Ugly Chinese Girl in Western Eyes

西方人眼中的“中國丑女孩”

She has almost no eyelids， her eyes are narrow， her nose is a bit flat， and she has a wide face. In China， most people consider her to be ugly， but on European catwalks， LvYan is hot property.

睫毛不長，小瞇眼兒，鼻子有點(diǎn)塌，扁臉。在大多數(shù)中國人看來，呂燕跟美女這個(gè)詞根本不沾邊。但在歐洲的T型臺(tái)上，她卻紅得發(fā)紫。

LvYan is just one of many examples showcasing how perception of beauty differs across cultures， and across time. In Africa， men love a woman with a very large bottom. In Asia， men like a woman with a small bottom. In Europe， they like something in between. In 15th century Europe， fat women were highly desirable. Today， the athletic woman is in vogue. In the middle ages in China， small eyes were what men looked for， but today’s Chinese television shows that larger eyes dominate the discerning gentleman's conceptions of beauty. In western countries， darker， tanned skin is considered attractive， while in Asia women go to great lengths to attain a lighter complexion.

不同的文化，不同的時(shí)代，人們對于美的理解也不盡相同，而呂燕也只不過是眾多例子中的一個(gè)。比如，非洲的男人迷戀臀部豐滿的女人，亞洲男人則偏愛小巧的臀部，而歐洲的男士對異性臀部的要求則比較折中。15世紀(jì)的歐洲，體態(tài)豐滿的女子受人追捧。而今天，運(yùn)動(dòng)美女更受歡迎。在封建社會(huì)的中國，細(xì)眉細(xì)眼曾是古典美女的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。而如今，電視節(jié)目里忽閃忽閃的大眼睛們正重新詮釋著美麗。在西方國家，人人都想擁有健康的古銅色肌膚。但亞洲女性卻堅(jiān)信一白遮三丑。

Symmetry or Asymmetry?

勻稱之美

Because different cultures have different conceptions of beauty it is difficult to say that a lady is beautiful and expect everyone in the world to agree. A woman that is considered ugly in China may be considered gorgeous in other countries， and vice versa. So where does the definition of beauty come from and is there any form of beauty that is commonly appreciated everywhere?

因?yàn)椴煌奈幕瘜γ赖睦斫獠煌院茈y選出一位絕世美女，讓全世界人民都跪倒在其石榴裙下。中國的丑女出口到了別國，可能就成了當(dāng)?shù)氐娜f人迷了。反之亦然。那么到底是誰在定義美麗呢，這世間究竟有沒有一種美能夠得到普遍的認(rèn)可？

The ancient Greeks tried to define universal beauty using mathematics. The philosopher Plato wrote of \"golden ratios\" which proposed the width of an ideal face should be two-thirds its length， while a nose would be no longer than the distance between the eyes. The idea of golden ratios proved persuasive across time. So much so， it inspired architects and artists for centuries to come. Modern psychological research， however， suggests that many bodies and faces considered beautiful don't follow golden ratios.

古希臘人曾經(jīng)試圖用數(shù)學(xué)來定義美。哲學(xué)家柏拉圖曾提出過一個(gè)“黃金比例”。按照這一比例，柏拉圖認(rèn)為完美的面龐，其寬度應(yīng)該是其長度的三分之二，而鼻子則不應(yīng)長于兩眼之間的距離。黃金比例被后世之人奉為經(jīng)典。以至于千百年以來的建筑和藝術(shù)大師們皆從中找尋靈感。但現(xiàn)代心理學(xué)的研究則表明，許多人們心目中的優(yōu)美體態(tài)和姣好面容并不符合黃金比例。

Some research indicates that instead of being about ratios， beauty is about symmetry. Studies have shown that when several faces are averaged to create a composite， thus covering up the asymmetries that any one individual may have， judges find the composite picture more attractive. This idea was explored by the artist Mike with his famous work The Face of Tomorrow. Mike took photos of faces from a given region， and made composites of them. The composite faces were usually ranked more beautiful than any of the individual faces that they were made from.

