不定式可以和疑問代詞who, what, which及疑問副詞when, how, where等連用,構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等?,F(xiàn)將這種用法歸納如下。
一、“疑問詞+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種形式:
1. “疑問詞+to+動詞原形”
I don’t know what to say. 我不知道說什么。
Can you tell me how to make a paper boat? 你能告訴我怎樣做一只紙船嗎?
2. “疑問詞+名詞+to+動詞原形”
I don’t know which topic to choose. 我不知道選哪個題目。
二、“疑問詞+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中的疑問詞,包括疑問代詞who, what, which和疑問副詞how, when, where等。這些疑問詞和不定式一起構(gòu)成了不定式短語,這種結(jié)構(gòu)可在句子中作以下成分:
1. 主語
Where to stay for the night is a problem. 晚上在哪兒過夜還是個問題。
2. 賓語
We must know how to operate the machine. 我們必須弄懂如何操作這機器。
In one of his books, Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.在馬克思的一本書中,他對如何學(xué)習(xí)一門外語提出了一些建議。(作介詞on的賓語)
3. 表語
The question is which to choose. 問題是選哪個。
4. 同位語
The problem what to send them is unknown. 送什么給他們這個問題還不知道。
三、“疑問詞+動詞不定式”作賓語時,相當(dāng)于一個由該疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如:
Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to the bookshop?
= Excuse me. Can you tell me how I can get to the bookshop?
四、“疑問詞+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常放在tell, show, teach, learn, know, wonder, discuss, remember, forget, find out等動詞(詞組)之后作賓語。例如:
The teacher told the students how to do the experiment. 老師教學(xué)生如何做實驗。(句中 told含有taught的意思)
The young woman doesn’t know what to do. 那位年輕女子不知道怎么辦。(句中what不能改換成how)
He tells me how to answer all the questions in English. 他告訴我怎樣用英語回答所有的問題。(句中的how不能省去)
五、如何表達“怎么辦”
在翻譯“怎么辦”時,許多同學(xué)譯成how to do,實際上是犯了漢語式英語的錯誤,“怎么辦”的實際意義是“做些什么”,故應(yīng)用代詞what作動詞do的賓語,而不用副詞how。只有在表達“怎樣做這件事”時才說how to do it。
[鞏固練習(xí)]
I. 單項填空。
( ) 1. I’m going on a field trip but I haven’t decided__________. (2007年河南)
A. what to doB. to do what
C. where to go D. to go where
( ) 2. —This physics problem is too difficult. Can you show me ________, Wang Lin?
—Sure. (2008年陜西)
A. what to work it out
B. what to work out it
C. how to work it out
D. how to work out it
( )3. Excuse me. Would you please tell me ________ buy a digital camera? (2007年安徽)
A. what toB. where to
C. what I canD. where can I
II. 用“疑問詞+不定式”改寫下列句子。
4.How we should do it was discussed last night.
__________ was discussed last night.
5. I didn’t know where I should go.
I didn’t know ____________.
6. The difficulty was how we should cross the river.
The difficulty was ____________ .
III. 根據(jù)漢語補全下列英語譯文。
7. 何時動身還不知道。
____________ is unknown.
8. 我忘了該怎么辦。
I forgot___________.
9. 我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。
I can tell you_________.
Keys:
I. 1-3 CCB
II. 4. How to do it 5. where to go
6. how to cross the river
III. 7. When to start 8. what to do 9. where to buy(get) this book