張　爽

Unit 3

1.Six of the points represent the states and the seventh stands for all the territories. 六個角代表六大州，第七個角代表所有的區(qū)。

represent用作動詞，意思為“代表，象征，體現(xiàn)，描繪，描述”。

He represented China in the conference.

他代表中國參加了這個會議。

The dove represents peace. 鴿子象征和平。

[發(fā)散思維]representative adj. 有代表性的，典型的；n.包含多種類型的樣品

stand for為固定短語，意思為“代表，象征，主張，支持”等，口語中可用作“容忍，允許”的意思。

Our flag stands for our country. 我們的旗幟代表我們的國家。

We like our school and all it stands for.

我們喜歡我們學(xué)校以及它所提倡的一切。

CPC stands for the Communist Party of China.

CPC是中國共產(chǎn)黨的英文名稱的縮寫。

I cant stand for those who put on airs. 我不能容忍擺架子的人。

2.These peoples came to the continent at least fifty thousand years ago and created complex societies. 這些部落至少在5萬年前就來到這塊大陸上，并且創(chuàng)造了復(fù)雜的社會群體。

at least意思為“至少，起碼，不管怎樣”，反義詞為at most。如：

It requires at least two days. 這事至少需要2天。

The railway will be completed in six months at most.

這條鐵路至多6個月就能完成。

[鏈接]at the latest最遲

Passengers should check in one hour before their flight time at the latest. 乘客最遲應(yīng)在班機起飛前一小時辦理登機手續(xù)。

create用作動詞，意為“創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)作;引起，產(chǎn)生，造成”，名詞形式為creation。如：

This hotel creates a friendly atmosphere.

這個賓館營造了一種友好的氛圍。

There are more and more new industries that create new jobs in modern society.

在現(xiàn)代社會，有越來越多的帶來新的就業(yè)機會的新興產(chǎn)業(yè)。

[發(fā)散思維]creation n.創(chuàng)造，產(chǎn)生 creative adj.創(chuàng)造性的,有創(chuàng)造力的 creativity n.創(chuàng)造性，創(chuàng)造力，獨創(chuàng)性

complex用作形容詞，意為“復(fù)雜的，難以理解的，復(fù)合的，綜合的”等，反義詞為simple。

3.In 1770, Captain James Cook claimed the east coast of the continent for the British Crown. 在1770年,詹姆斯?庫克船長聲稱這個大陸的東海岸屬于大不列顛王國。

claim用作動詞，意為“要求, 認(rèn)領(lǐng), 自稱, 聲稱, 主張”等。如：

The farmers claimed compensation for the losses.

農(nóng)民們要求賠償損失。

Has anyone claimed the watch? 有人來認(rèn)領(lǐng)這塊手表嗎？

[發(fā)散思維]“公開表達”“宣布”的一組同義詞：

state“陳述，聲明”，書面或演講中的正式表達。

declare“宣布，斷言”，與state接近，但主要指口頭的，尤指官方的聲明。

announce“公開宣布，通知”，不一定是正式的。

claim“斷言，宣稱”，尤指面對反對意見時。

4.It would be many years until Australia learnt to respect Aborigines and recognise the importance of a diverse society. 許多年之后澳大利亞人才開始懂得尊重土著居民，并認(rèn)識到多元化社會的重要性。

recognise v.意為“認(rèn)識，認(rèn)出，承認(rèn)，公認(rèn)”等。如：

He recognised that he was not qualified for the work.

他認(rèn)識到自己做這項工作是不夠資格的。

[發(fā)散思維]recognition n.認(rèn)識，認(rèn)出，承認(rèn)

He has won wide recognition in the field of medicine.

他在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域里受到廣泛的贊譽。

[發(fā)散思維]diverse adj. 多種多樣的，不同的

His interests are very diverse. 他的興趣非常廣泛。

diversity n. 多種多樣，多樣性

There are a wide diversity of opinions in the meeting.

會議上眾說紛紜。

5.The country also began to change its attitude towards Aborigines: in the late 1960s, the government passed laws to strengthen the rights of Aborigines and Islanders and to improve their living conditions. 國家也開始改變對土著人的態(tài)度：在20世紀(jì)60年代晚期，政府通過法律來加強土著人和島上居民的權(quán)利，并改善他們的生活條件。

attitude n. 意思是“態(tài)度，看法”，常和介詞to/towards連用。如：

There are great changes in attitude towards handicapped people nowadays. 現(xiàn)今，在對待殘疾人的態(tài)度方面有了很大變化。

I dont think its fair to accuse me of having an attitude problem.

我認(rèn)為說我態(tài)度有問題是不公平的。

Unit 4

6.Until then, mostly doctors and surgeons studied herbs. 到那時為止，大部分內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和外科醫(yī)生都研究過藥草。

until(=till)常用在句首（till不可用于句首），可作介詞或連詞，意為“直到……為止，直到……才”。在肯定句中，與延續(xù)性、持續(xù)性動詞連用；在否定句中，與瞬時性、短暫性動詞連用。

I shall stay here until next Sunday.

