著名加籍華裔女作家張翎,現(xiàn)居加拿大多倫多,前些時回溫州故鄉(xiāng)探親,并與當(dāng)?shù)匚膶W(xué)界進(jìn)行交流,筆者對她進(jìn)行了獨(dú)家訪談,訪談中張翎首次披露她的成長經(jīng)歷與文學(xué)創(chuàng)作觀。
張翎1986年出國,1996年投身文學(xué)創(chuàng)作,作品頻頻驚動文壇。其小說被《收獲》《十月》《人民文學(xué)》《小說月報(bào)》《江南》等各大文學(xué)期刊發(fā)表,中篇小說《羊》登上中國小說學(xué)會2003年度小說排行榜,中篇小說《雁過藻溪》登上中國小說學(xué)會2005年度小說排行榜,中篇小說《空巢》獲得2006年度“茅臺杯”《人民文學(xué)》優(yōu)秀中篇小說獎,此外,還曾獲第七屆“十月文學(xué)獎”(1998—2000年),第二屆世界華文文學(xué)優(yōu)秀散文獎(2003年),首屆加拿大多倫多大學(xué)袁惠松文學(xué)獎(2005年)。
迄今出版著作有《望月——一個關(guān)于上海和多倫多的故事》(又名《上海小姐》1998年,作家出版社)《交錯的彼岸——一個發(fā)生在大洋兩岸的故事》(2002年,百花文藝出版社)《郵購新娘》(2004年,作家出版社)《塵世》(2004年,廣西人民出版社)《盲約》(2005年,花城出版社)《雁過藻溪》(2006年,成都時代出版社)。
走出黑色隧道
南航:能談?wù)勀愕某砷L經(jīng)歷嗎?家鄉(xiāng)人對你知之甚少,對此充滿神秘感。
張翎:我祖籍在溫州市蒼南縣藻溪鎮(zhèn),家在溫州市區(qū)縣前頭,16歲時就參加工作,當(dāng)時初中只上了兩年,就到溫州郊區(qū)的一所小學(xué)當(dāng)代課老師。
南航:16歲就工作,無疑屬于童工了。
張翎:沒辦法,為了糊口,當(dāng)時是1973年,“文革”時代不工作就得“上山下鄉(xiāng)”。
南航:按照你的特長,應(yīng)該是教語文吧?
張翎:語文、政治、算術(shù)什么都教,是所謂的“萬金油”老師。記得學(xué)校設(shè)在一個破廟里,第一次進(jìn)教室,發(fā)現(xiàn)教室里怎么沒有學(xué)生?抬頭一看嚇了一跳,那些調(diào)皮的學(xué)生都像小猴子一樣爬在廟堂里高高的柱子上。
南航:你那時學(xué)歷才初二,居然就可以教小學(xué)生?
張翎:那時都這樣,水平是很差。第一堂課點(diǎn)名,有個學(xué)生叫吳昊,我不知道“昊”字怎么念,把全班同學(xué)都點(diǎn)了,故意不點(diǎn)他,最后問道:“有沒有沒點(diǎn)到的同學(xué)?”他就回答他沒點(diǎn),我趁機(jī)問他叫什么名字?他說叫吳昊(hao),我這才知道“昊”字怎么念,才沒出洋相(笑)。
南航:對一個作家來說,功夫在文外,好作品需要豐富的知識儲備與精神儲備,你是什么時候開始為自己未來的作家身份打底的?
張翎:我教了一年書,然后在工廠做車床工,一天八小時都要站著,一直到1979年考上復(fù)旦大學(xué)。這中間,我像一塊巨大的海綿,張著所有的毛孔貪婪地自學(xué),學(xué)一切能學(xué)到的東西,繪畫、古典文學(xué)、外語,簡直把手能伸得到的書都讀了,把眼睛能看得到的東西都學(xué)了。昨天我在清理我十幾歲的日記,突然意識到,從1973年到1979年,這六年時間里我自己完成了人生最重要的再教育課程,我人生觀、世界觀的真正形成就是在這六年里奠定的。
南航:是什么支撐著你在艱苦的工作中不懈自學(xué),從一名初中學(xué)歷的女車工成為一名大學(xué)生?
