我有幸走進(jìn)廣袤的非洲草原,與一團(tuán)、更準(zhǔn)確地說是一大片溫和燃燒的烈火——大火烈鳥進(jìn)行了親密接觸,探索到這群有著火紅羽毛的大鳥不為人知的秘密。
那是肯尼亞西部,著名的東非大裂谷貫穿其中。在那深壑萬丈、險景不絕的峽谷中,隱藏著一潭瀲滟的湖水,這就是納古魯湖。納古魯湖不大,只有62平方公里,水也很淺,只有兩三米深。然而令人驚奇的是,這里竟聚集有300萬只大火烈鳥,是世界上最大的大火烈鳥聚居地,被稱為“大火烈鳥的天堂”。
第一次見到大火烈鳥,我就被極大地震驚了。這種喜歡扎堆生活的大鳥,往往成千上萬只甚至多達(dá)10萬只聚集在一起,與雁類相似的叫聲此起彼伏,震耳欲聾。遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)望去,紅腿如林,一條條長頸頻頻交替蠕動,十分壯觀。如果從飛機(jī)上向下看,遍地通紅,綿延好幾公里,就像一塊巨大的紅地毯,又宛如一片在泥沼原野上沸騰的紅色波濤,一派生機(jī)勃勃的景象,令人心曠神怡。
大火烈鳥又稱紅鸛、紅鶴、火鶴等,雄雌相似,是一種羽色鮮艷、多姿多彩的大型涉禽,體長130-142厘米。全身的羽毛主要為朱紅色,特別是翅膀基部的羽毛,光澤閃亮,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)看去就像一團(tuán)熊熊燃燒的烈火,因此得名。它的體形長得很奇特,身體纖細(xì),頭部很小,鐮刀形的嘴細(xì)長彎曲向下,前端為黑色,中間為淡紅色,基部為黃色。黃色的眼睛很小,與龐大的身軀相比顯得很不協(xié)調(diào)。細(xì)長的頸部彎曲呈“S”形,雙翼展開達(dá)160厘米以上,尾羽卻很短。
大火烈鳥羽毛鮮艷的顏色非常引人注目,特別是一大群大火烈鳥一起飛翔時,其場景蔚為壯觀。這種鮮艷的紅色并非是一種偽裝,而是與這種鳥類所攝取的食物有很大的關(guān)系。
大火烈鳥一般以貝類為食,貝類含有大量色素,比如類胡蘿卜素。對于各種貝殼類、軟體類動物或者蠕蟲來說,類胡蘿卜素與它們體內(nèi)的蛋白質(zhì)合成有著非常重要的聯(lián)系。此外,一只大火烈鳥每天還要吃掉大量的螺旋藻,而螺旋藻中除含有大量蛋白質(zhì)外,還含有一種特殊的葉紅素。當(dāng)大火烈鳥吞食這些食物后,這些色素就存在鳥的體內(nèi),特別是在羽毛中積存起來,這就是為什么大火烈鳥的羽毛如火焰般鮮紅的原因。
火烈鳥的性情溫和,平時顯得膽怯而機(jī)警,游泳的技術(shù)也很出色。飛翔時,能把頸部和兩腳伸長呈一條直線,而且只要有一只飛上天空,就會有一大群緊緊跟隨,邊飛邊鳴,就像一條紅色的彩練從藍(lán)天白云中掠過。
大火烈鳥的繁殖是集團(tuán)式的,成百上千只在一起組成一個求偶群,但婚配卻主要是“一夫一妻”制。如果沒有一定數(shù)量的種群“刺激”,大火烈鳥甚至?xí)l(fā)生只戀愛不產(chǎn)子的現(xiàn)象。交尾時雄鳥跳到雌鳥的身上,只有這時才能清楚地分辨它們的性別。
每年營巢一次,但新巢大多搭建在舊巢之上。巢高出水面,一般多選擇在三面環(huán)水的半島形土墩或泥灘上,有時也在水中用雜草建筑一個“小島”。筑巢時,大火烈鳥用喙把潮濕的泥巴滾成小球,再混入一些草莖等纖維性物質(zhì),然后用腳一層層砌成上小下大、頂部為凹槽的“碉堡”式的巢,別具一格,堅固耐用,任憑大雨沖刷也不會倒塌。它的卵呈淡白色,每窩僅產(chǎn)l~2枚。孵卵工作由雄鳥和雌鳥共同擔(dān)任,一只孵化時,另一只就守衛(wèi)在巢的旁邊。雛鳥出殼后羽毛一干,馬上就能下地行走,第二天即可下水游泳,4~5天后就十分活躍了,但主要還是依靠吃“父母”嗉囊里分泌的乳狀物來生存。雛鳥的絨羽呈灰色絲狀,腿也是灰色的,更有趣的是,嘴并不彎曲,而是直的。到了兩個半月的時候,幼鳥已經(jīng)學(xué)會飛翔,一年以后體形幾乎同成鳥一樣大了,但體色仍然是灰色的,直到第三年才能變?yōu)榧t色,達(dá)到性成熟。大火烈鳥的壽命為20~50年。
非洲的納古魯湖被稱為“大火烈鳥的天堂”。這里每年最多的時候集結(jié)有300多萬只火烈鳥。每天,湖水之上總是浮動著一條條紅色的彩練,如落英逐逝水,似朝霞映碧池,給雄險的大裂谷平添了幾分優(yōu)柔嫵媚的韻致。它們身披白中透紅的粉紅色羽衣,兩條長腿悠然挺立,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)望去,周身紅得就像一團(tuán)烈火,兩腿則紅得就像熾燃的兩根火柱。一旦成千上萬只大火烈鳥集聚在一起,一池湖水頓時被映照得通體紅透。納古魯湖的大火烈鳥群,歷來被稱為世界上“火光永不熄滅” 的一大奇觀。
大火烈鳥經(jīng)常在湖的淺水區(qū)游竄,在岸畔信步徜徉,交頸嬉戲。一時興起,撲棱棱雙翅舒展,長頸猛搖,列成嚴(yán)整的方陣,翩然起舞。每當(dāng)此時,湖光鳥影,交相輝映,猶如萬樹桃花在水中飄游。忽然它們又嘎啦啦一聲長鳴,倏然騰空,排成整齊的隊伍繞著湖邊翻飛,此時一湖桃花遂化為一片彩霞,直燒中天。這一奇幻的景色被譽(yù)為“世界禽鳥王國中的絕景”。為觀賞這一絕景,每年有十幾萬游客從世界各地來到納古魯湖。
(本文攝影 夏富祥 吳常云)
A Spectacle of Flamingos
By Li Xiangtao