有研究表明，美與比例并無必然聯(lián)系，更重要的是勻稱性。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)研究人員用類似取平均值的方法，將幾張臉孔照片合成一張，以掩蓋任意單張面孔上不勻稱的地方后，評審們就覺得合成的照片更漂亮。藝術(shù)家麥克在《未來面孔》一書中進(jìn)一步探討了這個(gè)課題。他在某一地區(qū)拍攝了一些人臉的照片，并將它們制作合成，發(fā)現(xiàn)人們通常會(huì)覺得合成后的臉孔比合成前的任意一張臉孔都要漂亮。

Similar results were achieved in a psychology experiment at the University of Western Australia. In the experiment， Caucasian and Japanese volunteers looked at photos of Caucasian and Japanese people. The volunteers rated their own race as the most beautiful and the most beautiful face in each respective race was the one with the most \"average\" features. The experiment concluded that in any given culture， the most beautiful face is the most symmetrical average of the faces that people are exposed to.

西澳大利亞大學(xué)的心理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)也得出了類似的結(jié)論。在該試驗(yàn)中，研究人員給來自高加索地區(qū)和日本的志愿者們看了高加索人和日本人的照片。志愿者們都認(rèn)為自己民族的面孔更為漂亮，而兩個(gè)民族中各自最美麗的臉孔卻是五官最為“普通”的。該實(shí)驗(yàn)最后得出結(jié)論，認(rèn)為對于任何一種文化，其最美麗的面孔就是人們平常所見到的所有面孔里最為勻稱普通的那張臉。

Even though most volunteers in the experiment rated their own race as the most beautiful， when shown Eurasian faces， made by creating composites of the Asian and Caucasian faces， the volunteers subsequently ranked them the most beautiful of all. The finding helps explain why mixed race individuals are highly desired the world over. In some respects， the mixed race individuals represent the average face that people are exposed to in the age of globalization. They are the composite of the various faces that people see in the media and in their daily lives. It may also explain why many Asians now like larger eyes. The people with larger eyes look relatively similar to mixed race people.

即使大部分參與試驗(yàn)調(diào)查的志愿者認(rèn)為本民族的面孔更漂亮一些，但當(dāng)實(shí)驗(yàn)人員向他們展示由亞洲和高加索臉孔合成制作的歐亞人臉孔時(shí)，志愿者們便認(rèn)為歐亞人臉孔是最漂亮的。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果解釋了為什么混血人種在全世界都享有“美”譽(yù)。某種程度上講，在如今這個(gè)全球化的時(shí)代，混血人擁有最為均衡的面孔。他們的臉孔就是人們在媒體和日常生活中所見到的各種模樣的綜合。此外，該實(shí)驗(yàn)也解釋了為什么亞洲人喜歡大眼睛。那是因?yàn)榇笱劬Φ娜碎L得比較像混血。

While some people have argued that beauty is defined as the average of the population， others have argued that beauty is a social construct that has been defined by those who have power， and want to further entrench their power. In her book， The Beauty Myth， Naomi Wolf explored how the concepts of beauty promoted in the media were vastly different from that of the average American. In a country where the average woman was 5-foot-4 and weighed 140 pounds， Wolf argued that an unrealistic depiction of women dominated on television， in movies， and on the catwalk. In Wolf's opinion， the unrealistic depiction was designed to make the average American woman feel insecure about herself so that the diet， cosmetic and plastic surgery industries could exploit those insecurities to make money.

雖然有些人聲稱美麗是由大眾容貌的平均水平?jīng)Q定的，但也有些人認(rèn)為美麗是一個(gè)社會(huì)學(xué)概念，是由掌權(quán)者決定的，而他們定義美麗的目的則是為了進(jìn)一步鞏固自己的權(quán)利。娜奧米#8226;沃爾夫在她的《美麗神話》一書中探討了媒體所宣揚(yáng)的美的概念同普通美國民眾心目中的美究竟有何差異。沃爾夫認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在電視、電影和T型臺(tái)所大肆塑造的女性形象非常不切實(shí)際。在美國，女性的體型一般為身高162厘米，體重63.5公斤。在沃爾夫看來，正是這些不切實(shí)際的女性形象讓普通的美國婦女惶惶不可終日，而從這種不安心態(tài)中獲益最大的就要數(shù)減肥、化妝品以及整容業(yè)了。

Fashion House Beauties

時(shí)尚商眼中的美

Although fashion houses do have a great deal of exposure around the world， it is debatable as to whether they define the concepts of beauty that others follow. It is also debatable as to whether models are selected in order to make women feel inadequate. It should be remembered that catwalk models are not simply chosen to represent beauty. They are also chosen because they can represent a certain type of individual that can help build the image of the brands. In the case of LvYan， it is not her beauty that appeals to fashion houses， rather， it is her classical Chinese look. Although there would be many women in China that western men would find more desirable， these women would not be able to portray the classical Chinese look that fashion houses want associated with their brand. The strategy of using of LvYan in advertisements is a bit like the strategy of using French words in English advertising， or the use of English words in Japanese advertising; it helps build an exotic and cosmopolitan image.