我將留在這兒一直到下星期天。

He didnt come back until late in the evening.

他直到晚上很遲才回來。

[鏈接]not until放在句首，句子要倒裝；強調(diào)till或until引導(dǎo)的狀語，如果是否定句應(yīng)把not提前。

Not until all the fish died in the river, did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was. 直到那條河里所有的魚都死了,村民們才意識到污染有多么嚴(yán)重。

It wasnt until 12 oclock that he came back. 他直到12點才回家。

7.Showing how plants were related was a complex and strange thing… 表明植物之間的關(guān)系是一件復(fù)雜而且奇怪的事……

related形容詞，意為“有聯(lián)系的，相關(guān)的，有親戚關(guān)系的”。

The two neighbouring countries are as closely related as the lips and teeth. 這兩個國家是唇齒相依的兩個鄰邦。

[鏈接]relate的用法:

（1）v.（和……）關(guān)聯(lián)，把……與……聯(lián)系起來

How on earth do his remarks relate to what we are discussing now?

他的評語和我們現(xiàn)在所討論的事物究竟有什么關(guān)系呢？

（2）v.（對人）談……，敘述，講……

He related his adventure to his children.

他將自己的冒險經(jīng)歷說給他的孩子們聽。

（3）relate to 涉及，與……相關(guān)，談到

We shall discuss the problem as it relates to our specific case.

我們應(yīng)針對我們的具體情況來討論這個問題。

She says she is related to the royal family.

她說她與王室有親戚關(guān)系。

（4）in/with relation to關(guān)于，有關(guān)

an answer with no relation to the question跟問題無關(guān)的答復(fù)

（5）be related to…（與……）有親戚關(guān)系，有關(guān)聯(lián)

He is related to my father. 他同我父親有親屬關(guān)系。

8.As a result, fruits such as peaches and pears are in fact related, although they are different at first sight. 因此，像桃和梨這樣的水果實際上是有緊密關(guān)系的，盡管它們第一眼看上去不同。

sight為名詞，意為“目光，視力，視野，景象，風(fēng)景（一般用復(fù)數(shù)），奇觀”。

He lost his sight in an accident. 他在一次事故中喪失了視力。

It was his first sight of an elephant. 這是他第一次見到大象。

The sunset was a beautiful sight. 日落是很美的景色。

John enjoys seeing the sights of the West Lake.

約翰很喜歡觀賞西湖的風(fēng)景。

[開放思維]與sight有關(guān)的短語：

at first sight乍一看 at the sight of一看見

catch (have/get) sight of看到，發(fā)現(xiàn)

[發(fā)散思維]sightseeing n.觀光，游覽；adj.觀光的

go sightseeing去觀光游覽 a sightseeing tour觀光旅行

9.In 1768, the Royal Navy appointed James Cook as the commander of the Endeavour to take members of the Royal Society on an expedition to Tahiti. 1768年,英國皇家海軍任命詹姆斯?庫克為“奮力號”船長，帶領(lǐng)皇家學(xué)會成員遠(yuǎn)征塔希提島。

appoint及物動詞，意為“任命，委任，約定，指定（時間、地點）”。

They appointed a place to exchange experience.

他們約定一個地方交流經(jīng)驗。

[發(fā)散思維]appointment n.任命；約會，約定

the appointment of a proper person to an office

任命一個適當(dāng)?shù)娜藫?dān)任某個職務(wù)

[開放思維]keep/break ones appointment守/違約

make/fix an appointment with sb.與某人約會

expedition n.[C] 遠(yuǎn)征隊， 探險隊， 考察隊; 遠(yuǎn)征， 探險， 考察

go on an expedition去遠(yuǎn)征/探險/考察

make an expedition to the North Pole去北極探險

10.As astronomy was one of the most important branches of science, it was the British government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that part of the expedition. 天文學(xué)是一個很重要的科學(xué)分支，因此英國政府贊助了遠(yuǎn)征中天文學(xué)部分所有的設(shè)備和經(jīng)費。

As astronomy was…是一個由as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，主句由it引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)句構(gòu)成。

As all the seats were full, we had to stand up.

由于所有位置都有人，我們只好站著。

We started off on foot, as David had an appetite for walking.

因為大衛(wèi)喜歡走路，我們就步行出發(fā)了。

pay的賓語是“錢”或“人”。

I paid the shop owner $ 5 for the pen.

我為這支鋼筆付了5美元給商店主人。

Have you paid all your debts yet? 你的債務(wù)全還清了嗎？

[開放思維] pay for付……費用（賓語是東西）；付出代價

pay back 償還（借款等）；報答；向……報復(fù) pay off償清（債務(wù)）

pay sb. off付清工資加以解雇 pay up付清，繳清 pay in繳款，存入