\"YOU can breathe now sir.\"
“先生,現(xiàn)在你可以呼吸了?!?/p>
I looked out from the small booth, feeling ridiculous with a plastic mask strapped to my face, while lobby guests watched surreptitiously.
當前廳的客人們暗暗四處觀察時,我從狹小的房間向外看去,戴在臉上的塑料面具讓我覺得可笑。
Getting a five minute shot of pure oxygen from the concierge followed by a steaming cup of tea made from leaves of the infamous coca plant is not the ordinary routine for hotel guests coming down for breakfast – but then Peru's ancient Incan capital of Cusco, one of the world's highest cities at over 11 000 ft above sea level, is hardly an ordinary place.
在喝完一杯用劣質可可植物的葉子炮制的熱茶后,我快速呼吸著看門人帶來的五分鐘新鮮氧氣,這可不是旅館客人下來吃早餐的常規(guī)——但作為世界上高于海平面1萬1千英尺的城市之一,秘魯古老的印加首都庫斯科絕對非比尋常。
Cusco means navel, for the ancients felt the city was the navel of the world. It nestles high in the Andes, and can require some adjustment to the thin mountain air. Built of stone, Cusco is designed in the shape of a Puma – the symbol of divinity worshipped by the Incas. A walk through the narrow cobblestone streets reveals evenly spaced shops at street level only. The first floor of each building is used as living quarters and adorned with intricately carved wooden balconies, used in the past as windows before the introduction of glass. The blue and green buildings are in the dramatic Spanish style architecture known as Cusco Baroque. Colonial churches, mansions built on Inca foundations, spacious plazas - here you can breathe in 600 years of history - but breathe slowly, there's that high altitude to remember. It's not a hectic city, but meanders at its own place; with only 350,000 people, Cusco is largely dependent on tourism for survival.
庫斯科的意思是肚臍,因為古人們認為這個城市是世界的中心。它高高地依偎在安第斯山的懷抱中,游客們需要稍作調(diào)整來適應高山稀薄的空氣。庫斯科整個城市是用石頭建筑并設計成美洲獅的形狀——印加人的宗教崇拜圖騰。走在狹窄的石子路上,道路邊都是同樣規(guī)格的小店。每一棟建筑物的第一層都是起居室,還有精細的木刻露臺,在玻璃引進之前它就相當于窗戶。這些藍綠相間、醒目的西班牙式建筑就是著名的庫斯科巴洛克風格。殖民地時期的教堂、印加基礎上建立的公館、寬闊的廣場——在這里你可以在600年的歷史中盡情“呼吸”——但記得要慢一點,別忘了這里的高海拔。庫斯科不是個喧囂繁忙的城市,但卻有著自己的節(jié)奏;這里只有35萬居民,是個完全依賴旅游業(yè)而生存的國家。
The city is also a springboard for the \"Sacred Valley\" to the south, which grows much of the five thousand types of potato, and hundred types of corn, found in the country. I headed out there, stopping over in a small village chiciaria (bar) in Pisca, where a red plastic packet on the end of a stick advertises \"Bar's\". I ordered a pint of Peru's finest corn beer, called chicia, and joined in the local pub game known as Sapos (frogs). It involves trying to throw coins into the mouth of metal frog from 15 meters. I soon got the hang of it and was on the verge of achieving sapo fame, when one of the players, named Paolo, suggested I try the local meal of the house. Never one to be shy, I agreed.
從這個城市可以直接通往南部的“神圣峽谷”,那里的鄉(xiāng)村中種植著五千多種馬鈴薯、上百種玉米。我到了那邊并在皮斯卡的一個鄉(xiāng)村酒吧里逗留,在那里如果有房子上掛著一個根綁有紅塑料皮的棍子就表明是酒吧。我點了一品脫秘魯叫做chicia的最上等的玉米啤酒,還參與了當?shù)亟凶鯯apos(青蛙)的酒館游戲。規(guī)則是要在15米遠的距離向一只鐵青蛙的嘴里扔硬幣。我迅速掌握了竅門,要不是一個名叫帕奧羅的選手提議我去試試當?shù)氐募页o?,我差一點就成為Sapos之王了。我很想去嘗試一下當?shù)氐募页o?,所以就同意了他的提議。
In minutes I was confronted with a platter loaded with what looked like a small roasted animal, with a red pepper in its mouth and surrounded by corn and potatoes.