張翎:我那時的努力是不可想象的,我甚至不知道我學(xué)了是干什么用的。我覺得我的前途就像一個黑色的隧道,走啊走啊,永遠(yuǎn)走不到頭,不知道那個出口在哪里,但就在那樣的絕望中,我知道自己一定要走出來。生活太枯燥了、太單調(diào)了,空虛到極點(diǎn),我的一輩子不能這樣浪費(fèi)掉。我現(xiàn)在把它歸類為我的“自救行為”,否則在那個年代,我會瘋掉的。
南航:也就是說,是一種反抗“文革”年代中國人那種普遍的貧瘠生活的信念?
張翎:是的。實(shí)際上,我考了兩次:1977年考過一次,因?yàn)檎彽脑驔]被錄取;1979年再考時,同樣有許多阻攔。我就把工作辭了,我覺得我沒有退路了,只有破釜沉舟,背水一戰(zhàn)。后來我的成績是全省外文類總分第一名。
南航:大學(xué)畢業(yè)后呢,是出國?選擇這種流俗的人生道路,你有沒有不同于流俗的個人動機(jī)?
張翎:1983年我大學(xué)畢業(yè)后分配在煤炭部工作,做科技翻譯,1986年出國留學(xué),出國后我考取了行醫(yī)執(zhí)照。如今在加拿大負(fù)責(zé)一家診所。在北京三年對我的世界觀形成也有很大關(guān)系。我第一次知道什么叫博大,江南長大的我,到了北京,才感覺江南是一件很精致的金縷繡衣,我身子略微動一動,就會把那些針腳掙破。在北京,我不再需要原來的衣服,我需要一種博,一種大,一種更大的空間,于是我選擇了出國。
尋找精神家園
南航:文學(xué)史上,大多數(shù)作家的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作都開始于文學(xué)閱讀,你的文學(xué)閱讀是怎么開始的?
張翎:上大學(xué)之前,我看中國古典小說較多,如六朝小說,那時能找到的書太少了。大學(xué)上的是英文系,我讀了非常多的歐美文學(xué),都是英文原著,如維多利亞時期狄更斯、哈代的小說,我還特喜歡英文詩??梢哉f,我的文學(xué)閱讀大部分是在大學(xué)里完成的。
南航:你的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作是否也是在大學(xué)里萌芽的?
張翎:大學(xué)里寫過,但我第一篇作品并不在大學(xué)。說起來很好笑,我出國后有一年在哈佛大學(xué)的燕京圖書館做一個海外華文作家的演講,突然在那圖書館里找到一本1977年的《浙江文藝》雜志,我在那上面看到了我平生的第一篇散文,叫《雷鋒頌》。
南航:可以定義為處女作嗎?
張翎:是的。那篇東西現(xiàn)在看來一半是快板,一半是政治教材。我就覺得我的眼光厘過歲月的積塵,看到我平生發(fā)表的第一篇文字,汗“嘩”地就流了下來。是的,真的無地自容(笑)。從那開始,我就想我再也不寫讓我無地自容的文章了。
南航:繼這篇處女作后,你在大學(xué)里還涂抹了些什么東西?
張翎:大學(xué)里我在《福建文學(xué)》《東?!返仁〖壙锷习l(fā)表了一兩篇短篇小說,接下去就是長時間的沉默,因?yàn)槲液髞沓鰢?。那時我感覺自己已接近于作家了,根本沒意識到,后來還要經(jīng)過十幾年的沉默,才能真正成為一個嚴(yán)肅意義上的作家。
南航:“寧鳴而生,不默而死”,或許學(xué)者能夠甘于寂寞,但沒有一個作家能甘于沉默,甘于自我埋沒才華,為什么要沉默十幾年?
