盧　剛

2008年江蘇高考卷閱讀理解題亮點(diǎn)在D篇。它的體裁為小說(shuō)。這是江蘇省高考卷首次考查該體裁。它以獨(dú)特、新穎的特點(diǎn)引起了師生的好奇和廣泛關(guān)注，對(duì)中學(xué)生課外閱讀提出了新的要求。如何指導(dǎo)學(xué)生，我們可一同探討，一起體會(huì)。且看看該篇閱讀理解題的一些特點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)篇較長(zhǎng)，閱讀量較大。從形式上看段落明顯，共分23節(jié)。采用了大量的直接引語(yǔ)(direct speech)。文章通過(guò)大量生動(dòng)語(yǔ)言和細(xì)節(jié)的描述(description)，勾勒人物性格(character)，反映人物內(nèi)涵(quality)?？梢哉f(shuō)“小說(shuō)”折射出“大道理”。小說(shuō)中共出現(xiàn)三個(gè)人物：Jack，Jacks mother, and Mr.Belser。其中對(duì)兒子Jack忙碌的人生、母親的實(shí)實(shí)在在、老人Mr.Belser對(duì)作者的影響(influence)以及那份深情的愛(ài)刻畫(huà)得入木三分，體現(xiàn)得活靈活現(xiàn)，表現(xiàn)得栩栩如生。筆者認(rèn)為：欲提高解題能力，就要提高鑒賞能力，并積極主動(dòng)地從以下方面去著手（請(qǐng)參看原文，在下方）。

一、 培養(yǎng)良好的閱讀習(xí)慣，掌握基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、基本技能和基本方法。

對(duì)此類(lèi)文本認(rèn)識(shí)的過(guò)程其實(shí)是一個(gè)巧妙加工的過(guò)程。經(jīng)過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚?，注意意群和停頓，迅速進(jìn)入語(yǔ)境之中。調(diào)整好語(yǔ)速（reading speed）和節(jié)奏（rhythm），做到又好又快。閱讀中實(shí)現(xiàn)人和閱讀語(yǔ)篇的有機(jī)融合、巧妙對(duì)話，準(zhǔn)確把握作者的意圖，產(chǎn)生共鳴！閱讀中注意角色扮演和角色的轉(zhuǎn)換。因文中僅有三人，因而扮演角色并不繁雜。合理篩選、提煉信息為解題服務(wù)，做到有的放矢。邊閱讀、邊思考、邊記錄、邊記憶，吃透文章細(xì)節(jié)。留意過(guò)渡性語(yǔ)言，從而了解文章的層次。熟悉不同題材的特點(diǎn)。重點(diǎn)閱讀、略讀、跳讀相結(jié)合。

二、 瞬時(shí)順勢(shì)掃讀掌握文章的主題（topic）、結(jié)構(gòu)（structure）和線索（clue）。

第十四段中All hed ever tell me was ‘the thing I value most,” Jack said.正是文章的“文眼”，也是對(duì)主題最好的揭示。

倒數(shù)第二段“Oh, My God! This is the thing he valued most…”又是對(duì)主題最好的詮釋。

為什么要重現(xiàn)value most？重復(fù)就表示重要！閱讀中我們就要有把握重點(diǎn)的能力！

三、 展開(kāi)必要的思考，推測(cè)生詞含義，根據(jù)已知信息揣摩深層信息。

要做好閱讀理解，考生無(wú)論如何要讀懂讀通文章的開(kāi)頭部分。欲攻城則先攻其城門(mén)。好的開(kāi)頭的的確確意味著成功的一半。這樣容易產(chǎn)生心理優(yōu)勢(shì)，對(duì)下文走勢(shì)有一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)念A(yù)測(cè)。及時(shí)做到心知肚明。

該小說(shuō)一開(kāi)頭便提供了一個(gè)“缺憾”的背景，令人感到有些美中不足。It had been some time since Jack had seen the old man.College, career, and life itself got in the way.