幾分鐘之內(nèi)我面前就擺上了一個大淺盤,里面裝著一只看起來像烤制的小動物的東西,嘴巴里塞了個紅辣椒,旁邊圍著一圈玉米和土豆。
\"What is that?\" I asked.
“這是什么?”我問道。
\"It is cuy, a delicacy in Peru,\" my new best friend said.
“這是cuy,秘魯?shù)拿朗??!蔽倚陆Y識的好朋友告訴我說。
Cuy turned out to a guinea pig, quite delicious and farmed right on the premises. I was shown a cage behind the bar holdings hundreds of cuy, all blissfully unaware of the pot they were destined for.
Cuy原來是豚鼠,非常美味,就在房子里飼養(yǎng)。他們帶我去看了酒吧后面裝著上百個豚鼠的籠子,所有的豚鼠都一副無憂無慮幸福的樣子,完全無視他們命定的葬身之鍋。
To digest my cuy-filled stomach I headed to the local craft market. My new friend Paolo insisted I try a glass of Chicia Morada, a drink made from purple corn, pineapple skins and spice – delicious and non-alcoholic. Paolo had a Pisco Sour, Peru's national drink, made from fermented grape juice, egg white, lemon juice and spices.
為了消化一下滿是豚鼠肉的胃,我前往當?shù)氐氖止に囀袌鲛D轉。我的新朋友帕奧羅堅持要我嘗嘗一杯用紫玉米、菠蘿皮還有香料做成的Chicia Morada——不含酒精的美味飲料。帕奧羅要的是秘魯?shù)膰破に箍扑?,它是用發(fā)酵的葡萄汁加上蛋白、檸檬汁還有香料混合而成。
At each stall vendors would shout out \"Welcome caballero! Welcome sir!\" I bought a chess set made of tin after being made an offer I couldn't refuse and dazzled by the white teeth of the voluptuous vendor.
每一個小攤販都在吆喝“歡迎你,紳士!歡迎你,先生”!在撩人的小販們那白晃晃的牙齒將我弄得頭暈目眩并提出了一個讓我無法拒絕的價格后,我買了一副錫制的國際象棋。
Everywhere was the music from a hundred pan-pipes, Peru's musical instrument of choice. I wondered if the pipe sounds were haunting, or if I would be forever haunted by them.
秘魯特質的樂器——排簫的聲音在四處飄蕩。我開始懷疑究竟是排簫聲本就撩人心弦,還是我不斷地被它擾亂了心神。
In between shopping and sipping my Morada I was continuously harassed by Andean Indian women, dressed in traditional red costume and all manner of hats, clutching young woolly Alpacas and wanting to pose for photographs.
在一邊四處閑逛一邊細細品嘗我的Morada時,我不停地被那些安第斯印加女人騷擾,她們大多身著傳統(tǒng)紅色服飾,戴著形式各異的帽子,手牽傻乎乎的小羊駝,等著擺姿勢照相。
Having finally succumbed to a photo, I was then harassed, threatened and finally chased through the market by the woman demanding money.
我最終屈服拍了一張,結果就被討錢的女人騷擾、恐嚇,最后還追著我在整個集市亂竄。
I found Paolo and asked him what was going on. The woman waved her finger in my face and screamed in Quechua dialect Spanish. Whatever she was saying was not complimentary and she seemed to be casting some sort of curse on me.
我找到帕奧羅問他這是怎么一回事。這個女人對著我的臉張牙舞爪,用西班牙方言蓋丘亞語沖著我尖叫。知道她說的不是什么贊美的話,看起來好像是在詛咒我什么。
\"You need to pay her if you pose with her,\" said Paulo.
“如果你和她照相了你就要付錢。”帕奧羅說。
I quickly handed over some notes as my attacker's friends joined her to offer assistance.
在攻擊我的那個婦女找來幫手時我迅速拿出一些錢遞給她。
Paolo said something to the women and they left, murmuring to themselves, clutching their Alpacas.
帕奧羅和那個女人說了什么之后她們就離開了,還一邊緊緊牽著她們的羊駝一邊低聲抱怨。
It is easy to confuse the two most well known animals in Peru. I was told that the difference between Llama's and Alpacas is that the Llama has smooth hair and is about as large as a small camel, while the Alpaca has thick wool like a sheep and is the size of a donkey. These animals are seen all over the country and roam freely.