雖然時(shí)裝商在全球的確有很大的影響力，但在它們究竟能不能引領(lǐng)人們對美的理解這一點(diǎn)上還有待商榷。此外，對于選擇模特的目的究竟是不是要讓普通女性自嘆不如這一點(diǎn)上，人們也莫衷一是，未有定論。不能忽視的是，秀場上的模特并不僅僅是在詮釋美麗。選擇模特的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也決定了她們同時(shí)也是一種有助于提升品牌知名度的個(gè)人形象。仍以呂燕為例，吸引時(shí)尚界的并不是她的美貌，而是她那種最經(jīng)典的中國女性形象。雖然西方人在中國還能找出很多比呂燕更漂亮的女性，但是這些女性并不是西方時(shí)尚品牌們所希望傳達(dá)的經(jīng)典中國形象。呂燕在廣告中所起到的作用就像在英文廣告中使用法語一樣，或者是在日語廣告中加入一些英語，這些策略都能夠給品牌帶來一些異國風(fēng)味和國際感。

In addition to wanting to promote a certain image， fashion houses need to attract attention with something a little unusual. The best way to attract attention is with a person that is somewhere between conceptions of ugliness and beauty. Ironically， part of the appeal of LvYan is that many people don't find her beautiful. On the page of a magazine， she looks like a work of art. Her unusual look keeps people wondering whether she is beautiful or not. As they keep looking at her and try to decide how they feel， her sharp features draw attention to her make up， while her classical Chinese look helps to associate a cosmopolitan brand identity with any product that is using her.

除了希望打造推廣某種形象外，各大時(shí)尚品牌還必須制造些噱頭，標(biāo)新立異來吸引眼球。而吸引眼球的最好辦法莫過于啟用一些形象介于丑陋和美麗之間的模特。具有諷刺意味的是，呂燕之所以成為眾人矚目的焦點(diǎn)，部分原因竟是很多人覺得她并不漂亮。雜志上的呂燕猶如一件藝術(shù)品。她不俗的外形讓眾人困惑，不斷發(fā)問，她究竟美還是不美。當(dāng)所有人駐足凝視，如癡如醉時(shí)，她另類的容貌便自然而然地將注意力帶到她所使用的化妝品上了。而她經(jīng)典的中國女性形象也為所有使用她所代言的品牌加入了一些國際化元素。

The Girl Next Door

鄰家女孩

Another problem with the argument that fashion houses define beauty is that most of the women that surveys show are highly desirable could never be catwalk models. For example， even though they are highly desired by men， actresses such as Zhang Ziyi， Sandra Bullock， Sharon Stone and Nicole Kidman would be considered too plain， too short， and too fat for the catwalk. They are simply too average. They don't have distinctive features and they don't resemble an ambiguous blend of the ugly and the beautiful that maintains attention.

此外，調(diào)查顯示人們心目中的美麗女性大部分都不是T型臺(tái)上的模特。這也使得時(shí)裝商決定美麗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的說法站不住腳。比如章子怡、桑德拉#8226;布魯克、莎朗#8226;斯通和妮可#8226;基德曼這樣的女影星。盡管她們擁有能讓男人們瘋狂的美貌與魅力，可是卻因?yàn)槊赖脹]了特點(diǎn)，或者太矮、太胖上不了T臺(tái)走秀。她們長得實(shí)在不夠個(gè)性。既沒有扎眼的五官，也沒有能夠維持注意力的介于丑陋與美麗之間的模糊之美。

In many respects， these women are desirable for western men because they fit the description of what is referred to as \"the girl next door\". The girl-next-door look refers to a woman with wholesome， unassuming， and \"average\" femininity. Furthermore， unlike the catwalk models who never smile， the image of the girl next door is that of a friendly， happy individual. This genial personality contributes greatly to perceptions of beauty. In one study， 70% of college students deemed an instructor physically attractive when she acted in a friendly manner， while only 30% found her attractive when she was cold and distant. The girl next door is approachable， the kind of person you'd want to chat and hang out with. The catwalk model is a classic ice queen， haughty and aloof.

