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        心房顫動非維生素K拮抗劑口服抗凝藥物抗凝出血風(fēng)險評估的研究進展

        2025-08-14 00:00:00余超周偉王濤祝玲娟鮑慧慧程曉曙
        關(guān)鍵詞:抗凝基因藥物

        中圖分類號:R541.75 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1000-503X(2025)03-0452-10

        DOI:10.3881/j. issn.1000-503X.16331

        Research Progress in Bleeding Risk Assessment of Non- Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant in Atrial Fibrillation

        YU Chao 1 ,ZHOU Wei',WANG Tao’,ZHU Lingjuan1,BAO Huihui 1,2 ,CHENG Xiaoshu 1,2 1 Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, 2 Department of Cardiology , TheSecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University,Nanchang 33ooO6,China

        brresponding author:CHENG Xiaoshu Tel:0791-86296098,E-mail:xiaoshumenfanl26@163.cor

        ABSTRACT:The introduction of non- vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC)into clinical use heraldsanewage for anticoagulation therapy in patientswith atrial fibrilltion(AF).However,anticoagulationrelated bleeding is currently a major challenge in the anticoagulation process.Assessing the risk of anticoagulationrelated bleeding isan important part forthe management of patients with AF.Clinical risk factor scores have moderateabilitytopredicttheriskofanticoagulation-relatedbleeding.Toimprovetheanticoagulationsafetyof NOACs,aditional clinical and biological markers and genetic polymorphisms should be considered to enhance thepredictive capability for anticoagulation-related bleeding.This review summarizes the challenges in the management of anticoagulation therapy,with emphases on the bleeding risk scores,biomarkers,clinical indicators, and genetic loci currently used to guide the risk assessment of anticoagulation-related bleeding inAF patients. This review is expected to provide research insightsand reference frameworks for predictingand evaluating the bleeding risk associated with NOACs.

        ActaAcadMedSin,2025,47(3):452-461

        心房顫動(atrialfibrillation,AF)是臨床最常見的持續(xù)性心律失常,截至2019年,全球AF患者約為5970萬例。AF發(fā)生顯著增加缺血性卒中和體循環(huán)動脈栓塞的風(fēng)險,其年發(fā)生率分別為1.92%和0.24%[1-2]抗凝治療是目前國內(nèi)外AF預(yù)防卒中的首選方法??诜鼓幬锟蓪F患者發(fā)生卒中和栓塞事件的風(fēng)險降低 60% 以上,并提高患者的總體生存率[3-4]。RE-LY、ROCKET-AF、ARISTOTLE、ENGAGEAF-TIMI4項隨機對照試驗(randomizedcontrolledtrial,RCT)均已證實,對于非瓣膜性心房顫動(nonvalvularatrialfibrilla-tion,NVAF)患者,非維生素K拮抗劑口服抗凝藥物(non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant,NOAC)包括直接凝血酶抑制劑(達比加群酯)及直接Xa因子抑制劑(利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和艾多沙班),在預(yù)防腦卒中或體循環(huán)栓塞方面的療效與華法林相當,且出血風(fēng)險更低,不需要頻繁監(jiān)測凝血功能[5-7]。目前國內(nèi)外指南已將NOAC作為預(yù)防NVAF患者腦卒中的首選抗凝劑[8-10]。然而,與華法林相比,NOAC 的胃腸道出血風(fēng)險明顯增加,尤其是在使用達比加群酯及利伐沙班的患者中[1]。不同NOAC臨床試驗中患者基線腦卒中和出血風(fēng)險之間的差異可能影響了出血事件的發(fā)生率[5-7,12]。一項 Meta分析顯示 AF 患者使用NOAC后,大出血的年發(fā)生率仍為 2%~4%[11] ,同時還存在與藥物代謝相關(guān)的基因多態(tài)性等個體差異以及缺乏有效的抗凝強度評估指標等問題[13-14]。