秘魯?shù)膬煞N知名動物很容易被弄混。別人告訴我說美洲駝和羊駝的不同在于:美洲駝有光滑的皮毛、體型和小駱駝差不多,而羊駝的皮毛像羊毛一樣厚實、體型和驢差不多。這些動物在這個國家隨處可見,并且可以隨意走動。
Paola said the Alpaca also makes very tasty ham, while its hair was used for everything from blankets to trendy garments. A virtual walking goldmine.
帕奧羅說羊駝肉可以做成美味的火腿,毛發(fā)可以加工成很多東西,從毛毯到時裝,無所不能。真是一個活寶藏啊。
The day was closing and it was time to move on. Paolo had agreed to travel with me to Machu Picchu, the reason I had come to Peru, and we headed for the station and from the small town of Ollantaytambo, a living Inca fortress. The adjacent and higher mountain, Huayna Picchu (young peak) is a 1frac12;-hour hike up and offers a magnificent view of the entire valley and the twisting, rumbling Urubamba River.
離開的時候到了,是時候繼續(xù)出發(fā)。帕奧羅答應和我一起去馬丘比丘,這也是我來秘魯?shù)脑?,于是我們一起從歐巖特坦波(依舊健在的印加堡壘)的小鎮(zhèn)出發(fā)去車站?;艘粋€半小時我們登上了臨近的高山瓦伊那比丘(年輕的山峰),這里可以看見整個壯麗的山谷,還有蜿蜒、汩汩的烏魯班巴河。
The short bumpy train trip from Ollantaytambo station drops to 8000 feet, followed by a stomach churning bus ride up to the citadel.
從歐巖特坦波車站開始的短暫而顛簸的火車之旅垂直落差達到8000英尺,緊接著就是乘坐讓人惡心的大巴前往堡壘。
Machu Picchu - \"The Lost City of the Incas\" was kept hidden from the Spanish conquistadors for centuries and only rediscovered in 1911 by explorer Hiram Bingham. Designed in the shape of the sacred Condor bird it is without doubt the greatest legacy of the Incan dynasty and busiest tourist attraction in South America.
馬丘比丘——數(shù)世紀以來西班牙侵略者都無法找到這座“失落的印加城市”,直到1911年才被探險家海勒姆#8226;賓厄姆發(fā)現(xiàn)。整個城市被設計成神圣的海鷹圖案,這無疑是印加王朝最偉大的遺產(chǎn),也是南美洲最繁忙的旅游景點。
Paolo said the locals believe Machu Picchu was a secret, ceremonial, self-contained city. Apart from the architectural and aesthetic genius of the stonework, the most remarkable fact is that the city's plazas, steps, altars, rooms, agricultural terraces and water systems are completely intact. It is also the end of the famous Inca Trail, which enters the city through the Sun Gate.
帕奧羅說當?shù)厝苏J為馬丘比丘是一座神秘、神圣、沉默的城市。除了石藝建筑的巧奪天工和美輪美奐,最讓人驚異的就是城市的廣場、石階、祭壇、房間、梯田、水利系統(tǒng)都完好無缺。這里也是從太陽門進入這座城市的印加古道之旅的盡頭。
I tried to find a quiet place and take in the impact of this eighth wonder of the world. It seems here as if the work of man and nature fuses into one, echoing the Incan concept of duality. The only problem was, as in most world heritage sites around the world, that the throngs of people wrecked the peace and calm. Constant droves have turned this spiritual haven into a circus. Even the llamas trying to eat grass and mind their own business seemed irritated by the volumes of tourists.
我試圖找一個安靜的地方來慢慢領會這世界第八大奇跡帶來的沖擊。但看起來這里的人為藝術已經(jīng)和自然融為一體,這與印加文明中的二元概念互相輝映。唯一的問題就是,和世界上所有文化遺址一樣,熙熙攘攘的人群破壞了這里的和平與安寧。始終如一的人潮將這個精神的天堂變成了馬戲團。盡管美洲駝們努力專心吃草、不問世事,但似乎還是被絡繹不絕的游客給驚擾了。
Chatting later to an Australian visitor, she told me that to experience the full impact of Machu Picchu you need to visit before dawn and watch as the clouds draping the ruins burn off magically with the sun's rays, exposing the tropical jungle vegetation and glistening stonework. Unfortunately I needed to move on the next day and couldn't take her advice.
