余　劍　呂斌文

一、 effect n. “效果；影響；作用；結(jié)果”

1. the effect of… “……的結(jié)果”

the harmful effects of smoking吸煙的害處

2. have an effect on “對(duì)……有影響”

The parents behaviour has an effect on their children.

父母的行為對(duì)孩子產(chǎn)生了影響。

3. have/achieve the desired effect “取得所期望的結(jié)果”

The plan failed to achieve the desired effect of diverting traffic from the city.該計(jì)劃未能如期望的那樣分流城里的車輛。

拓展：

1. put/bring sth. into effect “實(shí)施計(jì)劃；落實(shí)想法”。如:

It wont be easy to put the changes into effect.

2. come into effect/take effect “（紀(jì)律/規(guī)則/制度）生效”

3. be of no effect “無(wú)效”

4. in effect “實(shí)際上；事實(shí)上”

5. effective adj. “產(chǎn)生預(yù)期效果的；有效的；引人注意的；醒目的；生效的”。如：an effective use of colour “引人注目的顏色使用”。

The ads were simple, but remarkably effective.

這些廣告很簡(jiǎn)單，但效果出奇的好。

effectively adv. “有效地，實(shí)際上；事實(shí)上”。如：

Effectively, it has become impossible for us to help.

事實(shí)上，我們已不可能幫忙了。

二、 cause

基本詞義用法：

1.用作名詞

(1)the cause of… “原因；起因”

What was the cause of the accident? 那場(chǎng)事故的起因是什么？

(2)“理由；根據(jù)；緣故”

cause for complaint/concern“抱怨/擔(dān)心的理由”

(3)“事業(yè)；原則；目標(biāo)”

Her lifelong devotion to the cause of womens rights received high praise from the public.

她對(duì)女權(quán)事業(yè)的畢生追求贏得了公眾的高度贊揚(yáng)。

3.用作動(dòng)詞

“導(dǎo)致；使發(fā)生；引起”。如：

Heavy traffic is causing long delays on the freeway.

擁擠的交通正造成高速公路上長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的延誤。

拓展：

1.cause sb./sth. to do sth. “使某人（某物）做……”

2.cause concern/embarrassment “使人感到擔(dān)憂/難為情”

3.cause sb. trouble/problems/inconvenience “給（某人）惹麻煩/造成問(wèn)題/帶來(lái)不便”

辨析：

excuse/reason/cause

excuse主要強(qiáng)調(diào)為了避免受責(zé)備和推卸責(zé)任而找的借口，緣由；reason用來(lái)解釋某種行為，現(xiàn)象和結(jié)果，使之聽(tīng)起來(lái)合理；cause指產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果的直接原因，強(qiáng)調(diào)“沒(méi)有這原因就沒(méi)有這結(jié)果”。如：

Ive got no cause for complaint—Im doing all right.

我沒(méi)有理由抱怨——我一切都好。

He didnt have a good excuse for his absence so he made up one.

他為無(wú)故缺席編了個(gè)理由。

The reason why she preferred to live in Shanghai was that she liked the climate there. 她愿意住在上海是因?yàn)橄矚g那里的氣候。

三、bring in/bring about/bring back/bring out/bring up/bring down

辨析：

bring in“盈利；賺錢；使某人參加；宣判”。如：

It all became very serious and police were brought in.

事態(tài)很嚴(yán)重，警察也被叫來(lái)了。

bring about“引起；導(dǎo)致；造成”。如：

Computers have brought about many changes to our lives.

電腦給我們的生活帶來(lái)了很大的變化。

bring back “使恢復(fù)；使想起；使回憶起”。如：

The smell of popcorns brings back my memories of living in the countryside. 爆米花的香味使我想起在鄉(xiāng)下生活的日子。

bring out“使……明顯；顯示出；使……得以發(fā)揮；推出；使更自信；使開(kāi)朗”。如：

When he went to college it really brought him out.

上了大學(xué)后他的自信心增強(qiáng)了。

bring up “提出（議題）；養(yǎng)育；教養(yǎng)”。如：

I shall bring up this question at the next meeting.

