李小玲

近兩年來，廣東高考英語完形填空題中，針對單純的語法和單詞用法的考查幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)。命題人越來越多地將命題的重點(diǎn)放在對語篇理解和句意的把握上。也就是說，完形填空試題是要求考生在充分理解文章的整體內(nèi)容，分清文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次，把握上下文的邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上，去選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x項(xiàng)。因此，情景意義型的命題形式是完形填空試題自身的內(nèi)在要求。同時(shí)，它也是一道綜合性較強(qiáng)的語言測試題，是一種高難度的障礙性閱讀題。怎樣去破解這一難題呢？筆者針對歷年高考英語完形填空題的特點(diǎn)，對此總結(jié)了一些解題的思路及方法。

一、命題特點(diǎn)與命題趨勢

1. 完形填空題共設(shè)10個(gè)空，文章的長度一般在150—200個(gè)詞。如2007年廣東高考完形填空的短文長度是153個(gè)詞，2008年是206個(gè)詞。

2. 完形填空的短文的首句一般不設(shè)空，文章中一般沒有超綱詞，但也會有由考綱詞匯的詞根派生出來的新詞，如2007年高考的完形填空中有recognization, automatically, infrequent等派生詞；2008年高考有supernatural, unrecognizable等。

3. 主要考實(shí)詞，如：名詞、動詞（包括動詞短語）、形容詞、副詞等。每一小題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均屬同一詞類，且為同一語法形式。

4. 完形填空短文的體裁可能是具有一定故事情節(jié)的記敘文，或夾敘夾議、富有哲理的議論文，也可能是說明文。

二、解題思路與方法技巧

根據(jù)完形填空的命題特點(diǎn)，在解答完形填空時(shí)，我們必須重視首句信息，快速跳讀全文，把握文章主旨，弄清文中的主要人物、事件、情節(jié)等。在此基礎(chǔ)上，在根據(jù)前后語境和上下的邏輯關(guān)系，逐空試填就不難了。在分析語境的過程中，我覺得以下幾個(gè)技巧非常實(shí)用。

1. 利用語篇標(biāo)志。

語篇一般指比單個(gè)句子長的語言單位，如句群、段落等。表明語篇之間內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的詞語，稱為語篇標(biāo)志。如：表示結(jié)構(gòu)層次的語篇標(biāo)志有firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等；表示因果關(guān)系的有thus, therefore, so等；表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的有but, however等；表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的有besides, what is more, furthermore等；表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的有before, so, so far, yet, meanwhile, meantime, now, later等。

Ann was diagnosed(診斷) in 2003, when she was 38, shortly after the birth of her fourth daughter. However, she never told them she was___25___, hoping for a miracle and not wanting to burden her friends.（2009佛山一模）

25. A. wellB. sadC. afraidD. sick

解析：結(jié)合上文可知Ann早在2003年就被診斷出有癌癥，由語篇標(biāo)志詞however可知，她從來沒有告訴別人自己“病”了，故選D。

2. 注意前后搭配。

在分析語境時(shí)，要注意動詞與后面名詞或介詞的搭配，形容詞、副詞與他們所修飾的詞語之間的搭配關(guān)系，等等。

例2：You see, up to now, hes been king of roost. Hes been boss of the backyard. I have always been around to___23___his wounds, and to soothe his feelings. （廣東實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)2009屆高三第二次階段測試）

23. A. relieveB. releaseC. repairD. decrease

分析：本題空格后是名詞wounds，所以能與之搭配的應(yīng)是動詞repair（撫平創(chuàng)傷），故選C。而A. relieve (減輕)，B. release（釋放），均不能與“創(chuàng)傷”搭配。

3. 利用詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)。

空格的前文或者后文可能會出現(xiàn)與空格要求填的單詞是同一個(gè)單詞或者是其近義詞，我們利用這種關(guān)系，有助于解答某些完形填空題。

例3：That night I called to invite her to go out for dinner and a movie...Mother is the type of woman who suspect that a late night___24___or a surprise invitation is a sign of bad news.（華附2009屆高三綜合測試二）

24. A. visitB. sleepC. callD. date

分析：在前句中已知作者“called to invite her...”(打電話給他的母親)，所以下文應(yīng)是a late call (一個(gè)夜深的電話)才會令她覺得是個(gè)壞消息。因而選C. call。call在前文中是動詞，在空格處是名詞。