從許多方面看來，這些女性之所以在西方如此受男士們的歡迎，是因?yàn)樗齻兎纤^的“鄰家女孩”形象。而“鄰家女孩”就是健康、親切的普通女性。此外，鄰家女孩同總板著臉的T臺(tái)模特的不同之處還在于，她們友好親切。這種溫和的個(gè)性大大提高了美麗值。一項(xiàng)研究表明，70%的大學(xué)生認(rèn)為言行氣質(zhì)友善的女老師有吸引力，而當(dāng)這位女老師表現(xiàn)的冷漠并難以接近時(shí)，只有30%的人覺得她有魅力。鄰家女孩親切可愛，讓你想和她聊天、出去約會(huì)。T臺(tái)模特冷漠，拒人于千里之外。

Fat People's Sadness

胖人之殤

Even though it is unlikely that fashion houses define what is beautiful， the changing attitudes to fat people across the centuries indicate that there definitely is a socio-cultural aspect to beauty. In 15th century Europe， fat people were considered beautiful. In western countries today， fat people are considered ugly. Although some people have argued that the change has come about due to fashion houses using thin models， changes in the economy provide a more plausible explanation. In the 15th century it was only the rich who could afford to buy enough food to make themselves fat. Consequently， to be fat was a sign of wealth and prosperity. This image began to change as more of the population was able to buy food. Today， the image has turned completely upside down. In western countries today， the fattest people are often the poorest people. In government health statistics it is those people with jobs that involve manual labour， or who are unemployed， that are most likely to be overrepresented in statistics relating to overweight body shapes. As more and more fat people have become linked with low incomes， fatness has become an undesirable trait - even though the fat body shape is close to the average of the population. Nowadays， thinner body types are associated with money and prosperity， and as a result people strive to emulate them.

即使時(shí)裝商定義美麗這種觀點(diǎn)不成立，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來人們對于胖人態(tài)度的變化也反映出美作為一個(gè)概念，的確有一定的社會(huì)文化性。在15世紀(jì)的歐洲，體態(tài)豐腴是一種美。而在今天的西方社會(huì)，大家躲胖人唯恐不及。雖然一些人認(rèn)為這種態(tài)度的變化是因時(shí)尚品牌使用瘦削的模特所造成的，但經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢的變化發(fā)展給出了更合理的解釋。在15世紀(jì)的歐洲，想胖也不是那么容易的。只有富人才買的起那么多食品把自己喂成個(gè)胖子。所以胖也就隨之成為財(cái)富與繁榮的一個(gè)標(biāo)志。這種形象因?yàn)樵絹碓蕉嗟娜速I得起食物逐漸開始改變。到現(xiàn)在，這個(gè)形象已經(jīng)完全顛覆。在今天的西方社會(huì)，最胖的人通常是最貧窮的。政府健康數(shù)據(jù)顯示，最有可能出現(xiàn)體重超標(biāo)情況的多是那些體力勞動(dòng)者和失業(yè)人員。隨著肥胖同低收入的聯(lián)系越來越明顯，胖便失寵了——即使肥胖的體型更接近于人們的平均體型。如今，苗條纖細(xì)的體態(tài)暗含擁有金錢和財(cái)富。所以它也逐漸成為人們爭相模仿、渴望得到的理想體態(tài)。

White or Dark

膚色之爭

As well as explaining why fat has lost its desirable status over the centuries， a socio-cultural approach may also explain why many Asians favour light skin， and why many westerners favour dark skin. In Asia， dark skin is associated with the poor farmers that work outside in the sun. As a result， dark skin is associated with low status people. In the West， however， the socio-economic situation is different， and with that difference comes a different approach to skin colour. Instead of a dark skin colour being associated with poor farmers， it is associated with dynamic and active people that play sport or have enough money to go on expensive holidays to exotic destinations. The darker skin colour indicates a high socio-economic status， as well as an active personality that spends time in the sun.