我將在下次會(huì)議上提出這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

bring down “使（飛機(jī)）降落；放下；打落；推翻；撞倒”。如：

Handuan was brought down on the edge of the field.

韓端在球場(chǎng)邊緣被撞倒了。

考題：

His idea of having weekly family meals together, which seemed difficult at first, has ____ many good changes in their lives.（2005重慶卷）

A. got through B. resulted from C. turned into D. brought about

四、method/means/way/approach

辨析：

method著重系統(tǒng)地，科學(xué)地，有條理地辦事的方法或解決問(wèn)題的思路，它的后面接of doing sth.； means指任何用來(lái)達(dá)到目的的東西，可指器具、工具、機(jī)器等，也可指行動(dòng)；方法策略，手段等，其單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同，其前有a, one, this, that, every等時(shí)表單數(shù)意義；其前有such, these, those, all等時(shí)表復(fù)數(shù)意義，多指抽象或概括性的意思，其后可接不定式或of+動(dòng)名詞（名詞）； way一般用語(yǔ)，可指人們解決問(wèn)題的具體辦法或途徑，也可指?jìng)€(gè)人特殊的“方法；方式”； approach強(qiáng)調(diào)的是思考問(wèn)題的方法，一般與介詞to搭配。如：

You need to improve your teaching method. 你需要改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法。

Mobile phone is an effective means of communication.

手機(jī)是一種有效的交流溝通手段。

One of the best ways for people to keep fit is to develop healthy eating habits. 保持健康的最好方法之一就是養(yǎng)成良好的飲食習(xí)慣。

The school has decided to adopt a different approach to discipline.

學(xué)校決定采取另外一種方式來(lái)解決紀(jì)律問(wèn)題。

考題：

At the meeting they discussed three different ____ to the study of mathematics. （2006湖北卷）

A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways

五、long, for long與for a long time

三者均可用于否定句，但long和for long僅指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)詞（即不包括not），而for a long time指的是整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（包括not）所表達(dá)的意思。for a long time可用于肯定句，而long和for long較少用于肯定句。

He didnt work (for) long. 他并沒(méi)工作多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。

They havent been here for a long time. 他們很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)來(lái)這兒了。

——Have you been working long? 你在這兒工作多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了？

——No, not long, but my brother has been in the company for a

long time. 不，不是很長(zhǎng)，但我的弟弟在這家公司工作很久了。

六、allow, permit與let

permit是根據(jù)法令,規(guī)章,制度的“許可”，通常表示積極而又正面的允許，同意或準(zhǔn)許，多用于正式場(chǎng)合；allow含有同意某人要求，不禁止某種行為的消極意味，是普通用詞；let含有聽(tīng)任或容許的意味，可用于積極的場(chǎng)所，具有口語(yǔ)色彩。

The nurse allowed the visitors to remain beyond the hospital visiting hours though it was not permitted. 盡管是不許可的，護(hù)士還是讓那些看望者呆過(guò)了醫(yī)院規(guī)定的探病時(shí)間。

Please let me know what happened yesterday.

請(qǐng)告訴我昨天這兒發(fā)生了什么事。

七、as many as與as much as

“as many as+數(shù)詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”表示某人或某處擁有物品的數(shù)量；“as much as+數(shù)詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”表示金錢、距離、時(shí)間、重量、水量、熱量等各方面的程度或數(shù)量；as much as可用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞或不可數(shù)名詞，而as many as不能；在不表示具體事物時(shí)，用as many as和as much as均可。

The great fire burned down as many as twenty buildings.

那場(chǎng)大火燒毀的建筑物達(dá)20棟之多。

Most of the stones weigh as much as 15 tons. 大多數(shù)石頭重達(dá)15噸。

You can eat as much as you can. 你愛(ài)吃多少就吃多少。

I like cats as much as dogs. 我喜歡貓和狗程度相同。

I have as much/many as you. 我有的和你有的一樣多。