郭瑞敏,鄭龍,封志嵐,張煥鈴,連偉光,劉福英,王俊霞
(河北醫(yī)科大學分子生物學研究室,河北省實驗動物重點實驗室,石家莊,050017)
研究報告
犬傳染性肝炎DNA疫苗安全性評價
郭瑞敏,鄭龍,封志嵐,張煥鈴,連偉光,劉福英,王俊霞
(河北醫(yī)科大學分子生物學研究室,河北省實驗動物重點實驗室,石家莊,050017)
目的研究犬傳染性肝炎核酸疫苗pVAX1-CpG-Loop的安全性。方法BALB/c小鼠隨機分為4組,高劑量組(肌內注射每只200 μg)、低劑量組(肌內注射每只100 μg)、聯(lián)合免疫組(肌內注射每只100 μg,皮下注射50 μg,滴鼻每只50 μg)和PBS組,每兩周免疫1次,共免疫3次。末次免疫后4周、6個月檢測血常規(guī)和血液生化及對F1代的影響,用PCR和RT-PCR的方法檢測DNA疫苗的生物學分布和存留時間,末次免疫后4周和6個月取臟器觀察病理損傷。結果各劑量組的主要血液學檢測指標、對F1代的影響差異無顯著性。末次免疫后4周各劑量組AST明顯高于對照組。DNA疫苗在注射部位可存留8周,其中高劑量組和低劑量組在肝、脾、腎和注射部位有分布,聯(lián)合免疫組在肺組織也有分布。末次免疫后4周小鼠肝腎有淋巴細胞浸潤,6個月后慢性炎癥明顯好轉。結論由犬傳染性肝炎病毒DNA疫苗引起的肝腎損傷是一過性的,并且pVAX1-CpG-Loop沒有整合到宿主基因組,也沒有傳遞給F1代。
pVAX1-CpG-Loop;核酸疫苗;安全性評價;犬傳染性肝炎
犬傳染性肝炎(infectious canine hepatitis,ICH)是由犬傳染性肝炎病毒引起的一種常見的急性敗血性傳染?。?]。疫苗已經成為預防疾病的主要策略。傳統(tǒng)疫苗難以激活細胞毒性T淋巴細胞而誘導細胞免疫[2,3],而DNA疫苗能夠誘導宿主產生特異性細胞免疫和體液免疫應答,從而達到預防和治療疾病的目的[4,5]。本室已經構建的抗ICHV核酸疫苗pVAX1-CpG-Loop,免疫BALB/c小鼠后,誘導出特異性體液免疫和細胞免疫,產生殺傷表達病毒抗原靶細胞的CTL效應,顯示出良好的免疫原性和免疫反應性[6]。本課題用抗犬傳染性肝炎病毒核酸疫苗pVAX1-CpG-Loop免疫小鼠,對其安全性進行評價。
DNA疫苗的安全性主要考慮的一個方面是質粒DNA是否被整合到宿主細胞基因組[7-10]。整合的DNA質??赡芡ㄟ^插入激活致癌基因或滅活抑癌基因而導致腫瘤的發(fā)生[11],如果在生殖細胞發(fā)生這種整合將會導致物種的改變,美國FDA規(guī)定任何一種基因治療必須評估其潛在的整合到宿主生殖細胞的可能性以免引起物種的改變[12,13]。
1.1 實驗動物
清潔級BALB/c小鼠112只,雌雄各半,來源于河北省實驗動物中心【SCXK(冀)2003-1-003】,并按實驗動物使用的3R原則給予人道的關懷。
1.2 試劑
Trizol,M-MLV,Taq酶購自天根生化科技有限公司。
1.3 PCR引物
Loop上游引物P1:5′-CGGGATCCATGAACTG CCTATTTAATGGATCAGGT-3′,
下游引物P2:5′-CCGCTCGAGGCGGCCATTGC CAAGCAGCT-3′;
β-actin上游引物:5′-GTGGGCCGCTCTAGG CACCAA-3′,
下游引物:5′-CTCTTTGATGTC ACGCACGATTT C-3′。
1.4 DNA疫苗
本室已完成犬肝炎病毒DNA疫苗pVAX1-CpG-Loop的構建。該DNA疫苗的提取為經典的質粒提取方法并經過純化。用Nano Drop ND-1000 DNA核酸蛋白定量測定儀,檢測其濃度和純度。使用前用PBS稀釋至所需濃度。
1.5 動物分組與免疫
BALB/c小鼠隨機分為4組,高劑量組(每只每次200 μg),低劑量組(每只每次100 μg),聯(lián)合免疫組(每只每次200 μg)和PBS組。高、低劑量組和PBS組為股四頭肌注射,每兩周免疫1次共免疫3次,免疫體積均為每只100 μL。聯(lián)合免疫組為肌內注射每只每次100 μg,皮下注射每只每次50 μg,滴鼻每只每次50 μg,每兩周免疫1次,共3次,濃度為1 μg/μL。
1.6 觀察指標