張翎:我這人有很現(xiàn)實(shí)的一面,我總覺得精神的追求是一個碩大的金字塔的塔尖,物質(zhì)的需求是金字塔的底座,有了底座才能向上發(fā)展。我必須把謀生的那塊處理完。因此,我畢業(yè)出國后的十年,讀了兩個學(xué)位,通過了北美行醫(yī)的執(zhí)照,成為聽力康復(fù)醫(yī)師。我1986年出國,1996年才開始動筆寫我的第一部長篇小說。也就是說,不再為衣食而奔忙的時候才開始創(chuàng)作。
南航:那十年應(yīng)該是你創(chuàng)作力最旺盛的十年,恰恰沒有創(chuàng)作,不是一種損失嗎?
張翎:主觀上我是失去了創(chuàng)作力最旺盛的十年,但客觀上意想不到的是幫助了我。剛留學(xué)、移民時,就像把一棵大樹連根拔起,移植另一地方,一些樹根已經(jīng)下土,一些還浮在泥土表面,它對周圍的氣候、環(huán)境、土壤有一種很敏感、激烈、痛苦的反應(yīng)與掙扎。我在十年以后開始寫,這些情緒都沉淀下去了,等于給了我理性的審美距離。嚴(yán)歌苓說過一段話我很欣賞,她說一個人不能寫離自己時間、空間太近的事。
南航:靠寫作而活著是一種極具精神靈光的活法,有沒考慮以它為專業(yè)?
張翎:我想我的寫作是件很獨(dú)立的事,我不會做專職作家。雖然我可以以寫作謀生。
南航:你大學(xué)學(xué)的是英文,浸潤歐美文學(xué)多年,如今又生活國外,為什么不嘗試英文寫作,讓自己更容易進(jìn)入歐美的主流文學(xué)世界,“師夷長技以制夷”?
張翎:我不會寫英文小說,雖然英文表達(dá)對我來說一點(diǎn)都沒問題。前些天我看了張愛玲的英文小說,她的英文寫作已經(jīng)達(dá)到大師級,非常牛津、非常典雅,像一個非常精致的女人坐在窗口,搖著一塊繡花手絹,但即使如此,對比她用中文寫的《金鎖記》《傾城之戀》,那些語言上的刁鉆、尖刻、辛辣、放肆,在英文里根本沒法表現(xiàn)。我想,英文對她是達(dá)意的語言,中文對她是傳神的語言,我自己也是這樣。
南航:很多作家在一生的創(chuàng)作中有一個母題,或者說基本的主題,你有沒有這樣一個“母題”?
張翎:我一直在寫、或者所要寫的是一種狀態(tài),即“尋找”。我的場景有時在藻溪,有時在溫州,有時在多倫多,有時在加州,就是說一個人的精神永遠(yuǎn)“在路上”,是尋找一種理想的精神家園的狀況。可以是東方人到西方尋找,也可以是西方人到東方尋找,但這種尋找的狀態(tài)是人類共通的。
鏈接:作家和評論家的贊譽(yù):
莫言(著名作家):像張翎這樣能夠把中國的故事和外國的故事天衣無縫地綴連在一起的作家并不是很多。我想這也是張翎作為一個作家的價(jià)值和她的小說的價(jià)值。
陳瑞琳(海外華文評論家):作為北美文壇百萬多字的資深作家,張翎的目光從未游離過“鄉(xiāng)土”,但她絕不是純粹意義上的“鄉(xiāng)土作家”。張翎的可貴則在于她努力建構(gòu)一種陰柔婉約的女性敘述方式,但卻始終保留了小城人生性俱來的淳樸和對人世間深深的眷愛,這種“愛”的力量又使她與張愛玲的“冷眼”嚴(yán)格地區(qū)分了開來。
都說巫山云雨,盼望滄海之水,張翎,正是我們的文壇望斷秋水的作家。
趙稀方(中國社會科學(xué)院文學(xué)所研究員):張翎不再僅僅書寫生活在他國異鄉(xiāng)華人的價(jià)值沖突和內(nèi)心苦難,而作了更進(jìn)一步的追溯延伸,這就有了由人物引發(fā)的家園想象以至中西沖突的歷史。張翎洞悉人情世故,善于狀摹男女之間的交往互動,長于語言和感覺的鍛造,構(gòu)成了海派美的正宗。
A Chinese Canadian Author Writes About Homeland
Nan Hang
Zhang Ling, a Chinese Canadian, may not enjoy a writer’s popularity in Canada. She does in China. Since 1996, she has published a series of novels and novellas in influential national literary periodicals in China and has won herself a string of literary honors.