接著我和一個澳大利亞游客聊天,她告訴我,要想充分感受馬丘比丘的震撼力就需要在黎明拂曉前,當遮住廢墟的云霞如魔法般被日出的光芒所燃燒融化,熱帶叢林的植物和閃耀的石雕在光芒中袒露無疑,這是最佳的游覽觀賞時期。不幸的是第二天我要繼續(xù)上路,不能夠采納她的建議。
As travelers the world have said many times, \"call something paradise and kiss it goodbye.\"
如同世界旅者經(jīng)常說的那樣:“稱呼某處為天堂,然后和它吻別?!?/p>
Back in Lima, known as the City of Kings, the tropical jungle of the Sacred Valley and madness of Machu Picchu gave way to a very gray, very dry face. Peru's capital gets a mere 3mm of annual rainfall, or as locals say: \"less than a tear, a year. \"
回到號稱“城市之王”的利馬,“神圣峽谷”的熱帶叢林以及馬丘比丘的瘋狂都在灰暗、干燥的面容前黯然失色。秘魯?shù)氖锥寄杲邓恐挥?毫米,或者正如當?shù)厝怂f:“一年都不如一滴淚?!?/p>
I had said goodbye to Paolo and went exploring the city of over 9 million people. It dates back to 1535 and endured a three hundred year reign as the seat of Spain's New World Empire. Today much of the city sits on ancient Incan temples, sprawling untidily down to the pebble beaches of the brooding Pacific Ocean.
我和帕奧羅告別,繼續(xù)探尋這個擁有900多萬人口的城市。利馬的歷史可以追溯到1535年,之后它經(jīng)歷了長達300年的西班牙新大陸帝國的統(tǒng)治時期。如今很多城市都建立在古印加的廟宇之上,甚至雜亂地蔓延到沉默的、滿是鵝卵石的太平洋海灘。
I spent an afternoon meandering through the ornate cathedrals and monasteries, one, the Santo Domingo Monastery, so large it covered more than two city blocks!
我一下午都徜徉在裝飾華麗的教堂和修道院中,其中圣多明格修道院規(guī)模如此宏大,覆蓋了兩個街區(qū),甚至更大。
One very noticeable thing about Lima is its lack of color. While having coffee downtown, I asked the waiter about this.
利馬最明顯的一個特色就是這個城市色彩的缺失。當我在鬧區(qū)里喝咖啡時,我向服務員問起原因。
He told me advertising color here is prohibited. That means it's probably the one and only time you're likely to see famous fast food outlets like Pizza Hut and KFC signs in black.
他告訴我在這里廣告色是完全禁止的。就是說很有可能你在這里唯一看見的著名快餐店像必勝客和肯德基的標牌都是暗淡無色彩的。
The waiter also mentioned that no cars are allowed in the city CBD, apart from public transport. It's great for pedestrians.
服務員還告訴我除了公共交通工具,城市商業(yè)中心不允許有任何車輛。對步行者來說沒有比這更好的了。
I had lunch on the verandah of the Hacienda Mamacona horse ranch outside the city and watched Peru's top horsemen put sepia thoroughbreds through their paces. It doesn't get more colonial than this.
我在城市外的馬場——馬馬科納莊園的陽臺享用了午餐,觀看了秘魯頂尖的馴馬師如何訓練烏黑的純種馬。這是赤裸裸的殖民主義。
My host there, Anna, was descended from 17 successive generations of Aliagas, who had owned the Casa-Solar De Aliaga, the colonial mansion built in 1535 by Conquistador Don Jeronimo De Aliaga, co-founder of Lima.
我在這里的東道主安娜是擁有Casa-Solar De Aliaga的Aliagas家族的第17代世襲者。這座殖民主義大廈是在1535年由利馬的建造者之一Don Jeronimo De Aliaga所建立。
She told me it was something not to miss and arranged for her sister to take me there after the lunch. Casa-Solar De Aliaga is concealed behind a set of intimidating medieval doors, in the heart of the bustling historical city center and is the last word in colonial interior decorated splendor. Now centuries later, the ancestral mansion, jewel of colonial Lima is the oldest private household in continuous use in the Western Hemisphere.