第二句的句意有點(diǎn)難，不妨由第一句導(dǎo)出。兩句之間存在著因果關(guān)系。杰克好久沒(méi)看到這位老人了。上大學(xué)、工作還有生活本身使他抽不開(kāi)身。got in the way常見(jiàn)意思為：擋道，礙手礙腳。理解時(shí)兼顧到漢語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)表達(dá)習(xí)慣，在靈活度上下一點(diǎn)功夫。

由構(gòu)詞法推測(cè)未知詞義，文中就有好幾處事例。我們都可由熟詞推出其義。如：

1.In fact, Jack moved clear across the country in pursuit of his dreams.

pursue—pursuit（追求）

2.Hes the one who taught me carpentry.

carpenter—carpentry木匠手藝

依據(jù)語(yǔ)境和構(gòu)詞法雙重方法來(lái)猜測(cè)生詞是一種常用手段。

Mr.Belsers funeral was small and uneventful.He had no children of his own, and most of his relatives had passed away.

uneventful一詞前綴表示否定。eventful意為full of event。另外前句生詞uneventful完全可根據(jù)后句推測(cè)，詞義為“過(guò)程平淡的；平靜的；平凡的”。

再者，生詞在文中的重復(fù)，實(shí)際上就給讀者巧妙地創(chuàng)立了一個(gè)理解的平臺(tái)，讀者沒(méi)有理由測(cè)不出它的意思。funeral一詞在文章中共出現(xiàn)三次。——人去世之后要進(jìn)行什么樣的活動(dòng)？——葬禮。

1.Mr.Belser died last night.The funeral is Wednesday.

2.He spent a lot of time teaching me things he thought were important… Mom, Ill be there for the funeral.

3.Mr.Belsers funeral was small and uneventful.He had no children of his own, and most of his relatives had passed away.

四、 以正常的、愉悅的心態(tài)閱讀文本，實(shí)現(xiàn)飛躍。

閱讀不是單純?yōu)榱俗鲱}。實(shí)際上閱讀是為了獲取我們要的信息，提高我們的水平，使自己越

發(fā)聰明。因此我們應(yīng)努力提高閱讀層次，提升閱讀質(zhì)量。逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)從閱讀到感受再到欣賞的轉(zhuǎn)變。要千方百計(jì)地從恐懼(fear)、壓抑(depression)和壓力(pressure)等不良心理和陰影中擺脫出來(lái)。不斷訓(xùn)練，就會(huì)悄然從“無(wú)為”狀態(tài)過(guò)渡到“有所作為”狀態(tài)，進(jìn)而進(jìn)入到“大有作為”的境界。

我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文中有些語(yǔ)言相當(dāng)美。如：Every step held memories.Every picture, every piece of furniture… Jack stopped suddenly.三個(gè)Every準(zhǔn)確反映出Jack的內(nèi)心世界——是對(duì)逝者深切的懷念！

五、 對(duì)難句、復(fù)雜句、長(zhǎng)句進(jìn)行快捷而高效地分析處理。

我們要努力夯實(shí)語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)，練好語(yǔ)言基本功，同時(shí)要作到具體情況具體分析。

1.His heart racing, and tears filling his eyes, Jack carefully unlocked the box.

句首His heart racing, and tears filling his eyes為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語(yǔ)。

2.Running his fingers slowly over the fine cover, he opened it.

留意熟詞新義。fine在此意為“精致的”。動(dòng)詞為“罰款”。

3.Jack held the watch for a few minutes, then called his assistant and cleared his appointments for the next two days.

句中三個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)用得出神入化。其中clear本意為“清除”，這里意為“取消”。

六、 注意上下文聯(lián)系和前后照應(yīng)。

下面兩句就是典型的例子：

In fact, Jack moved clear across the country in pursuit of his dreams.事實(shí)上杰克為了追求自己的夢(mèng)想遷到該國(guó)遙遠(yuǎn)的他鄉(xiāng)。

Busy as he was, he kept his word.Jack caught the next flight to his hometown.盡管他忙碌，然而他說(shuō)話算數(shù)。杰克趕上下一班飛機(jī)回到自己的故鄉(xiāng)。

2008江蘇考卷D篇閱讀理解解題思路如下：

It had been some time since Jack had seen the old man.College, career, and life itself got in the way.In fact, Jack moved clear across the country in pursuit of his dreams.There, in the rush of his busy life, Jack had little time to think about the past and often no time to spend with his wife and son.He was working on his future, and nothing could stop him.

Over the phone, his mother told him,“Mr.Belser died last night.The funeral is Wednesday.” Memories flashed through his mind like an old newsreel as he sat quietly remembering his childhood days.

“Jack, did you hear me?”

“Oh, sorry, Mom.Yes, I heard you.Its been so long since I thought of him.Im sorry, but I honestly thought he died years ago,”Jack said.

