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        不同無創(chuàng)診斷模型對代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓食管胃靜脈曲張的診斷價值

        2025-03-20 00:00:00劉誠曾嘉旖方夢冰陳智恒桂蓓趙鳳鳴袁靖凱張朝臻施梅姐謝玉寶池曉玲蕭煥明
        臨床肝膽病雜志 2025年2期
        關鍵詞:門靜脈乙型肝炎肝硬化

        摘要:目的代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓患者發(fā)生食管胃靜脈曲張(GOV)風險較大,通過評價不同無創(chuàng)診斷模型對GOV的診斷價值,為早期診斷GOV提供依據。方法選取2017年11月—2023年11月廣東省中醫(yī)院就診的代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓患者108例,根據胃鏡下是否伴發(fā)GOV將患者分為GOV組和非GOV組(NGOV組)。收集患者的年齡、性別、影像學、實驗室指標等結果。計數資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗;正態(tài)分布的計量資料兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗;非正態(tài)分布的數據兩組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗。采用受試者操作特征曲線(ROC曲線)評估FIB-4、LOK指數、LPRI、APRI、AAR等5種評分模型的診斷價值;利用二元Logistic回歸構建聯合模型,將聯合模型與5種評分模型單獨應用時的ROC曲線下面積(AUC)比較;采用Delong檢驗對各無創(chuàng)診斷模型的AUC值進行兩兩比較。結果GOV組55例,NGOV組53例。GOV組的年齡高于NGOV組[(52.64±1.44)歲vs(47.96±1.68)歲],ALT[42.00(24.00~117.00)U/L vs 82.00(46.00~271.00)U/L]、AST[44.00(32.00~96.00)U/L vs 62.00(42.50~154.50)U/L]、PLT[100.00(69.00~120.00)×109/L vs 119.00(108.50~140.50)×109/L]低于NGOV組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(統(tǒng)計值分別為3.230、?3.065、?2.351、?3.667,P值均lt;0.05)。ROC曲線分析顯示,FIB-4、LOK指數、LPRI、AAR單獨診斷GOV的AUC分別為0.667、0.681、0.730、0.639(P值均lt;0.05),GOV陽性診斷率分別為69.97%、65.28%、67.33%、58.86%,AUC值比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P值均gt;0.05),APRI單獨應用無診斷價值(Pgt;0.05)。利用二元Logistic回歸構建聯合模型LAF,AUC為0.805,GOV陽性診斷率為75.80%,明顯高于FIB-4、LOK指數、LPRI、AAR單獨應用時的AUC值(Z值分別為?2.773、?2.479、?2.206、?2.672,P值均lt;0.05)。結論FIB-4、LOK指數、LPRI、AAR對代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓患者發(fā)生GOV診斷價值相似,APRI單獨應用無診斷價值,聯合模型LAF的診斷效能最佳,對臨床推廣和應用具有一定參考價值。

        關鍵詞:肝硬化;乙型肝炎;高血壓,門靜脈;食管和胃靜脈曲張

        基金項目:國家“十三五”重大傳染病專項課題(2018ZX10725506-003,2018ZX10725505-004);廣東省中醫(yī)藥防治難治性慢病重點實驗室項目(中醫(yī)二院[2023]200號);廣東省自然科學基金(2022A1515220188,2023A1515011092,2022A1515110825);廣東省院內專項(YN10101903,YN2016XP03,YN2022DB04,YN2023MB04);池曉玲國家中醫(yī)藥管理局名老中醫(yī)藥專家傳承工作室項目(國中醫(yī)藥人教函[2022]75號);第五批全國中醫(yī)臨床優(yōu)秀人才研修項目(國中醫(yī)藥人教函[2022]1號)

        Value of different noninvasive diagnostic models in the diagnosis of esophageal and gastric varices with significant portal hypertension in compensated hepatitis B cirrhosis

        LIU Cheng1,ZENG Jiayi1,FANG Mengbing1,CHEN Zhiheng1,GUI Bei1,ZHAO Fengming1,YUAN Jingkai1,ZHANG Chaozhen2,SHI Meijie2,XIE Yubao2,CHI Xiaoling2,XIAO Huanming2