她告訴我她有重要的事不能缺席所以她安排了妹妹在午餐后帶我去那看看。Casa-Solar De Aliaga位于這座忙亂的歷史城市中心,隱藏在一扇扇陰森的、中世紀風格的大門之后,內(nèi)部是華麗的殖民主義裝飾風格。幾個世紀后的今天,這棟祖?zhèn)鞯拇髲B——殖民城市利馬的瑰寶,是西半球至今仍在使用的最古老的私人住宅。
Inside it is a movie set of memories. \"No pictures!\" I was told as I tried to lift my camera. Anna's sister told me not to worry, that images of the mind were far more important. I agreed they are, but that doesn't help when you're trying to show others.
置身其中仿佛身處于記憶中的電影場景。當我準備拿起照相機時他們告訴我“禁止拍照”。安娜的妹妹安慰我不用著急,腦海中的畫面更重要。我同意他們的話,但是當我想秀給別人看時就完全不起作用了。
Peru leaves many images and sounds. Llamas, panpipes, scurrying guinea pigs and jaw-dropping architecture. It's a step back into history – perhaps deserving the title of the world's largest open-air museum. You'll meet some nice people there too, and that's probably the best memory of all.
秘魯留給我很多美好的畫面和感覺。美洲駝、排簫、豚鼠還有的建筑。這是回到歷史的臺階——完全配得上世界最大的戶外博物館的名號。你在那也可以遇見很多非常好的朋友,可能這也是最美好的記憶。
Notes
1. plastic mask
意為“塑料面具”。在文中指的是就是氧氣面罩。因為庫斯科的海拔高,空氣稀薄,所以大多地方都會提供“氧氣”服務。
2. a shot of
Shot有多種意思:“迅速提出問題、 快速通過、急速派遣;(快速)伸出(舌頭等)、揮出(拳頭)、傾卸(垃圾)、揮霍(金錢)、(足球)射門、投籃、擲(骰子)、 給……注射、長出新芽”……一般要根據(jù)上下午來選取最恰當?shù)尼屃x。在文中指的是“快速的一小口”。
例句:I had a shot of penicillin.
我打了一針青霉素。
3. living quarters
Quarter是“地區(qū)、街區(qū)”的意思,該詞組意為“住宅、居民居住區(qū)”。
例句:His living quarters were two small rooms on the second floor of the building .
他的住處是那棟大樓上的位于二層的兩個小房間。
4. get the hang of
常用為get the hang of something,意為“熟悉某物的用法、掌握做某事的竅門、理解某事、摸清概況”。在文中是指作者迅速掌握了游戲的訣竅。而get into the hang of是“習慣”的意思,get out of the hang of表示“忘記”。
例句:You should get the hang of learning English pretty fast.
你應該掌握學習英語的訣竅。
5. on the verge of
Verge意為“邊緣、界限”。該詞組就可以解釋為“到了……的邊緣、接近于、瀕臨、將要”。
例句:He is on the verge of 30.
他馬上30歲了。
There are still a great number of people who are on the verge of poverty.
現(xiàn)在還有很多人在貧困的邊緣上掙扎。
6. Never one to be shy
這句話是作者對自己的調(diào)侃,認為自己從來都不是個害羞的人,很想去嘗嘗當?shù)氐牟穗龋运饬伺笥训慕ㄗh。
7. succumb to
相當于yield to。意為“屈服于……”
例句:Young people easily succumb to the enticements of advertisements.
年輕人禁不住廣告的誘惑。
8. note
Note有很多意思,我們常見的有“筆記、摘記、短信等”,在文中指的是“紙幣”。
例句:Here is a 5 dollar note for you.
給你一張5美元的鈔票。
9. hike up
Hike在這里是“徒步旅行”,up意為“上升”,組合在一起就是“向上移、向上升提高、上漲、飄起”。在文中指的是步行爬山。
例句:All the stores will hike up the price of luxury goods.
現(xiàn)在所有的商店都大幅度地提高奢侈品的價格。
10. mind one's own business
意為“少管閑事”。相當于中國的那句古話“各人自掃門前雪,莫管他人瓦上霜”。
例句:Mind your own business and don't poke your nose into others’ business.
管好你自己的事,別管他人的閑事。
11. burn off
意為“燒掉、蒸發(fā)、燃盡”, 但它和burn up有區(qū)別,burn off 意為burn something from something else that it's covering。在文中指的是云朵被陽光所融化。
例句:I'm going to burn off some fat by doing exercise.
我準備通過鍛煉來燃燒脂肪。
12. give way to
意為“給……讓路、被……代替、讓位于”。
例句:We mustn't give way to these impudent demands.
