封 萍

【摘要】定語從句是高職英語第一冊中十分重要的語法項目之一,可以說它貫穿在高職英語的全過程中。文章分析了在日常學(xué)習(xí)中會出現(xiàn)的不同程度的問題,進而提出了解決辦法。

【關(guān)鍵詞】高職英語定語從句存在問題解決辦法

定語從句是高職英語第一冊中十分重要的語法項目之一,可以說它貫穿在高職英語的全過程中。

一、找不準(zhǔn)先行詞

定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句,其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個成分,這個成分是由名詞或代詞充當(dāng),亦即我們所說的先行詞。一些初學(xué)者在把兩個單句用定語從句變成一句時,找不準(zhǔn)先行詞,如:Do you know the man? My father is talking to him.

解決辦法:首先,要找準(zhǔn)先行詞,即這兩個單句中共有的對象。其次,要確定主句和從句。然后確定先行詞后的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。所以,正確的答案為:Do you know the man whom/who my father is talking to?

二、用錯關(guān)聯(lián)詞

找準(zhǔn)先行詞后,接著就要確定用哪個關(guān)聯(lián)詞。定語從句中關(guān)聯(lián)詞有兩大類,即關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省去,關(guān)系副詞作狀語。學(xué)生作業(yè)中出現(xiàn)的問題:a.弄不清先行詞是表人、表物還是表原因。b.弄不清先行詞在定語從句中作何種成分,如

(1)There is somebody who/whose/why wants to see you.

(2)You can take any seat when is free.

第一題somebody指人,在定語從句中作主語,因此填 who。第二題seat指物,在定語從句中作主語,用that或which。

解決辦法:我在講課時,把關(guān)聯(lián)詞形象地比作“牛鼻子”,“牛鼻子”到哪,定語從句跟到哪。關(guān)于“牛鼻子”我補充講解了以下幾點:

1.關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)與先行詞在數(shù)上一致。如The gifts which were sent to Jack were very expensive.先行詞gifts為復(fù)數(shù),因此定語從句謂語動詞也須為復(fù)數(shù)。

2.關(guān)系代詞在從句中可作主語、賓語和定語,關(guān)系副詞作狀語。如:

(1) Im visiting the schoolmy mother taught physics ten years ago。

A where B that C which D what

(2)Ten years ago my mother taught physics in?the?schoolIm visiting. A where B that C what D why

分析:(1)句中先行詞the school在句中作地點狀語,所以用where。(2)句中先行詞the school在句中作賓語,所以只能用that或which引導(dǎo)。

3.句中不能出現(xiàn)多余的賓語。如 Is this the horse you drew it yesterday?該句中應(yīng)刪去it,因為定語從句的賓語是被省略的which或that.

4.抓住關(guān)系代詞。從句中關(guān)系副詞可由“介詞+關(guān)系副詞”代替。如Have you been to the place where she works?句中的where可由in which來取代。

5.可以換用的關(guān)系副詞。

a.修飾物的關(guān)系代詞用which或that。如A bookstore is a store which/that sells books.

b.修飾人的關(guān)系代詞常用who,也可用that.如The comrade who/that visited our class yesterday is our new headmaster.

6.不能換用的關(guān)系代詞。which不能修飾人,who不能修飾物;whose作從句中的定語,既可修飾人,也可修飾物。

在下列情況下,需用that:

a.先行詞為all、little、the one、everything、something、nothing、 anything等不定代詞時。

b.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時,如(1)The last place that we visited was the library.(2)He is the most careful boy that I know.

c.先行詞由“人+物”構(gòu)成時,如:He talked of the men and the work that interested him very much.

7.可以省略的關(guān)系代詞。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時,往往可以省略,如 The letter ( that/which) I received yesterday was from my brother.

8.不可省略的關(guān)系代詞。

a.在從句中作主語或賓語的關(guān)系代詞,如I know the girl whose father is our Chinese teacher.

b.在非限制性定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞,如Thats Lao Li,whom I mentioned to you the other day.

C.介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前時,如 This is the house in which Mr.Smith once lived.

9.跟關(guān)系代詞連用的介詞可置于關(guān)系代詞之前,也可置后。如上句也可改成This is the housed which Mr.Smith once lived in.

注意:a. that作介詞賓語時,介詞須位于從句中原來的位置,如Can you lend me the book that you were talking about?

b.在非限制定語從句中,介詞位于關(guān)系代詞的位置,如Wu Dong,with whom I went to the concert,enjoyed it very much.

c.固定短語中的介詞不可拆開,如Is this the key that you are looking for?

10. which有時代表前面整個主句所表達的概念,如The meeting was put off,which was exactly what we wanted.

11.關(guān)系代詞as常與such和the same連用,如I have the same trouble as you have.

三、翻譯不準(zhǔn)確

許多學(xué)生在定語從句英譯漢時,不知道要把定語從句置于先行詞之前,還有的同學(xué)不知道怎樣譯關(guān)聯(lián)詞,如These are the people whom I have worked with for years.錯例:這里的人誰和我工作很多年。

解題思路:定語從句的英譯漢,先找先行詞,關(guān)聯(lián)詞不需要翻譯,將定語從句譯成“……的”格式,放在先行詞前,故例句可譯成:這些是和我一起工作了多年的同事。