        1.The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510006,China;2.The Liver Department,Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510006,China

        Corresponding author:XIAO Huanming,xiaohuanming@163.com(ORCID:0000-0002-8739-0720)

        Abstract:Objective To investigate the value of different noninvasive diagnostic models in the diagnosis of esophageal and gastric varices since there is a high risk of esophageal and gastric varices in patients with compensated hepatitis B cirrhosis and significant portal hypertension,and to provide a basis for the early diagnosis of esophageal and gastric varices.Methods A total of 108 patients with significant portal hypertension due to compensated hepatitis B cirrhosis who attended Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from November 2017 to November 2023 were enrolled,and according to the presence or absence of esophageal and gastric varices under gastroscopy,they were divided into esophageal and gastric varices group(GOV group)and non-esophageal and gastric varices group(NGOV group).Related data were collected,including age,sex,imaging findings,and laboratory markers.The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups;the least significant difference t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between groups,and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between groups.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was plotted to evaluate the diagnostic value of five scoring models,i.e.,fibrosis-4(FIB-4),LOK index,LPRI,aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index(APRI),and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio(AAR).The binary logistic regression method was used to establish a combined model,and the area under the ROC curve(AUC)was compared between the combined model and each scoring model used alone.The Delong test was used to compare the AUC value between any two noninvasive diagnostic models.Results There were 55 patients in the GOV group and 53 patients in the NGOV group.Compared with the NGOV group,the GOV group had a significantly higher age(52.64±1.44 years vs 47.96±1.68 years,t=0.453,Plt;0.05)and significantly lower levels of alanine aminotransferase[42.00(24.00—17.00)U/L vs 82.00(46.00—271.00)U/L,Z=?3.065,Plt;0.05],aspartate aminotransferase[44.00(32.00—96.00)U/L vs 62.00(42.50—154.50)U/L,Z=?2.351,Plt;0.05],and platelet count[100.00(69.00—120.00)×109/L vs 119.00(108.50—140.50)×109/L,Z=?3.667,Plt;0.05].The ROC curve analysis showed that FIB-4,LOK index,LPRI,and AAR used alone had an accuracy of 0.667,0.681,0.730,and 0.639,respectively,in the diagnosis of esophageal and gastric varices(all Plt;0.05),and the positive diagnostic rates of GOV were 69.97%,65.28%,67.33%,and 58.86%,respectively,with no significant differences in AUC values(all Pgt;0.05),while APRI used alone had no diagnostic value(Pgt;0.05).A combined model(LAF)was established based on the binary logistic regression analysis and had an AUC of 0.805 and a positive diagnostic rate of GOV of 75.80%,with a significantly higher AUC than FIB-4,LOK index,LPRI,and AAR used alone(Z=?2.773,?2.479,?2.206,and?2.672,all Plt;0.05).Conclusion FIB-4,LOK index,LPRI,and AAR have a similar diagnostic value for esophageal and gastric varices in patients with compensated hepatitis B cirrhosis and significant portal hypertension,and APRI alone has no diagnostic value.The combined model LAF had the best diagnostic efficacy,which provides a certain reference for clinical promotion and application.

        Key words:Liver Cirrhosis;Hepatitis B;Hypertension,Portal;Esophageal and Gastric Varices

        Research funding:The Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for Major and Special Programs of the National Science and Technologyof China(2018ZX10725506-003,2018ZX10725505-004);Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases(the Second Hospital of Chinese Medicine[2023]200);Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2022A1515220188,2023A1515011092,2022A1515110825);The Clinical Research Projects of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine(YN10101903,YN2016XP03,YN2022DB04,YN2023MB04);Chi Xiaoling of Project of Inheritance Workshop of Famous Old Chinese Medicine Experts of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Guozhong Pharmaceutical Human Education Letter[2022]No.75);The Fifth Batch of National Research and Training Programs for Clinical Talents of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Guozhong Pharmaceutical Human Education Letter[2022]No.1)

