院士風采

錢三強

1913.10 .16 ～1992.6.18

核物理學家。原籍浙江湖州，生于浙江紹興。1936年畢業(yè)于清華大學。受里奧—居里夫人指導，1940年獲法國國家博士學位。中國科學院特邀顧問、研究員。在核物理研究中獲多項重要成果，特別是發(fā)現(xiàn)重原子核三分裂和四分裂現(xiàn)象并對三分裂機制作了科學的解釋。為中國原子能科學事業(yè)的創(chuàng)立、發(fā)展和“兩彈”研制作出了突出貢獻。在中國科學院以及國家的科學活動得組織推動等方面做出了重要貢獻。

1955 年選聘為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

Nuclear physicist. Born in Shaoxing ,Zhejiang Province.Graduated from Qinghua University in 1936. Received French national doctor degree under the guidance of Yueori Curies in 1940.Research professor and special advisor, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Qian made many important achievements in the research on nuclear physics. He discovered the phenomena of threefission and four-fission of heavy atom nuclear and scientifically explained the mechanism of three-fission. He made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of nuclear energy science in China and the development of atom bomb and hydrogen bomb. Qian also made important contributions to the organization and promotion of scientific activities of Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as that in China.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

錢偉長

1912.10 .9 ～2010.7.30

力學家與數(shù)學家。江蘇無錫人。1935年畢業(yè)于清華大學。1942年獲加拿大多倫多大學博士學位。上海大學校長、教授。主要從事力學、應用數(shù)學等方面的研究與教學工并取得突出成就。是多個學術機構的創(chuàng)建人之一。研究建立了薄板薄殼的內稟理論，提出了淺殼理論的非線性微分方程組。在廣義變分原理和有限元理論等研究方面取得多項突出成果。在電機計算理論等方面提出了獨特見解。對教育、科技、經(jīng)濟等提出了很多有效建議。在發(fā)展教育方面做出了重要貢獻。

1955 年選聘為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

Mechanics expert and mathematician. Born in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from Tsinghua University in 1935. Received Ph.D. from Toronto University, Canada in 1942.President and professor, Shanghai University.

As one of the originators of many academic organizations,Qian has obtained outstanding achievements in the research and education of mechanics and applied mathematics. He founded the intrinsic theory of thin plates and thin shell and presented the nonlinear differential equations of shallow shell. In the field of generalized variational principles and finite element theory, he made several excellent results and offered some original views in the theory of electrical machinery computation. He presented many practical suggestions in education, economy and science and technology and made important contributions in developing China’s education.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

錢臨照

1906.7 .9 ～1999.7.26

物理學家。江蘇無錫人。1929年畢業(yè)于上海大同大學。1934年至1937年在英國倫敦大學留學。解放后任中國科學院物理研究所研究員，1958年起任中國科技大學教授。早年研究晶體范性形變、晶體缺陷和晶體錯位理論。建立體心立方晶體隨著晶體不同形變溫度有三種不同滑移面的實驗規(guī)律。在光譜學方面找到了以Green-Twyman 干涉儀研究光譜精細結構的方法。抗戰(zhàn)期間與同事們共同研制光學顯微鏡及多種其他應用官學器具。開創(chuàng)了中國電子顯微鏡在固體物理方面的研究工作。在中國科技史研究和推進方面做出了重要貢獻。在發(fā)展教育、培養(yǎng)科學人才等方面做了不少工作。

1955 年選聘為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

Physicist. Born in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from Shanghai Datong University in 1929.Studied in London University,UK from 1934 to 1937. Research professor, Institute of Physics, and professor, University of Science and Technology of China of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

In his early years, Qian studied crystalopasticity, crystal defect and theory of dislocation. Baesd on the experiments, he formulated a rule that body-centered cubic crystals may have three different glide planes as the crystal is deformed at different temperature. He found a new method to study the structure of spectrum with Green-Twyman interferometer. From 1938 to 1945,together with his colleagues, he built hundreds of optical microscopes and other optical parts for war purpose.He also made important contributions to the research and promotion of scientific and technological history of China. He has done a vast amount of work in the development of education.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

黃 昆

1919.9 .2 ～2005.7.6

固體物理、半導體物理學家。原籍浙江嘉興，生于北京。1949年畢業(yè)于燕京大學。1948年獲英國布里斯托爾大學博士學位。中國科學院半導體研究所研究員、所長、名譽所長。主要從事固體物理理論、半導體物理學等方面的研究并取得多項國際水平的成果，是中國半導體物理學研究的開創(chuàng)者之一。50年代與合作者首先提出多聲子輻射和無輻射躍遷的量子理論即“黃—佩卡爾理論”；首先提出晶體中聲子與電磁波的耦合振動模式及有關的基本方程—“黃方程”。40年代首次提出固體中雜質缺陷導致X光漫散射的理論—“黃散射”。證明了無輻射躍遷絕熱近似和靜態(tài)耦合理論的等價性，澄清了這方面的一些根本性問題。

1955 年選聘為中國科學院院士（學部委員）。

Solid-state physicist and semiconductor physicist.Born in Beijing. Graduated from Yanjing University in 1941. Received Ph.D. from the University of Bristol,UK in 1948. Research professor ,director and honorary director, Institute of Semiconductors，Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Huang has been mainly engaged in research on the theory of solid-stated physics and semiconductor physics.He is known for many world-class achievement and is one of the pioneers of semiconductor physics research in China．In the 1950s, he and his collaborators first put forward the quantum theory of multi-phonon transitions,i.e. Huang-Pekar’s theory. He was the first to develop the theory of coupled modes between phonons in crystals electromagnetic waves and basic equations related to the model, “Huang’s Equation”. In the 1940s, he was the first to develop the theory that impurities and defects in solid materials result in X-ray diffuse scattering, which was named “Huang’s Scattering”. He proved the equivalence of the theory of adiabatic approximation of non-radiative transitions to the static coupling theory and clarified some cardinal problems in this filed.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.