“Well, he didnt forget you.Every time I saw him hed ask how you were doing.Hed reminisce (回憶) about the many days you spent over ‘his side of the fence as he put it,” Mom told him.

“I told that old house he lived in,” Jack said.

“You know, Jack, after your father died, Mr.Belser stepped in to make sure you had a mans influence in your life,”she said.

“Hes the one who taught me carpentry.I wouldnt be in this business if it werent for him.He spent a lot of time teaching me things he thought were important… Mom, Ill be there for the funeral,” Jack said.

Busy as he was, he kept his word.Jack caught the next flight to his hometown.Mr.Belsers funeral was small and uneventful.He had no children of his own, and most of his relatives had passed away.

The night before he had to return home, Jack and his Mom stopped by to see the old house next door one more time, which was exactly as he remembered.Every step held memories.Every picture, every piece of furniture… Jack stopped suddenly.

“Whats wrong, Jack?” his Mom asked.

“The box is gone,” he said.

“What box?” Mom asked.

“There was a small gold box that he kept locked on top of his desk.I must have asked him a thousand times what was inside.All hed ever tell me was ‘the thing I value most,” Jack said. It was gone.Everything about the house was exactly how Jack remembered it, except for the box, He figured someone from the Belser family had taken it.

“Now, Ill never know what was so valuable to him,” Jack said sadly.

Returning to his office the next day, he found a package on his desk.The return address caught his attention.

“Mr.Harold Belser” it read.

Jack tore open the package.There inside was the gold box and an envelope.Jacks hands shook as he read the note inside.

“Upon my death, please forward this box and its contents to Jack Bennett.Its the thing I valued most in my life.” A small key was taped to the letter.His heart racing, and tears filling his eyes, Jack carefully unlocked the box.There inside he found a beautiful gold pocket watch.Running his fingers slowly over the fine cover, he opened it.

Inside he found these words carved:“Jack, Thanks for your time! Harold Belser.”

“Oh, My God! This is the thing he valued most…”

Jack held the watch for a few minutes, then called his assistant and cleared his appointments for the next two days.“Why?” his assistant asked.“I need to spend some time with my son.”

66.Why did Jack think Mr.Belser died years ago?

A.College and career prevented him from remembering Mr.Bleser.

B.Jack was too busy with his business and family to think about Mr.Belser.

C.Jack was too busy realizing his dreams to think about Mr.Belser.

D.His present busy life washed away his childhood memories.

分析判斷題。

做題時(shí)要經(jīng)受干擾項(xiàng)的考驗(yàn)，認(rèn)識(shí)上不能有偏頗，不能想當(dāng)然，更不能把自己的想法強(qiáng)加于作者之上。

67.Jacks mother told him on the phone about Mr.Belser EXCEPT that.

A.Mr.Belser often asked how Jack was doing

B.Mr.Belsers funeral would take place on Wednesday

C.Mr.Belser had asked for Jacks mailing address

D.Mr.Belser had pleasant memories of their time together

排斥兼正誤判別題。

考生要緊緊抓住題干中on the phone這一要點(diǎn)。思維不能處于游離狀態(tài)?！癟he return address caught his attention.”與“on the phone”無(wú)任何關(guān)系。

68.Why did Belser send Jack his gold watch?

A.Because he was grateful for Jacks time with him.

B.Because he had no children or relatives.

C.Because he thought he had to keep his word.

D.Because Jack had always wanted it during his childhood.

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。

依據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三段就可判斷。Inside he found these words carved:“Jack, Thanks for your time! Harold Belser.”

69.Why did Jack say he needed some time to spend with his son?

A.He was very tired of his wor and wanted to have a good rest.

B.He had promised to spare more time to stay with his son.

C.He had missed his son and his family for days.

D.He came to realize the importance of the time with his family.

推理判斷題。

Jack在參加完葬禮，收到寶貴遺物之后心靈受到了洗禮，得到了凈化，悟出了人生的真諦。站在這樣的角度去思考問(wèn)題才有深度，也符合作者的意圖。

70.Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage?

A.The Good Old Times

B.What He Valued Most

C.An Old Gold Watch

D.The Lost Childhood Days

歸納標(biāo)題題。

考生誤選C項(xiàng)。文章的主角就是Mr.Belser，這一重要人物貫穿文章的始終。“他最珍惜什么”能突出Mr.Belser人物個(gè)性，也正是他的可貴之處。而不是gold pocket watch。

答案：66 — 70 CCADB