        肝硬化患者大約一半合并有食管胃靜脈曲張(gastroe-sophagealvarices,GOV)[1],GOV破裂出血年發(fā)生率為5%~15%,6周病死率為20%,因此,代償期肝硬化患者應盡早確定是否存在GOV[2]。BavenoⅦ共識[3]建議將肝硬度值(liver stiffness measurernents,LSM)≥25.0 kPa作為確定乙型肝炎肝硬化患者伴有顯著門靜脈高壓的無創(chuàng)診斷標準,并建議此類患者行胃鏡檢查篩查GOV。有研究表明肝纖維化4因子指數(FIB-4)、LOK指數、AST/PLT比值(APRI指數)、AST/ALT比值(AAR)等常見肝纖維化無創(chuàng)診斷模型,對乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎或酒精性相關肝硬化患者的GOV無創(chuàng)診斷有一定臨床價值,但診斷準確度一般,胃鏡作為侵入性檢查仍是目前確定GOV的主要方法[4-5]。存在顯著門靜脈高壓肝硬化患者發(fā)生GOV風險較高[6],而以上模型針對代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓患者GOV診斷價值是未知的,所以探索這類模型對GOV的診斷價值是有必要的。關于LSM和PLT建立的評分指數(LPRI),目前有研究表明其對慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纖維化的診斷和分期有一定價值[7],而對代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓患者GOV的診斷價值尚待研究。故本研究以胃鏡檢查為GOV診斷金標準,評估不同無創(chuàng)診斷模型對BavenoⅦ共識中有胃鏡檢查指征人群GOV的診斷價值。

        1資料與方法

        1.1研究對象選取2017年11月—2023年11月廣東省中醫(yī)院肝病科門診或住院部治療的代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓患者,根據胃鏡下是否伴發(fā)GOV將患者分為GOV組和非GOV組(NGOV組)。慢性HBV感染診斷標準:血清HBsAg和/或血清HBV DNA陽性6個月以上[8];肝硬化診斷標準:組織學、B超、LSM、CT或磁共振成像(MRI)等檢查提示肝硬化[9];顯著門靜脈高壓診斷標準:LSM≥25.0 kPa[3]。納入標準:(1)符合慢性HBV感染診斷標準;(2)符合肝硬化診斷標準;(3)符合顯著門靜脈高壓診斷標準;(4)臨床資料完整。排除標準:(1)合并其他病因導致的肝損傷(如酒精性肝病、藥物性肝損傷、自身免疫性肝?。唬?)合并其他嗜肝病毒感染;(3)既往有腹水、食管靜脈曲張破裂出血或肝性腦病等肝硬化失代償期事件;(4)伴有肝癌或其他系統(tǒng)腫瘤;(5)既往有如肝移植、經頸靜脈肝內門體分流術、脾切除、食管胃靜脈套扎等手術史。

        1.2研究方法

        1.2.1收集資料包括人口學資料、姓名、性別、年齡、臨床診斷、現病史、既往史、個人史;血清學指標:ALT、AST、TBil、Alb、ALP、GGT、PLT、國際標準化比值(INR);FibroScan檢測的LSM;腹部B超/CT/MRI、肝組織病理學、胃鏡檢查結果。

        1.2.2計算公式(1)FIB-4=年齡×AST/(PLT×ALT1/2);(2)LPRI=LSM×100/PLT;(3)LOK指數=(1.26×AST/ALT)+(5.27×INR)-(0.008 9×PLT)-5.56;(4)APRI=[(AST/AST正常值上限)×100]/PLT;(5)AAR=AST/ALT;(6)陽性預測值=(Se×P)/[Se×P+(1-Sp)×(1-P)];陰性預測值=(Sp×P)/[(1-Se)×P+Sp×(1-P)](P為樣本人群患病率,Se和Sp分別代表診斷試驗的敏感度和特異度)。

        1.3統(tǒng)計學方法利用SPSS 26.0進行數據分析。正態(tài)分布的計量資料以±s表示,兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗。非正態(tài)分布的計量資料用M(P25~P75)表示,兩組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗。計數資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗。采用受試者操作特征曲線(ROC曲線)評估模型的診斷價值;使用Spearman進行評分模型與GOV的相關性分析;利用二元Logistic回歸構建聯合模型,將聯合模型與各種評分模型單獨使用情況下的ROC曲線下面積(AUC)進行比較,采用Delong檢驗對各診斷模型AUC進行兩兩比較。利用公式計算AUC的陽性預測值和陰性預測值。Plt;0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。