從社會(huì)文化的角度入手研究，不僅能夠解釋為什么胖在過去幾個(gè)世紀(jì)喪失了被人追捧的地位，還可以解釋為什么那么多亞洲人偏愛白皙的膚色，而西方人更鐘愛黝黑的皮膚。在亞洲，人們一般會(huì)將皮膚黝黑和在太陽下勞作的農(nóng)民聯(lián)系起來。因?yàn)檗r(nóng)民在中國的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位很低，所以深色皮膚也同底層平民聯(lián)系起來了。但是在西方社會(huì)，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境有所不同，而這種不同又導(dǎo)致人們對于膚色的理解不同。在西方，黝黑的皮膚并不會(huì)讓人聯(lián)想到窮困的農(nóng)民。相反，他們認(rèn)為擁有古銅色皮膚的人一定是精力充沛、積極進(jìn)取的人，他們可能經(jīng)常運(yùn)動(dòng)，或者生活富裕，有錢去度假，享受異國風(fēng)情。所以深色的皮膚暗示較高的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位，以及積極主動(dòng)、熱愛陽光的性格特點(diǎn)。

Perceptions of beauty are likely to be a blend of psychologically programmed desires for a symmetrical face that represents the average of a population， as well as a socio-culturally defined image of wealth and status. For many women who read fashion magazines， beauty may seem unattainable and unrealistic. In reality， a healthy body， a pleasant smile， and an \"average\" look is often regarded as true beauty， and it is usually easily attainable for most women. Although an average look is different across cultures and isn't going to land anyone a modeling job， it will inspire appreciative looks from the opposite sex.

對于美的理解可能同時(shí)由多個(gè)因素決定，包括對于代表人們平均形象的面孔的心理需求，以及對從社會(huì)文化角度定義的，代表財(cái)富與地位的形象的心理追求。對于閱讀時(shí)尚雜志的女性來說，美貌似乎可望不可及。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，健康的身體，燦爛的笑容，以及“普通”的長相被全世界人民視為真正的美，而且大部分女性都可以實(shí)現(xiàn)這種美。雖然不同的文化對于普通的長相定義各不相同，而且長相普通的人也當(dāng)不了模特，但是它的確能夠得到異性贊賞的眼光。

Notes

1. vice versa

意為“反過來也一樣、反之亦然”。

例句：Students should learn from teachers and vice versa.

學(xué)生應(yīng)該向老師學(xué)習(xí)，老師也應(yīng)該向?qū)W生學(xué)習(xí)。

2. cover up

意為“掩蓋、掩飾、遮蓋”。

例句：The authorities were able to cover up what really happened during the incident.

當(dāng)局設(shè)法掩蓋了事件的真相。

3. expose to

意為“暴露、透漏、公開”。常用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)be expose to。

例句：The journalist managed to expose the conspiracy

這個(gè)記者設(shè)法暴露了這項(xiàng)陰謀。

4. plastic surgery

意為整形手術(shù)。

5. the girl next door

意為“鄰家女孩”。相信大家一定都知道那部根據(jù)Jack Ketchum的同名小說改編而成的電影《The Girl Next Door》，也許你知道的是另一部同名的惡俗青春片。

6. upside down

意為“亂七八糟、顛倒”。A-Teens的那首《upside down》可是迷倒了不少人。

例句：Leibnitz came along and turned Newton's definition upside down.

萊布尼茨把牛頓的定義顛倒了過來。

Links

1. The Girl Next Door《鄰家女孩》

看見“鄰家女孩”這四個(gè)字，大家的腦海中不由自主的都會(huì)出現(xiàn)一副獨(dú)特的畫面或者某個(gè)身影，藏在記憶深處。而關(guān)于《鄰家女孩》有兩部電影，一部是根據(jù)Jack Ketchum的同名小說改編而成。故事的背景設(shè)定在1958年，一對剛剛成為孤兒的兩姐妹被安置到她們的姑媽魯斯家。魯斯有慢性精神病，她認(rèn)為女孩們應(yīng)該被嚴(yán)格教育，于是對她們進(jìn)行了可怕的虐待，魯斯甚至還鼓勵(lì)自己的三個(gè)兒子一起參與這種虐待行為。12歲的鄰家小男孩是魯斯兒子們的好朋友，他無意中目睹了他們對女孩的虐待，對此十分反感，于是決定揭露可怕的事實(shí)，但是他不知道怎么才能讓大人們相信他所說的話……

