一

Suppose that you， a college student of somewhat limited means (經濟條件 )， are in the market for a pickup truck. The following ad in a local used car publication catches your eye.

1993 Ford Ranger，bilk，4WD，a/c.

AM/FM cass ，showroom condition.

Call 555—1234 after 5 p.m.

This is exactly the kind of vehicle you want， so you call to inquire about the price. The price you are quoted(報價) over the phone is $2 000 lower than the price for this model with this equipment listed in a used car guidebook. Instead of being excited， however，you are suspicious(懷疑).

For many products ，when you must pay less than the going rate， you believe you are getting a great deal (交易 ). This is not necessarily the case for used cars or other durable( 耐用的 ) goods (washing machines and television sets， for example) because with expensive products-or，what is essentially the same thing， products with high replacement costs —you must be particularly careful about getting a \" lemon\"， or a product of bad quality.

In addition to asking the price， the age of a car is a factor when you are trying to determine whether a seller is attempting to unload a lemon. While people have all sorts of reasons for wanting to sell their cars—even relatively new cars—most people hold off until they have put many thousands of miles on a car or until the used car is several years old. You would probably be as suspicious of a car that is \"too new\" as you would a car that is \"too good\" a deal. In fact， you are probably willing to pay a high price for a high-quality used car. While this price would certainly be acceptable to the seller， the competitive market might not facilitate(促進) such trades.

1. The passage implies that， sometimes when you find a product of an unexpectedly low price，_______.

A. you are very happy

B. you are rather suspicious

C. you are filled with happiness as well as surprise

D. you feel uneasy

2. \"Lemon\"in this passage refers to ________

A. a kind of fruitB. a kind of a new car

C. a kind of expensive and high-quality carD. a product of poor quality

3. If you want to know whether the seller is trying to unload a lemon， you________.

A. take the age of the car into consideration

B. take the price of the lemon into consideration

C. consider how many miles the ear has covered

D. consider both the price as well as the age of the car

4. It can be concluded from the passage that in the used car market，________.

A. used cars are generally cheap

B. used cars are generally expensive

C. used cars are actually brand new

D. car buyers are willing to pay a high price for a used car

二

Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient custom which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always bad and usually foolish. But in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern cleverness has changed this. Either man will abolish( 毀滅 ) war， or war will abolish man. For the present， it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger， but bacteriological( 細菌的 ) or chemical weapons may， before long， offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons， our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing War. To do this， we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way， not as contests of force， in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people， but by arbitration (仲裁) in agreement with agreed principles (規(guī)則) of law. It is not easy to change very old mental habits， but this is what must be attempted.

It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the world， but the spirit in which they are being approached(接近) is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought， even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die， that negotiations ( 談判) should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict (沖突) nowadays is not between different countries， but between man and the atom bomb.

1. This passage implies that war is now_______.

A. worse than in the pastB. as bad as in the past

C. not so dangerous as in the pastD. as necessary as in the past

2. The underlined phrase\"To do this\" refers to \"_________\".

A. To abolish warB. To improve weapons

C. To solve international problems D. To live a peaceful life

3. According to the writer，________.

A. war is the only way to solve international disputes

B. war will be less dangerous because of the improvement of weapons

C. it is possible for people to live without war

D. war must be abolished if man wants to survive

4. The last paragraph suggests that_________.

A. international agreements can be reached more easily now

B. man begins to realize the danger of nuclear war

C. nuclear war will not take place

D. worldopinion welcomes nuclear war

三

In school and out， many people need to put the information they find in an encyclopedia( 百科全書) into words of their own. The students who is writing a theme ( 學生的作文)， the businessman who is writing a report， and the housewife who is preparing a talk for a woman' s club often need the kind of information they can find in an encyclopedia. But no one wants what he writes to read as if it were copied from an encyclopedia. What you write should read as if it came from you.

Even if you have every intention of rewritin the material in your own words， it is unwise to copy information from an encyclopedia word for word. Instead， write brief notes to remind yourself of the facts you wish to express. Later， with the encyclopedia closed， you can expand those notes into sentences and paragraphs of your own.

The advantage of note-taking over copying is that it forces you to think for yourself at least twice—first when you are reading and second when you are using your notes. It is easy to copy a paragraph without being sure of what it means. But to make a note expressing the meaning of a paragraph in your own words requires you to prove to yourself that you have comprehended that paragraph.

Note-taking also helps you to remember what you have read. It is much easier to remember what you have said in a note than what someone else has said in a book. Even if an author' s vocabulary is easily understandable， it isn' t the vocabulary you naturally think with. Putting his ideas into your vocabulary makes those ideas yours， and yours are the ideas you best remember.

