華中師范大學(xué) 葉婷茹 供稿

中國(guó)少數(shù)民族春節(jié)習(xí)俗

The Spring Festival Customs of Some Chinese Nationalities

華中師范大學(xué) 葉婷茹 供稿

編者注：春節(jié)作為中華民族最古老、最隆重的節(jié)日,歷來(lái)為各個(gè)民族所重視。吃年飯、放鞭炮、扎花燈、舞獅子、耍龍燈……這些是大多數(shù)民族都有的慶賀新年的方式。除了這些外,許多民族還有自己獨(dú)特的過(guò)年習(xí)俗。這些習(xí)俗無(wú)不打上了一個(gè)民族思想、文化、情感、心理和歷史的烙印。本期的《文化長(zhǎng)廊》將介紹一些少數(shù)民族的春節(jié)習(xí)俗。

Dai Nationality傣族

The youth of Dai Nationality love to play the game of throwing chaffbags(糠包).During the Spring Festival,boys and girls throw the chaff bags to see who bid accurately and who can receive them.At a certain time,the girls quietly snatch (搶 走)young men’s broadswords(腰刀),headclothes(包頭巾)or tied horses and then run home.If the man likes the girl,he will follow her.Seeing their daughter take a headcloth home and lead a horse back,the parents would be glad to host a banquet(設(shè)宴)to treat theman.

傣族青年男女喜愛(ài)甩糠包的游戲。春節(jié)期間，小伙子和姑娘們互相投擲糠包，看誰(shuí)投得準(zhǔn)，看誰(shuí)接得著。玩到一定的時(shí)候，姑娘們就悄悄搶走小伙子身上佩的腰刀、包頭布或拴著的馬跑回家去。假如小伙子有情就追隨而來(lái)。父母見到女兒拿著頭布、牽著駿馬回來(lái)，便設(shè)宴款待小伙子。

M iao Nationality苗族

Miao people call the Spring Festival“Hakka Year(客家年)”.Every household slaughters(屠宰)pigs and sheep.They roast wine and smash glutinous rice cake(打糍粑) to celebrate a good harvest in the hope of good weather for the crops in the coming year. During the festival,bullfight is their favorite activity.Thousands of people come towatch the bullfight.After the activity they play the drum.They carry the glutinous rice wine (糯米酒)raised from the families to the central of the field.And then all of them drink the wine and dance to the melody of the drumbeats(鼓點(diǎn))and the reed-pipe wind instrument(蘆笙).They pass the flower at the same time.When the drum stops,the person who has the flower must drink wine and sing a song.

苗族把春節(jié)稱作“客家年”，家家戶戶殺豬宰羊，烤酒打粑慶豐收，希望來(lái)年風(fēng)調(diào)雨順，五谷豐登。過(guò)年時(shí)人們最喜歡的活動(dòng)是斗牛。斗牛時(shí)往往有幾千人前來(lái)觀看。這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)結(jié)束以后“打年鼓”，他們事先把從各戶募得的糯米酒抬到場(chǎng)地中央，眾人一邊喝酒，一邊踏著鼓點(diǎn)和蘆笙的旋律翩翩起舞，還一邊歡快地傳花棒，每當(dāng)鼓聲一停，花棒落在誰(shuí)的手里，誰(shuí)就被罰酒唱歌。

Yao Nationality瑤族

On the first day of the lunar(農(nóng)歷的) year，people come together to watch the funny“farming play”.It is played by three people who separately disguised(化裝)as a farm cattle,a ploughman(耕田人)and a farmer who carries a hoe(鋤頭)on his shoulder.They sing songs and dance to celebrate the good harvest. The man who plays the role of farm cattle should be good at making all sorts of funny gestures tomake the audience laugh from time to time.According to the local custom,people who can touch themiddle between the cattle’s two eyebrowswillbe the happiest.

大年初一，人們從四面八方聚到一起，觀看風(fēng)趣別致的“耕作戲”。這個(gè)戲由三個(gè)人分別扮作耕牛、耕田的人及扛鋤頭的農(nóng)夫，又歌又舞，表示歡慶農(nóng)業(yè)的豐收。演戲時(shí)，扮演耕牛的人要善于做出各種各樣逗人發(fā)笑的動(dòng)作，引起觀眾一陣又一陣的歡笑。按當(dāng)?shù)仫L(fēng)俗，誰(shuí)能摸到牛的眉心，誰(shuí)就最幸福。

Bai Nationality白族

During the Spring Festival,the Bai people in Yunnan province have a celebration called“l(fā)aunching self-made rockets”.People use a piece of bamboo and put some gunpowder(火藥)into the bamboo joints(竹節(jié)).When it is lightened,the bamboo will be launched into the sky for hundreds of feet.It means promotion(高升).

Aswhat Miao People and Zhuang People do,the youth of Bai Nationality in some areas hold the activity of throwing silk ball(拋繡球) from the Spring Festival to the Lantern Festival(元宵節(jié)).If one can’t hold the ball,he or she should give a present to the other person. Missing the ball for several timeswithout getting presents back means accepting the other person’s love.

云南白族同胞過(guò)年時(shí)有一種叫 “放高升”的慶祝活動(dòng)。所謂“放高升”就是用整棵的大竹子，在竹節(jié)里裝上火藥，點(diǎn)燃以后可以把整個(gè)大竹子崩上天空百十丈，這就是高升。

有的地區(qū)的白族同胞與苗、壯族一樣，從春節(jié)到元宵節(jié)，男女青年都進(jìn)行“拋繡球”活動(dòng)。凡接不住繡球的，要贈(zèng)給對(duì)方紀(jì)念品，多次失球而又贖不回紀(jì)念品的人，就是表示接受對(duì)方的愛(ài)情了。