        NOAC是AF預(yù)防栓塞的首選藥物,但其較高的出血風(fēng)險為臨床治療帶來了挑戰(zhàn)。隨著人口老齡化加劇和AF患者臨床復(fù)雜性的增加,如能在抗凝治療過程中對患者的出血風(fēng)險進行早期評估,將為患者選擇更加科學(xué)的防治方案具有重要的臨床意義。本文對目前用于指導(dǎo)AF的抗凝出血風(fēng)險評分系統(tǒng)、生物標志物、臨床指標及基因位點進行了綜述,以期為NOAC抗凝出血風(fēng)險預(yù)測與評估提供研究思路和借鑒。

        1NOAC抗凝出血風(fēng)險評分系統(tǒng)

        近年來國外學(xué)者針對AF口服抗凝藥物的出血風(fēng)險及預(yù)測價值進行了深入探索,并開發(fā)了一系列出血風(fēng)險評分系統(tǒng)(表1)[15-22]。多項 Meta分析顯示,與其他評分系統(tǒng)相比,HAS-BLED評分對出血風(fēng)險的預(yù)測能力更強[23-24]。我國2024 年頒布的AF 指南推薦使用HAS-BLED評分系統(tǒng)來評估抗凝出血風(fēng)險,但其評分高不是口服抗凝藥物的禁忌證,而是提醒臨床醫(yī)生盡量控制出血危險因素,加強對出血并發(fā)癥的預(yù)防和觀察[10]。美國和歐洲2024 年頒布的指南則刪除了舊版本中對于HAS-BLED評分系統(tǒng)的推薦內(nèi)容,美國指南列出了HAS-BLED、HEMORR2HAGES和ATRIA3種評分系統(tǒng)[8],歐洲指南不推薦使用特定的評分系統(tǒng),而是建議在所有符合口服抗凝藥物治療條件的患者中評估和管理可控的出血危險因素(高血壓、過量飲酒、聯(lián)合使用抗血小板藥物/非甾體類抗炎藥、用藥依從性等),作為共同決策的一部分,以確保安全和防止出血[9]。一項國內(nèi)研究納人12個中心的1496例接受NOAC治療的NVAF患者,比較4種評分系統(tǒng)(HAS-BLED、HEMORR2HAGES、ATRIA和ORBIT)的預(yù)測效果,結(jié)果顯示HAS-BLED評分系統(tǒng)的預(yù)測價值最高,曲線下面積(areaunder thecurve,AUC)為O.558,高于HEMORR2HAGES、ATRIA、ORBIT評分系統(tǒng)(AUC分別為0.520、0.513、0.523),然而,所有評分系統(tǒng)的AUC均 ?0.700 ,表明整體預(yù)測能力偏低[25]。歐洲一項針對3018例接受NOAC治療的AF患者的研究也證實,HAS-BLED評分對于大出血事件的預(yù)測能力僅處于中等水平(AUC為0.653)[26]。對目前主要評分系統(tǒng)的對比研究進行總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn),各類AF抗凝出血評分系統(tǒng)并沒有絕對的優(yōu)勢,其在不同驗證隊列中的表現(xiàn)不同,最新提出的DOAC評分系統(tǒng)仍需要與其他評分系統(tǒng)進行比較驗證[17,227-32]??傊F(xiàn)有評分系統(tǒng)對出血事件的預(yù)測能力均有限,且結(jié)果不一致[25,30,33]。需要從多個維度探索更具特異性的危險因素指標,納人到評分系統(tǒng)中,以提升評分系統(tǒng)的預(yù)測性能。

        2NOAC抗凝出血相關(guān)的生物標志物

        當前已有研究報道多種生物標志物可提高AF抗凝出血風(fēng)險分層的準確性,但其臨床適用性仍存在爭議。ARISTOTLE臨床試驗結(jié)果顯示血液生物標志物(高敏心肌肌鈣蛋白T、生長分化因子15和血紅蛋白/紅細胞壓積)與阿哌沙班、華法林出血風(fēng)險的相關(guān)性優(yōu)于大多數(shù)臨床參數(shù)[34]。RE-LY 臨床試驗結(jié)果表明基于高敏心肌肌鈣蛋白T、生長分化因子15和血紅蛋白/紅細胞壓積的ABC評分系統(tǒng)比HAS-BLED評分和ORBIT評分系統(tǒng)的預(yù)測能力更強[32]。ENGAGE AF-TIMI48臨床試驗結(jié)果同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)高敏心肌肌鈣蛋白T、N末端B型利鈉肽原和生長分化因子15與AF患者出血風(fēng)險密切相關(guān)[35]。一項針對 AF 患者的大型隊列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在校正臨床危險因素和其他生物標志物后,白細胞介素-6與抗凝出血風(fēng)險獨立相關(guān)[36]。然而,在HAS-BLED評分系統(tǒng)中納入這些生物標志物,對于大出血事件的預(yù)測能力僅輕微增加[37]。