我們對這些蠻橫的要求不能讓步。
You should always give way to pedestrians at a zebra crossing.
在斑馬線上你必須給行人讓路。
13. one and only
意為“唯一的、獨一無二的”。
14. the last word
意為“最后決定權、決定性的說明、定論;最新成就、最新品種”。在文中用來強調(diào)Casa-Solar De Aliaga的杰出和宏偉。
例句:We can all make suggestions, but the manager has the last word.
我們誰都可以提建議, 但經(jīng)理最后說了算.
This design is considered the last word in elegance.
這種設計被推崇為最高雅的款式。
Tips
Best Time For Travelling
最佳旅游時間
秘魯全境從西向東分為熱帶沙漠、高原和熱帶雨林氣候。年平均氣溫西部12~32℃,中部1~14℃,東部24~35℃。4月及8到10月最宜旅游。圣誕節(jié)前后兩周及復活節(jié)前后一周不宜。1到3月多休假。6月、7月、獨立紀念日、11月期間,旅館都會客滿,要事先訂房。
Luggage
旅行裝備
裝備包括一個背包、堅實的遠足靴、睡袋、保暖護墊、帳篷和遠行用的暖爐。尤其像在烏阿拉斯和庫斯科這樣的城市里,這些東西可以在標明為冒險性旅行的旅行社處租到。其價格往往很低,但質量就不一定經(jīng)得住考驗,所以出發(fā)前務必仔細檢查一下。一般來說,外出旅行夜間比較寒冷而白天安第斯山那邊的太陽又會曬得厲害,因而手邊最好準備一頂遮陽帽。
Altitude Sickness
高原反應
秘魯有部分景點的海拔在3400米以上,如庫斯科古城和馬丘比丘等。在低海拔地區(qū)生活的人到那里容易產(chǎn)生頭痛和呼吸急促等高原反應。因此,游客在游玩過程中要盡量避免劇烈運動,保證睡眠充足,不宜飲酒,不宜吃得過飽。 一般情況下,當?shù)芈灭^會免費向游客提供古柯茶,這是一種用古柯葉泡制的茶水,能有效減輕初上高原所產(chǎn)生的不適反應。
Protect from Sunburn
防曬
馬丘比丘等高原地區(qū)紫外線照射強烈,游客最好戴上墨鏡、遮陽帽,并隨身攜帶防曬指數(shù)較高的防曬油。防曬必備用品都防曬霜(sunscreen)和防曬油(sunblock)。在防曬護膚品的瓶子上都有一個SPF的標識,它是Sun Protection Factor的縮寫,意思就是防曬指數(shù)。SPF值越高,防曬時間越長。防曬SPF值×15=防曬的時間(分鐘);如果你要旅游,可以使用SPF20左右的防曬品。在高原烈日下活動或去海灘游泳,則至少要用SPF30的防曬品。記得防曬霜要在出門前30分鐘涂哦!太強的陽光對眼睛也會造成傷害。所以你還應該給自己配上一副太陽鏡(sunglasses)。此外,一頂帽子或是一把遮陽傘(sunshade)也可以幫你擋住熱辣的陽光。
Weather
氣候
秘魯位于南半球,每年的12月到次年的3月是庫斯科地區(qū)的雨季,晝夜溫差大,夜間氣溫可降到10攝氏度以下,游客需配備雨具和厚外套等。
Notes
小費
當?shù)赜懈缎≠M的習慣,一般付給搬運行李的服務生2至3美元即可。所以當服務員為你提供完服務之后還微笑著看著你的時候,千萬不要一臉無辜地回看別人。
Links
1. Peru