Some people write notes in complete sentences. Others write notes that are topical phrases. For example， a sentence note on the preceding( 前面的 ) paragraph might be，\" Notes help you remember. \"A topical note for the same paragraph might be \"Notes as memory aids. \"Both of these are four-word notes， and therefore either has a time-saving advantage at the moment of note-taking.

At the moment of note-reading， however， the sentence note tends to limit your thinking to the thought expressed by it. The topical note， on the other had， tends to raise a question in your mind—\" In what ways are notes an aid to memory?\" Such thinking may lead you beyond the thinking of the author who first caused you to write the note.

Remember that the purpose of taking notes is always for some future use， often for some future writing that you will do. Notes that make you think as you write are better than notes that merely help you remember information. The thinking writer is the one who creates something new， something that no one can point to and say，\" Oh， I ' ve seen that same paragraph in an encyclopedia.\"

1. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. The first paragraph tells us it is necessary for people to turn the material found in an encyclopedia into their own words.

B. The businessman writing a report needs some information in an encyclopedia.

C. The housewife who is preparing a talk often needs some information in an encyclopdia.

D. First you should copy information from an encyclopedia word for word， and then put it into words of your own.

2. It is wise to_________.

A. write brief notes to remind yourself of the facts you wish to express

B. force yourself to think for yourself when you copy information from an encyclopedia word for word

C. copy a paragraph without being sure of what it means

D. remember what you have copied from an encyclopedia

3. It is much easier to remember___________

A. the information found in an cncyelopedia

B. what someone else has said in a book

C. your own ideas

D. the writer' s easily understandable vocabulary

4. Paragraph 5 mainly tells us __________

A. how to take notes

B. a topical note has a time-saving advantage

C. a sentence note has a time-saving advantage

D. one example of rewriting words

5. What' s the best way of taking notes?

A. The one that saves not only the reader' s time but also his strength.

B. The one that is helpful for the reader to create something new.

C. The one that can't spare the reader's time.

D. The one that can be read easily by everyone else.

四

The term \"formal learning\" refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom regardless of whether such learning is informed by conservative (保守的) or progressive ideologies ( 思想意識).\" Informal learning\"， on the other hand， is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom.

These definitions (定義) provide the essential(basic) difference between the two models of learning. Formal learning is separated from daily life and may actually promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those obtained ( 獲得的)from practical daily life. A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities which can prepare for the changes of adult life outside the classroom， but it cannot， by its nature， consist of these challenges.

In doing this， language plays a critical (important) role as a major channel for information exchange. The language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by middle-class families than that used by working-class families. Middle-class children thus find it easier to acquire (gain) the language of the classroom than their working-class classmates.

Informal learning， in contrast， occurs in the setting to which it relates， making learning immediately relevant( 相關的 ). In this context， language does not occupy such an important role: the child' s experience of learning is more direct， involving sight， touch， taste， and smell-senses that are under-utilized (not used) in the classroom. Whereas formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role，informal learning is acquired as a natural part of child' s socialization. Adults or older children who are proficient ( 熟練的 ) in skill or activity provide—sometimes unintentionally ( 無意識地 ) —target models of behavior in the course of everyday activity. Informal learning， therefore， can take place at any time and place.

The motivation of learner provides another critical difference between the two models of learning. The formal learner is generally motivated by some kind of external goal such as parental approval ( 贊同 )， social status， and potential (possible) financial reward. The informal learner， however， tends to be motivated by successful completion of the task itself and the partial acquisition( 意識 ) of adult status ( 身份 ).

Given that learning systems develop as a response to the sociae and economic contexts， it is understandable that modern， high urbanized(城市化) societies have concentrated almost exclusively(specially) on the establishment of formal education systems. What these societies have failed to recognize are the ways in which formal learning inhabits the child' s multisensory acquisition of practical skills. The failure to provide a child with a direct education may in part account for many of the social problems which trouble our societies.

1. Formal learning and informal learning are mainly distinguished( 區(qū)別 ) by _______.

A. the palce where they take place

B. the kind of knowledge to be obtained

C. the people who learn

D. the language used in instruction

2. The language used in classroom instruction ______.

A. shows how learning can take place efficiently

B. helps the middle class children learn easier

C. explains why informal learniug is more important

D. tells us that formal learning does not work with children of middle-class families

3. In informal learning ________.

A. children usually follow the examples of adults to shape their own behaviour

B. children' s learning is more direct

C. children are highly motivated by the learning activity itself

D. All of the above.

4. The author' s attitude towards the present state of formal learning is one of ______.

A. approvalB. criticism

C. suspicion(懷疑)D. indifference(不關心)

答案：

1 1-4 B D D A

2 1-4 A A D B

3 1-5 D A C A B

4 1-4 A B D B