        表1目前主要的心房顫動抗凝出血評分系統(tǒng)匯總

        續(xù)表1

        注:NOAC:非維生素K拮抗劑口服抗凝藥物; 1mmHg=0. 133kPa

        肝臟和腎臟在調(diào)節(jié)藥物藥代動力學(xué)和體內(nèi)凝血過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,其功能異常可能會對抗凝藥物相關(guān)出血事件的發(fā)生產(chǎn)生影響。一項納入8466例接受維生素K拮抗劑或NOAC治療的AF患者的前瞻性觀察性研究表明,腎功能和肝功能異常均與大出血風(fēng)險增加相關(guān),該研究將腎功能異常定義為血清肌酐gt;200μmol/L 、既往腎移植或接受慢性透析病史;肝功能異常定義為肝硬化、肝臟轉(zhuǎn)氨酶或堿性磷酸酶超過正常值上限3倍或膽紅素超過正常值上限2倍[38]。另一項納人7141例接受利伐沙班治療的AF患者研究也得出類似的結(jié)論[39]。Banerjee 等[40]對5912 例NVAF患者隨訪2.5年后發(fā)現(xiàn)低腎小球濾過率水平與大出血風(fēng)險呈正相關(guān)。本研究團隊基于中國AF人群的前瞻性研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)腎小球濾過率、膽紅素水平與達比加群酯相關(guān)出血風(fēng)險密切相關(guān)[41-42]。

        血細胞隨血液的流動遍及全身,其與抗凝出血的關(guān)系也被很多研究報道。一項針對RE-LY研究的回顧性分析提示貧血與抗凝出血風(fēng)險的增加有關(guān)[43],其機制可能為血小板聚集功能因紅細胞數(shù)量減少而受到損害[44]。關(guān)于血小板數(shù)目對出血的影響目前的證據(jù)是矛盾的。Aulin等[36]研究顯示血小板計數(shù)減少( lt;100× 109/L )與出血的風(fēng)險之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。然而,一項納入10978例NVAF患者的大型隊列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與血小板計數(shù)正常的患者相比,血小板計數(shù) lt;100×109/L 的患者發(fā)生出血事件的風(fēng)險顯著增加[45]。本團隊在中國人群中也得到類似的結(jié)論[46],且發(fā)現(xiàn)白細胞計數(shù)減少也與達比加群酯相關(guān)出血風(fēng)險有關(guān)[47]。

        盡管多項研究已證實生物標志物在預(yù)測抗凝出血風(fēng)險中的作用,但由于研究人群的差異以及所使用抗凝藥物的不同限制了這些生物標志物的臨床應(yīng)用,且目前缺少RCT研究來全面評估這些生物標記物的有效性。

