同婚配制度的納氏草鹀（Ammodramus nelsoni）和尖尾沙鹀（A.caudacutus）繁殖季節(jié)家域面積進(jìn)行了比較研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)雄性納氏草鹀在交配完畢后會(huì)陪伴雌性并阻止其他雄性與其交配，而雄性尖尾沙鹀并未表現(xiàn)出守衛(wèi)雌性的行為，這種婚配制度上的差異導(dǎo)致雄性納氏草鹀必須比雄性納氏草鹀搜尋更大的范圍尋找未交配的雌性，因此其家域面積比雄性尖尾沙鹀要大[51-52].

2.6 人類活動(dòng)對(duì)家域面積的影響

人類開發(fā)利用自然資源以及對(duì)野生動(dòng)物棲息地的破壞和擠占造成野生動(dòng)物種群數(shù)量下降和家域面積的改變.加拿大阿爾伯特省北部石油開發(fā)導(dǎo)致馴鹿（Rangifer tarandus caribou）棲息地破壞，致使馴鹿可用的食物資源量減少，馴鹿被迫擴(kuò)大家域面積以尋找足夠的食物[53-54].也有研究報(bào)道了日益增加的土地開發(fā)導(dǎo)致了落基山區(qū)域馬鹿（Cervus elaphus）家域面積的減小[55].對(duì)中國內(nèi)蒙古東部草原地區(qū)狼（Canis lupus）的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于過度放牧和肆意捕殺野生動(dòng)物，該地區(qū)狼的食物主要來源由野生動(dòng)物變?yōu)槟撩耧曫B(yǎng)的羊，因此狼對(duì)牧民居住區(qū)的利用頻率要大于草原的其他地區(qū)[56].動(dòng)物家域中的核心區(qū)是動(dòng)物利用最為頻繁的區(qū)域，核心區(qū)的重疊表明兩個(gè)物種將面臨激烈的種間競爭，在正常情況下核心區(qū)不會(huì)重疊，但由于畜牧業(yè)、石油開采和狩獵使得美國德克薩斯州黑尾鹿（Odocoileus hemionus eremicus）和白尾鹿（Odocoileus virginia?nus）兩個(gè)物種的家域面積被壓縮，甚至導(dǎo)致兩個(gè)物種家域核心區(qū)高度重疊[57].

3 發(fā)展趨勢

無線電遙測技術(shù)的引入極大地推動(dòng)了動(dòng)物家域研究的發(fā)展.隨著技術(shù)手段和研究方法的不斷進(jìn)步，無線電遙測技術(shù)向著多方式多途徑綜合使用的方向發(fā)展.在研究方法上無線電遙測與衛(wèi)星追蹤（GPS-collar）相結(jié)合，使得對(duì)大范圍長距離活動(dòng)的動(dòng)物家域研究更加方便和精確，如對(duì)新西蘭鳩（Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae）家域的研究和紅狼（Canis lupus rufus）家域的研究[58-59].在對(duì)野外遙測數(shù)據(jù)的處理上改進(jìn)計(jì)算家域面積和家域利用的數(shù)學(xué)模型（如三維模型），使家域面積和利用率的計(jì)算更加精確[60-61]，同時(shí)結(jié)合GIS和某些工具軟件如Google Earth等，使數(shù)據(jù)能夠被更加合理有效地利用[62-63].

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Effects of Different Factors on Animal Home Range Size

LONG Bo1，2，CHEN Zhong1，LI Yuchun2＊
（1.College of Life Sciences，Hainan Normal University，Haikou571158，China；2.Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity，Shandong University，Jinan250100，China）

Study on animal home range size is one of fundamental areas for animal ecology,and is necessary for related areas such as evaluating animal habitat quality,habitat selection,and carrying capacity evaluation.Up to now,studies of animal home range have been concentrated on evaluation home range size,however,effect of different factors on home range size is even more important for animal ecological studies.We summarized the studies of effect of different factors on home range size including sex,seasonality,population density,predation pressure,mating system and anthropogenic influence.

Home range size；factor；kernel method；MCP

Q 958.12

A

1674-4942（2011）04-0439-05

2011-09-14

國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目（30970367）；海南省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目（311049）

*通訊作者

黃 瀾