Though her stories are widely published and widely read, not so many people in her home province of Zhejiang know anything about her life story.
Zhang Ling is from Wenzhou, a port city in southern Zhejiang. At the age of 16, she began to work as a substitute teacher at a primary school in a rural suburb of Wenzhou.
It was 1973. The school was in a dilapidated Buddhist temple. She was a little bit shocked when stepping into the classroom and seeing some naughty boys perched high on the top part of pillars in the empty hall. Her first academic problem as a teacher was that she did not know how to pronounce a character in a pupil’s name when she was supposed to call the roll. So she read all the names she was able to pronounce and then asked whether she had missed any. The boy with the difficult character in his name raised the hand. The young teacher asked who he was. This way, she managed to find out how the character was pronounced.
One year later she quit the budding teaching career and went to work in a factory. She stood at a lather working eight hours a day until five years later when she was enrolled by Fudan University in Shanghai. Looking back, Zhang regards herself as a sponge in the intervening six years, absorbing all the academic knowledge within her reach. She learned the English language. She read Chinese literary classics. She learned to draw. The self-administered education shaped her. Her views about life and world took shape.
Nowadays Zhang Ling can hardly imagine how stubbornly she dedicated herself to her education. Young and uncertain, she was not completely sure why she needed such an education. She felt as if she had been trekking in an endless dark tunnel. She knew this was not the life she wanted. She now names it a period of self-salvation to prevent herself from becoming mad. In 1977, she passed the national college entrance exam but recruiters flunked her for so called problems in her family. She felt hopeless and quit her job to concentrate on her studies for next examination. She came out as the top scorer in 1979 in the category of applicants for language studies in the province.
In 1983, she graduated from Fudan University and was assigned to work as a technology translator for the Ministry of Coal Industry in Beijing. The three years she spent in the capital further changed her view of herself and the world. It was in Beijing that she discovered the greatness of the world and felt the urgent need of shedding the smallness of her home province.
In 1986, she went to study in Canada and later qualified herself for medical practice. Now she works in a clinic. Ten years after her arrival in Canada, she began to publish her stories in China.
Reading stories of the Six Dynasties before her Fudan years launched her into a literary world. In the English department of Fudan, she read Dickens and Hardy in the original. English poets opened her eyes to a different poetry. Zhang believes her literary readings were mainly done in her university years.
Her first creative writing did not come about in Fudan, though. One year she was doing research on overseas Chinese writers in Yenjing Library of Harvard and ran into her first essay published in a 1977 issue of Zhejiang Literature. It was entitled Ode to Lei Feng. Shame hit her hard when she went through her first ever printed thing. A cold sweat came over her. There and then she swore she would never write anything shameful like that.
The ten years when she attained two degrees and qualified as a clinic practitioner were not totally devoted to academic studies. It was also a decade in which she experienced a spiritual renaissance. The decade first witnessed her uprooting herself and then taking roots again in Canada. Though the ten years could have been highly creative for her writing career, she does not believe she lost much.She experienced pain, struggle and resistance in her life as she gradually found herself in a new land and settled down. Then she was able to view her life objectively and aesthetically through the eyes of a writer. She began to write.
She does not write her stories in English. The language poses no barrier at all and she can articulate herself pretty well in English, but only the mother tongue allows her to express herself literarily and intimately and explore all the delicacies in her spiritual pursuit. Search is her perpetual theme. Stories may be set in the urban and rural areas of her home town Wenzhou or in Toronto or in California, but spiritually her characters are always on the road in search of an ideal homeland, no matter whether they are in east or westand no matter whether they go to east or west in their spiritual search. The search itself is common to all people.
Some literary critics in China speak highly of Zhang Ling. A critic points out that her passion for life, as can be seen in her writings, comes from her roots in her small hometown.
(Translated by David)