1.6.1 健康狀況:每天觀察并記錄受試動物的一般活動及精神狀況,糞、尿顏色及糞便是否成形等;如有死亡,記錄死亡數并作解剖觀察。每周稱量體重1次,計算出每組動物的平均體重,觀察體重增長情況。
1.6.2 血液檢測:末次免疫后4周,眼眶取血,測定各組動物的血常規(guī)。末次免疫后4周和6個月時測定各組動物血液的丙氨酸轉氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸轉氨酶(AST)。
1.7 質粒pVAX1-CpG-Loop在小鼠體內的分布及存留時間
1.7.1 RT-PCR:提取末次免疫后7、15、30 d動物肝、脾、心臟、腎、肺、卵巢,睪丸及注射部位肌肉的RNA,反轉錄【引物oligo(dT)】后PCR擴增;PCR反應條件:94℃預變性5min;94℃45 s,58℃(β-actin: 50℃)45 s,72℃1 m in,共35個循環(huán),72℃10 m in。1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳鑒定,凝膠成像分析儀分析。
1.7.2 PCR:提取末次免疫后1周、8周、12周動物的肝、脾、心臟、腎、肺、卵巢、睪丸及注射部位肌肉的DNA,進行PCR擴增。反應條件:94℃預變性5 m in;94℃45 s,58℃45 s,72℃1 min,共35個循環(huán),72℃10 m in。1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳鑒定,凝膠成像分析儀分析。
1.8 對F1代的影響
末次免疫4周后,將相同劑量組的雌、雄鼠配對,每組7對,觀察其受孕情況,幼崽的生長狀況。提取出生2周幼崽的肝、脾DNA并進行PCR擴增觀察質粒DNA整合情況。
1.9 組織病理觀察
末次免疫4周和6個月后分別取各劑量組動物肝、脾、心臟、腎、肺及注射部位的肌肉進行HE染色觀察有無組織損傷。
2.1 健康狀況
在受試過程中未發(fā)現(xiàn)動物死亡。各實驗組與對照組動物活動、精神狀態(tài)、尿及糞便性狀未見明顯差異。各受試動物體重增長情況沒有明顯差異(P>0.05)(圖1)。
注:受試動物免疫7周后的體重改變,數據為每組動物(4只/組)體重的均數±標準差。圖1免疫后受試動物的體重改變Note:Vaccinated mice and control mice were weighed weekly for 7 weeks post vaccination.The data are expressed as the mean±SD of 4 mice per group.Fig.1 The changes of body weight following vaccination.
2.2 血液檢測
受試動物血常規(guī)各監(jiān)測指標在各組間均無明顯差異。末次免疫后4周和6個月后丙氨酸轉氨酶(ALT)在各組動物無明顯差別,高劑量組、低劑量組、聯(lián)合免疫組的天冬氨酸轉氨酶(AST)在末次免疫后4周均高于對照組(P<0.05)。末次免疫6個月后各組與對照組相比,AST和ALT差異均無顯著性(P>0.05,表1)。
表1 免疫4周后血液生化分析Tab.1 Blood biochemistry analysis at 4 weeks after vaccination
2.3 質粒pVAX1-CpG-Loop在小鼠體內的分布及存留時間
受試動物注射pVAX1-CpG-Loop或PBS后,在上述各時間點分別提取各組動物臟器RNA和DNA,用RT-PCR和PCR的方法檢測結果顯示:末次免疫第7天肝、脾和肌肉中均有Loop的表達,而15d后Loop基因僅在肝和肌肉中表達,30d在所有臟器中均不表達(圖2)。分別于末次免疫第1周、第8周、第12周提取各臟器的基因組DNA,用PCR方法擴增Loop基因,第1周高劑量和低劑量組肝、脾、腎、肌肉和聯(lián)合免疫組肝、脾、腎、肺和肌肉均有分布;第8周各劑量組僅在肌肉有分布;第12周各臟器均無分布。PBS組各臟器未發(fā)現(xiàn)Loop基因的表達(圖3)。
圖2 Loop基因在受試動物體內的分布Fig.2 Tissue distribution of loop message.