秘魯共和國簡稱秘魯。在殖民主義者入侵前,秘魯是印加帝國所在地,意為“太陽的子孫”。16世紀,西班牙殖民者從巴拿馬地峽來到這里,稱此地為秘魯。其含義有三:一說為玉米之倉之意,二說為河之意,三說為一個酋長之名。
Custom
習俗
秘魯人崇拜太陽神,每年冬至日要舉行祭祀活動,尤以庫斯科的祭典規(guī)模最大,人們在頭戴假發(fā)和面具的男主祭人主持下,一連三天,膜拜初升的太陽,并和著民間樂曲跳太陽舞,以示對太陽神的祈禱。
秘魯坎姆巴族人有一種聚飲會的交際習俗。會前,男主人用“阿肖特”(一種顏料)涂面,并備好樂器、酒具及用來與煙草一起咀嚼的石灰。聚飲會用的“馬沙托”木薯酒是前三四天就已著手制成的??腿说胶?,主人家中的男子依次圍繞客人走一圈,以示歡迎。然后再把盛有“馬沙托”酒的葫蘆或竹筒奉獻給客人,賓主立即開懷痛飲,一醉方休。
秘魯人具有拉丁民族的特征,熱情、好客,聽話最好打些折扣,不能盡信,常不守時,總習慣遲到半小時左右。他們認為這是自己的禮節(jié)風度。
秘魯女子除在官方場合穿禮服外,平時習慣身披大披肩,寬大通風,穿起來別有風姿。這種披肩白天當衣服,晚上又可以當被子。
秘魯?shù)膴W列宗人都喜歡在耳垂上嵌一個木盤;起初為小盤,隨年齡的增長,逐漸換大盤,以至把耳垂都拉得很長,有的甚至兩耳垂肩,故稱大耳人。在該部族,大耳不僅是美的標志,也是智慧的象征。
秘魯人對紫色倍加贊賞。在每年十月份舉行的宗教活動中,人們廣泛使用紫色,認為紫色預示著幸運的到來。他們偏愛向日葵。因為它是秘魯?shù)南笳?,人們喻其為國花,還稱其為印加魔花、太陽花。他們非常喜歡貓頭鷹,認為這是一種益鳥,會給人類造福,并認為它是智慧和力量的象征。
秘魯人在社交場合與客人相見和告別時,都慣以握手為禮。男朋友之間相見,一般慣施擁抱禮,并互相拍肩拍背。秘魯婦女之間相見習慣施親吻禮(親吻對方的面頰),嘴里都不停地發(fā)出表示友好的嘖嘖聲或說問候的話。
秘魯居民中絕大多數(shù)人信奉天主教。秘魯基巴羅族人視巫師如神明,并對其異常崇敬。秘魯人特別忌諱死亡這個字眼,若以死亡來詛咒他人,必定會引起一場大歐斗。
秘魯?shù)挠〖佑〉诎踩?,在每?月舉行定期驅魔節(jié)日。因9月是雨季。瘟疫易于流行。為了驅除病魔,秋分后月圓的第一天,所有的人要禁食。晚上各家聚會,烤制一種摻有小孩鮮血的玉米餅。人們在洗浴之后,用這種面餅擦頭、臉、胸、肩、腿,認為這樣可以消除病痛。然后用這種面餅再擦門檻,證明全家都已齋戒凈身。
秘魯人忌諱13和星期五。認為這都是不吉利的數(shù)字和日期,遇其必將會大難臨頭。他們忌諱烏鴉。認為烏鴉是一種不祥之鳥,給人以厄運和災難的印象。他們忌諱以刀劍為禮品。認為送這些東西意味著割斷友誼。他們在飲食上忌食海參一類的奇形怪狀的食品。任何情況下,都可用花作為禮品。
Delicacy
美食
秘魯菜肴大體可分為兩大系別:以利馬為代表的沿海區(qū)以辣味為主,主料是魚、海味、雞和馬鈴薯,做法多為涼拌、清蒸和燒烤;以庫斯科為代表的山區(qū)菜以甜味為主,主料是牛、羊肉和馬鈴薯,以燉、燴、煎為主。許多秘魯人還喜歡吃法國菜和西班牙菜??偟膩碚f,秘魯人特別喜歡辣椒和香料。
皮斯科酒與皮斯科雞尾酒
皮斯科酒是秘魯?shù)摹皣啤?,深受秘魯人民喜愛。這種酒被儲藏在一種較淺、個體較大的圓椎形泥制容器中。皮斯科專門用于這些容器的生產(chǎn)。皮斯科采用蒸餾方法制造,這種傳統(tǒng)的技法始自16世紀中葉引進葡萄種植后不久。用皮斯科酒做酸味雞尾酒,在世界各地享有盛譽。調(diào)制時需加入雞蛋清、糖、檸檬汁、糖漿、苦味液、碎冰塊和肉桂粉。
賽比切魚片