例4. When people are enclosed toghther, they are in what is called a stress situation. That means that they are under an unsual amount of28 or stress.(中山一中2009屆高三年級第一階段測試)

28. A. emphasisB. conflictC. powerD. pressure

分析：在該文段中，后面有一個(gè)“stress”，結(jié)合句意，應(yīng)填與之同義的pressure，故選D。

4. 辨別近義詞語。

完形填空中，有時(shí)也會包含對近義詞語辨析的考查。這些詞語可以是動詞（詞組），亦可能是形容詞、副詞或名詞。

例5. It is not yet known how much the ongoing snow disater will___29___China, but it is certain we will be hit harder...（2009年茂名一模）

29. A. costB. spendC. use D. lose

分析：該組詞屬近義詞，特別是spend和cost，從意義上不易區(qū)別，但根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)，此空后有雙賓語，即China和How much，能接雙語的只有cost。再說，spend的主語要求是人，而cost的主語要求是事物。

例6. My son starts school today. Its going to be strange and new to him___21___. And I wish you would treat him gently. （廣東實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)2009屆高三第二次階段測試）

21. A. at the moment B. after a while

C. in a whileD. for a while

分析：A 項(xiàng)at the moment (此刻，目前)，B項(xiàng) after a while (過了一會)，C項(xiàng)in a while（一會兒后），D項(xiàng) for a while (暫時(shí))。根據(jù)句意：兒子剛上學(xué)，他對一切暫時(shí)會感到陌生和新鮮。故選D。

5. 利用邏輯關(guān)系。

我們需要在理解全文信息的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合生常經(jīng)驗(yàn)或背景常識，對作者的意向，人物的動機(jī)、目的或性格特征，事件的前因后果，語言中的語態(tài)、語氣等進(jìn)行合符情理的推斷。

例題7. A few days later, mother died of a heart attack...Later I received a restaurant receipt from the same place where mother and I had dined. An attached note said, “I paid this bill___28___. I was almost sure that I couldnt be there.... (華師大附中2009屆高三綜合測試二)

28. A. in advanceB. afterwards

C. in time D. any way

分析：從前句得知，作者是在母親已去世后才 “receive a reataurant receipt from the same place...”，結(jié)合后句I was almost sure that I couldnt be there，可推測出：母親是預(yù)先付了約定吃飯的賬單的。因此，故選A。

例8. Not all of these faires are the friendly, people-loving characters that appear in Disney films, and in some folktales they are ___22___and cause much human suffering.(2008年廣東省高考卷)

22. A. cruel B. powerful

C. frightenedD. extraordinary

分析：由上文的not all of...friendly(不并所有的仙女都很善良)可知，some...cruel (有些是很殘忍的)。另外，根據(jù)常識，cause much human suffering (給人類造成疾苦)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)是cruel(殘酷的，使痛苦的)。

鞏固性練習(xí)

完形填空 閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從1—10各題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

Making friends requires some skills. You must first go___1___there are people.You are unlikely to make friends staying home alone. Joining a club or group, talking to those who have a lot in common with you is a best way. Or getting yourself ___2___in some activity also benefits.

Quite a number of people are___3___when talking to people who they have just met. After all, it is human nature to feel___4___about the unknown. Most of fears about dealing with new people come from doubts about yourself. We___5___other people are judging us—finding us too tall or too short, too this or too that. But dont forget that they are feeling the same way. Try to accept yourself as you are, and try to___6___others at ease. You will both feel more comfortable.

Try to act___7___even if you dont feel that way when you enter a room full of strangers. Walk tall and straight. Keep good contact—look___8___at other people and smile.

If you see someone youd like to___9___, say something. It is much better to start a conversation by yourself.

Just meeting someone new does not mean that you will make friends with that person. ___10___is based on mutual liking and “give and take.” It takes time and effort to devoelop. And there are things that keep a new friendship from happening.

1. A. in whichB. when C. where D. if

2. A. involved B. associated

C. connected D. attended

3. A. excited B. nervous

C. pressed D. worried

4. A. mature B. cautious

C. messy D. awkward

5. A. assumeB. imagine

C. suggest D. reply

6. A. put B. do

C. make D. place

7. A. outspoken B. tidy

C. modest D. confident

8. A. upwards B. directly

C. bravely D. happily

9. A. talk to B. talk of

C. talk about D. talk over

10. A. Relation B. Friendship

C. Connection D. Feeling

參考答案：1—5CABDB6—10ADBAB

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青