        3NOAC抗凝出血相關(guān)的臨床指標

        多項研究報道年齡、種族、體重等個體特征及酗酒等行為與抗凝出血風(fēng)險有關(guān),但結(jié)論尚不一致。高齡一直被認為是抗凝相關(guān)出血的獨立預(yù)測因子,隨著年齡增長,出血風(fēng)險增加可能與代謝清除能力下降、合并癥增加、退行性血管病變、藥物相互作用和認知能力下降有關(guān)[48]。RE-LY研究中對老年AF 患者的分析顯示,達比加群酯治療的老年患者顱外大出血發(fā)生率顯著增加[49],而在阿哌沙班、伊多沙班或利伐沙班的RCT中,各個年齡段患者出血事件的發(fā)生率相近[50-52]。就種族而言,一項大規(guī)模的全球多中心回顧性研究報道,與白種人AF患者相比,黑種人和西班牙裔患者中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險較高,且黑人患者出血和死亡的風(fēng)險更高[53]。非白種人的顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險普遍較高,尤其是亞洲種族,其顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險相較于白種人高了4倍,而一旦發(fā)生顱內(nèi)出血,往往預(yù)示著更差的預(yù)后和生存[13.54]。體重與抗凝藥物的分布及清除密切相關(guān),抗凝治療在 lt;50kg 或 gt;120kg 患者中的安全性及有效性一直被臨床醫(yī)生關(guān)注[55]。ARISTOTLE 臨床試驗事后分析顯示,不同體重患者( lt;60kg 、 60~120kg 、gt;120 kg)中阿哌沙班的出血發(fā)生率無顯著差異[56]此外,酗酒者由于受依從性差、合并肝病、靜脈曲張出血和重大創(chuàng)傷風(fēng)險等因素影響也會導(dǎo)致出血風(fēng)險顯著增加[16]。同時使用非甾體類藥物、糖皮質(zhì)激素也會增加抗凝出血的風(fēng)險[57-58] 。

        研究發(fā)現(xiàn),合并腫瘤、高血壓、冠心病、出血史等疾病均與抗凝出血風(fēng)險相關(guān)。癌癥患者常合并血小板計數(shù)減少、肝腎功能受損、血管損傷等并發(fā)癥,與抗凝出血風(fēng)險增加有關(guān)[59]。Gitter等[60]研究表明癌癥患者抗凝治療后28個月內(nèi)發(fā)生大出血的風(fēng)險相較于非癌癥患者增加了4倍。Shah等[6]在一項AF和癌癥患者的注冊登記研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),與使用維生素K拮抗劑的患者相比,接受NOAC治療的患者出血和中風(fēng)的發(fā)生率更低。因此,除胃腸道腫瘤或活動性消化道潰瘍患者,AF合并癌癥患者均推薦使用NOAC進行抗凝治療。高血壓是引起AF最常見的病因之一,AF合并高血壓患者,尤其是收縮壓控制不佳者,在抗凝治療過程中發(fā)生大出血的風(fēng)險顯著增加。一項基于日本人群的事后分析研究顯示,高血壓是抗凝出血的危險因素,且收縮壓水平與出血風(fēng)險呈正相關(guān)[62],同時血壓波動同樣會增加抗凝出血的風(fēng)險[63]。一項基于中國人群的前瞻性研究提示在收縮壓控制良好時,高舒張壓( gt;80mmHg ) 1mmHg=0. 133kPa )水平同樣會引起達比加群酯抗凝出血事件發(fā)生率的增加[64]。AF合并冠心病在臨床實踐中十分常見,多項RCT和Meta分析表明在AF合并急性冠脈綜合征患者中,雙聯(lián)方案( NOAC+P2Y12 抑制劑)與三聯(lián)方案( ΔNOAC+ P2Y12抑制劑 + 阿司匹林)相比可顯著減少大出血事件的發(fā)生,而心血管事件和總死亡率差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[65-66]。目前國外普遍將既往出血史作為AF抗凝治療后再次出血的獨立危險因素,盡管NOAC有再出血風(fēng)險,但觀察性研究提示AF患者接受抗凝治療后仍可能獲益,而不進行抗凝治療可能存在更高的腦卒中和死亡風(fēng)險[67]。

        總之,AF患者服用NOAC抗凝的出血風(fēng)險與其種族、社會行為特征、多種慢性疾病及既往史關(guān)聯(lián)密切,然而,目前尚無出血評分系統(tǒng)研究全面評估這些臨床指標的有效性和出血預(yù)測性能。