I consider myself lucky for visiting the world’s largest colony of greater flamingoes in Africa. To be lyrical, what I witnessed was an expansion of blazing flames.
Hidden in the west Kenya where the Great Rift Valley cuts down into the Earth and zigzags, the 62-square-kilometer Lake Nakuru is 2-3 meters in depth. The paradise-like lake is home to about 4 million greater flamingos.
The first time I faced the huge flocks of the pink wading birds, I was totally amazed. The red legs resembled a huge forest and the slender necks moved in a fascinating way. They made deafening noises.
Their plumage looked impressively pretty. I learned that the red is not a disguise the birds adopt for self protection. It comes from the food on which they feed: shellfish in the lake that contains a large quantity of coloring matters such as carotene, and spirulina that contains erythrophyll, which is also red.
Greater flamingos are mild creatures. The shy birds are always on alert against possible dangers. They are good swimmers. In flight, they stretch their legs and neck in one straight line. When one flamingo takes wings and soars into the sky, others will follow suit immediately, forming a vermilion belt against the azure sky.
Though they gather together in large flocks of hundreds or even thousands while mating, flamingos are “monogamists”. Their genders can be distinguished only by the time they are in the process of mating. Those on the top are male.
Greater flamingos build their nests once a year. Most new nests are erected on the old ones. Usually these nests rest on some peninsular mounds above water. Some nests are in the water protected by plants and mud. These nests look like blockhouses, sturdy and well-built against storms. The mates take turns incubating one or two eggs. The baby flamingos are able to walk as soon as they get out of eggs and swim the next day. They don gray-color feathers and their bills are straight, unlike the hooked bills of adults. After two and half a months, baby flamingos are able to fly and in a year they are as large as their parents. But they have to wait till they are three years old before their plumage turns red.
Greater flamingos on Lake Nakuru are a spectacular scene that pulls in more than 100,000 tourists from all over the world every year.
(Translated by David)