塞比切來自古莫切語,這道菜是出于魚和肉的保鮮需要,把它們浸在鹵汁中而由此而發(fā)明的。古代的秘魯人不知道檸檬這種東西,但他們卻知道其它一些酸味水果,這些水果的果汁都能提供充分的保鮮功能。后來在這道菜里又加入了紅洋蔥、辣椒、咖喱和萵苣,直到安第斯移民的到來,它才最后定形為加入煮紅薯和玉米棒子的形式。
洛克羅
秘魯一道有名的土豆菜肴是洛克羅,其實就是母雞燉土豆。原料是土養(yǎng)的母雞1只,黃土豆1公斤,白土豆1公斤,3個綠辣椒,4個洋蔥,一些蒜泥。把母雞切塊燉1個小時后,放入己經(jīng)去皮的土豆和其他輔料,再煮l小時左右即可。
帕恰曼卡
帕恰曼卡原意是“大地之鍋”,在制做這道大餐時,先要在地上挖出一個大坑,鋪上揀好的卵石用火烤熱,然后在石頭上放上各種肉類、土豆、木薯、玉米、豌豆等食物,再鋪上芭蕉葉或樹葉,最后蓋上泥土。大約過上兩三個小時,這道以大地為鍋、帶著泥土芬芳的大餐就制成了。帕恰曼卡大餐一般不適合獨自享用,人們往往在家人和朋友相聚或者節(jié)慶時一起制做這道美味佳肴。 隨著現(xiàn)代文明的發(fā)展,帕恰曼卡大餐靠著它獨特的魅力逐漸走出山區(qū),流傳到全國各大城市,人們便將其制作方法加以改進。不同地方的人根據(jù)自己的喜好選擇不同的配料,烤制出風味各異的帕恰曼卡大餐。
2. City Without Rain - Lima
無雨之都——利馬
利馬東依安第斯山脈中的圣克里斯托瓦爾山,南、北傍里克馬河,是秘魯國家的首都,全國的政治、經(jīng)濟、文化中心。同時,利馬也是南美洲著名的城市。利馬的城市名稱來源于其所瀕臨的里馬克河,以感謝里馬科河亙古以來對利馬城市的恩澤。利馬是一座歷史古城。在公元10世紀時的古印加文明便在此達到鼎盛,之后的16世紀到19世紀,利馬一直充當著西班牙殖民者在南北的殖民中心的角色。直至1821年,秘魯才獲得獨立,同年,利馬被設為首都。
如今,利馬已是“南美洲最富庶、最優(yōu)美的城市”。利馬城區(qū)分為舊城和新城。舊城在城北,鄰里馬克河,舊城多保留著殖民時期的建筑:皮薩羅宮殿部分舊址、圣馬丁廣場、博洛洛內(nèi)西廣場等。舊城的古跡的夕陽的光暈下散發(fā)著古典的氣息,以“武裝廣場”為中心延展開來,漫過古色古香的石板道路,流向舊城的每一處,襯托著里馬克河的傳奇與神圣。同時,風光優(yōu)美的阿拉梅達公園、繁華的街市烏尼昂大街、尼科拉斯德皮埃羅拉大街、南美洲最古老的大學——圣馬科斯大學,“金子博物館”也是游利馬舊城不容錯過的地方。
利馬的新城區(qū)則是一派現(xiàn)代化氣息:寬闊的街道、林立的高樓、匆忙的人群,但利馬新城也有可去之處,如建于19世紀初的人種學和考古博物館以及西班牙殖民者作為宗教法庭使用的宗教法庭陳列館,都有參觀的價值。
利馬極少降雨,是著名的不雨城。由于長年的干燥,利馬城市周圍已變成了不毛的荒漠,若有閑暇,出城觀望四野的黃沙戈壁,也令有一番感受。
3. Guinea Pig Festival
秘魯豚鼠節(jié)
秘魯豚鼠節(jié)在國際上大名鼎鼎,更是為當?shù)厝怂矏鄣幕顒樱看闻e辦都人山人海,熱鬧非凡。豚鼠節(jié)上,人們要評選出個頭最大的豚鼠、速度最快的豚鼠、最佳著裝的豚鼠以及味道最好的豚鼠。最佳著裝豚鼠比賽可謂一場豚鼠時裝秀,豚鼠們紛紛扮演起了不同角色,帶著豚鼠們參賽的土著女士們也穿起了傳統(tǒng)服飾。在味道最好的豚鼠比賽中,大廚們使出渾身解數(shù),運用油炸、燒烤以及烘烤等方法烹制出了口味不同的豚鼠大餐。如果要去秘魯旅行,這實在是不可錯過的一個美妙的場景。