而另一部是典型的青春片，剛剛得到喬治敦大學(xué)入學(xué)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的馬修#8226;基德曼是老師與家長眼中的金童，頗有政治天賦的他一直按著既定的理想方式生活著。但正像每一個(gè)心理和生理發(fā)育正常的青年一樣，鄰家驚艷動(dòng)人的女孩丹妮爾讓馬修心中小鹿亂撞，他不時(shí)偷窺她迷人的身影……很快，他們陷入了熱戀。對馬修而言，丹妮爾就是理想女友的化身，漂亮迷人，開朗大方，干練果敢；而在丹妮爾的眼中，馬修也同樣是一個(gè)值得全心信任的另一半，更可貴的是他是第一個(gè)不把她當(dāng)成獵艷目標(biāo)的男人。但馬修的死黨——酷愛成人電影的艾利卻在偶然間發(fā)現(xiàn)丹妮爾竟是鏡中主演?。?！得知真相的馬修進(jìn)退維谷，一方面是他難以決斷是否不計(jì)前嫌和早已洗手的丹妮爾繼續(xù)發(fā)展戀情，另一方面則是丹妮爾的前老板——成人電影制片人凱利身現(xiàn)校園，想請丹妮爾重新歸隊(duì)。對于這對戀人來說，他們同樣面臨著難以預(yù)料的選擇……

2. Appreciation of the Beauty審美

美學(xué)一詞來源于希臘語aesthesis。最初的意義是“感觀”。由德國哲學(xué)家亞歷山大#8226;戈特利布#8226;鮑姆加登首次使用。他的《美學(xué)》一書的出版標(biāo)志了美學(xué)做為一門獨(dú)立學(xué)科的產(chǎn)生?，F(xiàn)代哲學(xué)將美學(xué)定義為認(rèn)識藝術(shù)、科學(xué)、設(shè)計(jì)和哲學(xué)中認(rèn)知感覺的理論和哲學(xué)。一個(gè)客體的美學(xué)價(jià)值并不是簡單地被定義為“美”和“丑”，而是去認(rèn)識客體的類型和本質(zhì)。美學(xué)在人類的歷史中所起到的巨大作用是毋庸置疑的，比如它的“移情”（transference）。像大家熟悉的：清渭無情極，愁時(shí)獨(dú)向東（杜甫《秦州雜詩二十首》）；行宮見月傷心色，夜雨聞鈴斷腸聲（白居易《長恨歌》）都是詩人運(yùn)用移情修辭的體現(xiàn)。

那么審美是什么呢？審美是人類掌握世界的一種特殊形式，指人與世界（社會(huì)和自然）形成一種無功利的、形象的和情感的關(guān)系狀態(tài)。從哲學(xué)的角度來看，審美是事物對立與統(tǒng)一的極好證明。

審美的對立顯而易見，體現(xiàn)為它的個(gè)體性，審美的統(tǒng)一則通過客觀因素對人們心理的作用表現(xiàn)，即在每個(gè)時(shí)代或階段，人們所處的環(huán)境，或多或少都會(huì)對人們的審美觀造成影響。美是人類社會(huì)實(shí)踐的產(chǎn)物，是人類積極生活的顯現(xiàn)，是客觀事物在人們心目中引起的愉悅的情感。審美觀從審美的角度看世界，是世界觀的組成部分。審美觀是在人類的社會(huì)實(shí)踐中形成的，和政治、道德等其他意識形態(tài)有密切的關(guān)系。不同的時(shí)代、不同的文化和不同社會(huì)集團(tuán)的人具有不同的審美觀。審美觀具有時(shí)代性、民族性、人類共同性，在階級社會(huì)具有階級性。