        4NOAC抗凝出血相關(guān)的基因位點

        關(guān)于基因多態(tài)性與NOAC體內(nèi)藥代動力學(xué)的研究報道較少。P-糖蛋白是NOAC清除途徑的重要組成部分,而阿哌沙班和利伐沙班需依賴肝臟的細胞色素酶(CYP3A4)參與代謝,因此當基因位點突變引起這兩種蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)或功能異常會影響NOAC在體內(nèi)的濃度,從而導(dǎo)致出血事件的發(fā)生[68-69](圖1)。全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析表明,CES1基因單核苷酸多態(tài)性(singlenu-cleotidepolymorphism,SNP) rs2244613 位點的突變與達比加群酯的谷濃度下降相關(guān),每個突變基因能使血漿藥物谷濃度下降 15% ,且突變基因攜帶者的出血風(fēng)險降低;CES1基因 突變對達比加群酯的谷濃度影響更大,但對出血及栓塞事件的發(fā)生無明顯影響[70]。然而,一項針對中國198例NVAF患者的研究并未發(fā)現(xiàn)ABCB1基因SNP rs4148738 和rs1045642與達比加群酯藥代動力學(xué)存在顯著相關(guān)性[71]。

        圖1參與NOAC活化、轉(zhuǎn)運和代謝的編碼基因

        編碼P-糖蛋白的ABCB1基因位于染色體7q21上,有研究報道ABCB1基因SNP rs4148738 和rs1045642的突變會提高達比加群酯的藥物峰濃度,通過影響利伐沙班的代謝過程導(dǎo)致其在體內(nèi)蓄積[72],但在使用阿哌沙班的人群中該位點的突變反而會降低阿哌沙班的峰濃度[73]。但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩個SNP位點突變型與NOAC的藥物濃度無關(guān),且與出血事件無顯著相關(guān)性[74]。

        CYP3A4/5作為廣泛參與藥物代謝的關(guān)鍵酶,在利伐沙班、阿哌沙班的代謝中起到重要作用。然而,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CYP3A4SNP與利伐沙班血藥濃度無顯著關(guān)聯(lián)[75-76]。關(guān)于CYP3A5 SNP 對阿哌沙班血藥濃度的影響研究結(jié)論仍存在分歧:Ueshima 等[77-78]研究表明CYP3A5SNP顯著影響阿哌沙班血藥濃度,而其他研究則未發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著相關(guān)性[79-80]。

        總之,目前對于基因多態(tài)性與NOAC體內(nèi)藥代動力學(xué)的研究仍有限,需通過大樣本基因組學(xué)研究來進一步闡明基因多態(tài)性對于NOAC體內(nèi)代謝、有效性及安全性的影響機制。

        5 總結(jié)與展望

        綜上,生物標志物、臨床指標、行為特征及易感基因與NOAC抗凝出血風(fēng)險密切相關(guān),但現(xiàn)有研究結(jié)論存在差異或不一致,這在某種程度上限制了已經(jīng)或正在探索的各種臨床指標的應(yīng)用和推廣。目前,亞洲人群中尚缺乏基于大規(guī)模前瞻性的RCT研究來系統(tǒng)評估NOAC預(yù)防腦卒中的安全性,不同NOAC之間也缺少頭對頭RCT研究報道,因此無法全面比較不同NOAC在抗凝治療安全性中的優(yōu)劣。此外,現(xiàn)有的抗凝出血評分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測出血事件的能力有限,仍需進一步優(yōu)化。而最新發(fā)布的歐洲心臟病學(xué)會2024及美國心臟協(xié)會2023AF指南中均明確提出,應(yīng)根據(jù)多個相關(guān)因素對出血事件風(fēng)險進行綜合評估,這為后續(xù)研究指明了方向。未來可開展多中心、大樣本的前瞻性臨床試驗,通過構(gòu)建研究隊列探索機器學(xué)習(xí)模型,結(jié)合AF患者的多維數(shù)據(jù),包括臨床指標、生化標志物及基因信息等,全面評估NOAC的安全性,用于預(yù)測出血風(fēng)險及指導(dǎo)臨床決策,同時發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的危險因素并提高預(yù)測模型的準確性和實用性,從而為AF患者提供更個性化和精準的抗凝治療方案,并為臨床實踐及公共衛(wèi)生政策的制定提供可靠依據(jù)。

        利益沖突 所有作者聲明無利益沖突

        作者貢獻聲明余超:提出研究思路、文獻檢索及文章撰寫;周偉、王濤、祝玲娟:文獻篩選、資料提取與整理;鮑慧慧、程曉曙:論文修訂、質(zhì)量控制及審查、同意對研究工作誠信負責(zé)

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        (收稿日期:2024-08-23)

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