注:A、B、C分別為高劑量組在末次免疫BALB/c小鼠后1周、8周和12周質粒DNA在體內的分布,D、E、F分別為聯(lián)合免疫組在上述各時間點其在體內的分布。圖3質粒DNA在各組織內的分布和存留時間Note:Total cellular DNA obtained from each tissue was pooled and PCR was performed.PCR analysis of cellular DNA collected from BALB/c mice after immunization with high-dose vaccine at 1(A),8(B)and 12 weeks(C)post immunization.PCR amplification of the cellular DNA obtained from BALB/c mice immunized at multiple sites at 1(D),8 (E)and 12 weeks post vaccination(F).Lane 1:gonads;Lane 2:muscle;Lane 3:kidney;Lane 4:lung;Lane 5: sp leen;Lane 6:liver;Lane 7:heart;Lane 8:negative control.Fig.3 The distribution and persistence of p lasmid DNA in various tissues
2.4 對F1代影響
末次免疫4周后將相同注射劑量組的雌、雄鼠配對,生產后,計數幼崽的個數,各實驗組與空白組沒有顯著差異。幼崽生長狀況良好,出生時的體重各實驗組與空白組沒有顯著差異。幼崽出生2周分別提取各劑量組肝、脾DNA并進行PCR,未發(fā)現(xiàn)有擴增產物,說明其沒有整合到子代DNA中。
2.5 組織病理觀察
結果表明,末次免疫后4周和6個月各受試動物脾、心臟、肺、注射部位的肌肉無明顯損傷。各劑量組與PBS組相比,末次免疫4周后肝臟均有淋巴細胞等炎細胞浸潤,出現(xiàn)水樣變性,半年后上述病變明顯減輕;末次免疫4周后各劑量組腎小球有明顯淋巴細胞浸潤,6個月后炎癥明顯緩解(圖4,彩插7)。
DNA疫苗的安全性是疫苗在進入臨床實驗之前首先應考慮的問題,主要是確定其是否被整合到宿主基因組DNA中[14-16]。本研究采用PCR和RTPCR兩種方法從DNA水平和RNA水平研究了質粒pVAX1-CpG-Loop在小鼠體內的分布和存留。βactin作為內參保證了RT-PCR系統(tǒng)的正確性。結果表明pVAX1-CpG-Loop在宿主體內的分布與疫苗免疫途徑和注射劑量大小有關。末次免疫12周后被檢組織沒有檢測到pVAX1-CpG-Loop DNA,說明質粒DNA沒有整合到宿主基因組DNA中。
pVAX1-CpG-Loop免疫后,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)受試動物有明顯的臨床和血常規(guī)的異常變化。慢性炎癥和AST升高提示疫苗引起了肝細胞損傷;據報道與ALT相比,AST分子量小,由于血漿半衰期短,肝細胞損傷時AST水平變化早,恢復快[17],本實驗觀察到pVAX1-CpG-Loop免疫小鼠后,血液AST 4個月時升高,6個月恢復到正常水平。核酸疫苗引起的免疫復合物沉積性肝損傷在Zi等[18]的研究中有報道,分析原因可能是由質粒DNA的長期存在和持續(xù)表達引起。但未見質粒引起肝AST升高的報道。
目前已有一些DNA疫苗被批準進入臨床實驗,但沒有質粒整合到生殖系細胞DNA中的報道,多途徑免疫小鼠,結果顯示在被免疫小鼠的F1代體內沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)Loop基因,表明質粒pVAX1-CpG-Loop沒有整合到生殖細胞DNA中。
總之,本研究表明抗犬傳染性肝炎病毒DNA疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠產生肝、腎損傷,但隨免疫時間的延長而逐漸恢復。并且質粒pVAX1-CpG-Loop沒有整合到宿主基因組,也沒有傳遞給F1代。
(本文圖4見彩插7。)
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Safety Evaluation of DNA Vaccine pVAX1-CpG-Loop against In fectious Canine Hepatitis Virus
GUO Rui-min,ZHENG Long,F(xiàn)ENG Zhi-lan,ZHANG Huan-ling,LIAN Wei-guang,LIU Fu-ying,WANG Jun-xia
(Department of Molecular Biology,Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animals.Hebei Medical University,Shijiazhuang 050017,China)
Objective To evaluate the safety of a DNA vaccine against infectious canine hepatitis virus.M ethods Mice were divided into high dose group(DNA vaccine 200 μg/mouse,i.m),low dose group(DNA vaccine 100 μg each,i.m),multiple-site immunization group(intramuscular injection 100 μg,hypoderm ic injection s.c 50 μg,nasal instillation 50 μg)as well as control group(PBS 200 μl each,i.m).Treatment groups were vaccinated(or injected with PBS)every two weeks for 3 times.The hematology and the influence to generation F1 of mice were examined at 4 weeks after the last vaccination.Biochemistry of blood including AST and ALT was observed at 4 weeks and half year after the last immunization,respectively.PCR and RT-PCR were carried out to determine the biodistribution and persistence of the tested vaccine,respectively.Pathological observation was performed to evaluate if there were pathological alterations in the organs of mice.ResultsNo significant differences were observed between the vaccination and control groups by hematological examination,and the influence to generation F1 was not observed either.Compared with the control,there were conspicuous differences in AST among all the tested mice after 4 weeks,but it recovered half year later.The DNA vaccine can persist in the muscle tissue for 12 weeks,which was much longer than that in other tissues such as liver,spleen,kidney as well as lung.Leukomonocytes were observed in liver and spleen tissues of the immunized m ice.The chronic inflammation was recovered after half a year.ConlusionThe results of this study show that the alterations in the liver and kidney caused by the DNA vaccine against infectious canine hepatitis virus are temporal and that the pVAX1-CpG-Loop plasm id is not integrated into host tissues indefinitely nor transmissible to F1 progeny.
pVAX1-CpG-Loop;DNA vaccine;Safety evaluation;Infectious canine hepatitis
R392.3
A
1005-4847(2010)04-0345-05
2009-06-22
河北省自然基金(project No:C2006000816)。
郭瑞敏(1980-)女,碩士研究生,從事生物化學與分子生物學科研工作。
王俊霞,女,教授,碩士研究生導師。電話:031186261022