審美的心靈在體驗(yàn)中通過情理統(tǒng)一凈化情色、狹隘的功利和純粹的技術(shù)，并使其內(nèi)涵得到升華。庸俗化的審美傾向?qū)τ诟F奢極欲的生理的滿足，永遠(yuǎn)不能上升到審美享受的境界。那種將感官的快適等同于美感的做法，顯然是違背美學(xué)常識的。物質(zhì)享樂的欲求只有在與精神相關(guān)聯(lián)時(shí)，才可能具有審美的價(jià)值。因此，審美活動(dòng)永遠(yuǎn)不能停留在視聽感官的層面上，視聽的魅力最終要感動(dòng)心靈，必須實(shí)現(xiàn)眼與心、耳與心的貫通。孤立地講“眼睛的美學(xué)”、“耳朵的美學(xué)”，將視聽感覺與心靈割裂開來的做法，無疑是不當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

3. Beauty in Different Countries世界各國的“美女”

“窈窕淑女，君子好逑”。由于不同國家、不同民族有著獨(dú)有的特點(diǎn)，各國對美也有自己的理解，因此，所謂“環(huán)肥燕瘦”、“青菜蘿卜各有所愛”，不同國家的人自然會(huì)持不同的美女觀。

China中國

“手如柔荑，膚如凝脂。領(lǐng)如蝤蠐，齒如瓠犀。螓首蛾眉，巧笑倩兮，美目盼兮”，這是《詩經(jīng)》中對美女的描述，這簡直可以“驚為天人”了。不管時(shí)代有多么不同，中國人總的來說喜歡皮膚白皙、紅霞紛飛、五官精致玲瓏、雙腿纖長有力度的美女。為此，美女得明眸皓齒、細(xì)腰雪膚、紅妝粉飾，甚至達(dá)到無妝勝有妝的妝效。

Britain英國

英國男人持重而謹(jǐn)慎，保持紳士風(fēng)度是英國男人從小必修的課程，由此也形成了英國男人獨(dú)特的美女觀：高貴的氣質(zhì)美女。而近些年來英倫美女在好萊塢以及世界各地大放異彩。這樣的女人在外表上性感和莊重并存。必須做事穩(wěn)重，既掌握分寸，又不緊不慢，具且有端莊、嚴(yán)肅的氣質(zhì)。

France法國

法國男人青睞文雅嬌柔、韻味十足的女人。他們眼中的美女必須舉止嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。服裝雅致得體，與人交往講究語言藝術(shù)，語調(diào)優(yōu)美有魅力，待人接物有風(fēng)度。

Italy意大利

意大利男人善于欣賞女人的裝飾之下掩藏著的隱約之美，意大利女人個(gè)個(gè)都化妝，掛項(xiàng)鏈，戴手鐲。她們習(xí)慣使用香水，讓香氣產(chǎn)生隱約曖昧的美感，當(dāng)然，還有誘人的裙子。

America美國

美國人一向推崇個(gè)性美。因此，對美國男人來說，一條破舊的牛仔，一雙灰黑的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋，加上一雙幽藍(lán)的眼睛，黝黑的皮膚，就能吸引任何一位美國男人。而在儀表上，凸現(xiàn)個(gè)性仍是最高境界，因此，不管怪誕還是優(yōu)雅，都有不同的美。在性情上，須開朗、幽默、風(fēng)情撩人。

Africa非洲

在非洲男人眼里，額部較寬、腳跟秀美、小腿和脖子圓潤的美女才是實(shí)質(zhì)意義上的美人。除此之外，皮膚的白皙也漸漸順應(yīng)時(shí)尚的潮流而成為男人心中的美女標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為了達(dá)到這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，非洲女人們都在竭盡全力，甚至犧牲身體的健康去適應(yīng)時(shí)尚的需求?？磥?，要想成為非洲男人眼中的美女，還必須付出一定的代價(jià)。

India印度

印度是個(gè)盛產(chǎn)美女的國家。這里有美女“流水線”，有從5歲就可以受到很好培育的美女培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)，因而每每世界上有選美活動(dòng)，印度美女總能“榜上有名”。那么，印度男人眼里的美女是什么樣的呢？首先，氣質(zhì)要高雅，肌膚要完美無瑕。明目閃爍，流盼生輝，攝人魂魄。嘴唇豐潤而飽滿，鼻子直立而挺拔，頭發(fā)根根如絲也是主要的指標(biāo)。所以，很多到印度旅游的男人都會(huì)有這樣的幻想，能遇到一個(gè)有著勾魂驚艷、一雙褐色神秘妖媚大眼睛的印度美女，也滿足一下自己對印度美女的向往之情。