        2結果

        2.1一般資料共納入108例患者,GOV組55例,NGOV組53例。其中男87例(80.56%),女21例(19.44%),平均(50.34±11.67)歲。GOV組患者年齡高于NGOV組,而ALT、AST、PLT水平低于NGOV組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P值均lt;0.05);兩組患者其余指標差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P值均gt;0.05)(表1)。

        2.2 FIB-4、LOK指數、LPRI、APRI、AAR單獨或聯合應用對GOV的診斷價值比較ROC曲線分析顯示,FIB-4、LOK指數、LPRI、AAR單獨應用對GOV有診斷價值(P值均lt;0.05),AUC分別為0.667、0.681、0.730、0.639,AUC值兩兩比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(Z值分別為1.165、0.857、1.173、?0.237、0.386、0.834,P值均gt;0.05);APRI單獨應用對GOV無診斷價值(Pgt;0.05);利用二元Logistic回歸分析構建LPRI、APRI、FIB-4聯合模型LAF,LAF=?2.357+0.058×LPRI-0.329×APRI+0.334×FIB-4,聯合模型LAF與FIB-4、LOK指數、LPRI、APRI、AAR的AUC值比較發(fā)現,聯合模型LAF的AUC值最大,為0.805,且比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(Z值分別為?2.773、?2.479、?2.206、?4.885、?2.672,P值均lt;0.05)(表2,圖1)。

        3討論

        《指南》[2]指出,代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓患者易發(fā)生腹水、GOV及破裂出血、肝性腦病等失代償事件,GOV破裂出血死亡率高,因此早期識別GOV對于阻斷疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展極為重要。胃鏡為GOV診斷金標準,因其為有創(chuàng)檢查,有一定出血風險,無創(chuàng)診斷模型的研究一直是臨床研究熱點。關于代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者GOV無創(chuàng)診斷模型,目前尚無指南或是共識推薦,而不同研究[4,10-13]對FIB-4、LOK指數、APRI、AAR關于代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化人群的GOV診斷價值的認識也存在分歧。因此,重新評估FIB-4、LOK指數、APRI、AAR對于BavenoⅦ共識中有胃鏡檢查指征人群GOV診斷價值是有必要的。本研究以胃鏡檢查為GOV診斷的金標準,探討不同無創(chuàng)診斷模型對BavenoⅦ共識有胃鏡檢查指征人群GOV的診斷價值。

        本研究發(fā)現GOV組和NGOV組患者在年齡、ALT、AST、PLT方面差異顯著,其余指標差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。進一步建立ROC曲線以評價診斷效能,發(fā)現各指標單獨應用時,LPRI評分最佳,LOK指數、FIB-4、AAR、APRI次之。相關文獻[14]報道,LSM聯合APRI、FIB-4,在一定程度上能夠提高肝硬化患者食管靜脈曲張的診斷效能。利用二元Logistic回歸構建LPRI、APRI、FIB-4聯合模型LAF,并將聯合模型LAF和其他模型單獨應用時的AUC比較,結果顯示聯合模型LAF診斷效能更優(yōu),差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義。

        FIB-4、APRI、AAR、LOK指數和LPRI[7,15-20]最初用于評估病毒性肝炎患者肝纖維化及其程度,后來有研究[21-22]表明,FIB-4、APRI、AAR、LOK指數可用于乙型肝炎肝硬化患者GOV診斷。本研究發(fā)現,FIB-4、LOK指數、AAR的AUC值均在0.6~0.7,對代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓患者的GOV診斷效能相似,有一定臨床價值,但準確度一般。Deng等[23]在一項薈萃分析中發(fā)現,FIB-4、LOK指數、AAR對代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者GOV診斷效能相似,與本研究結論一致。Deng等[23]研究中納入的人群和本研究中的研究對象存在交叉,這可能是影響研究結果的原因,但仍需要更多的研究論證。另外,本研究還發(fā)現APRI單獨應用對GOV無診斷價值,這與Deng等[4]研究結論截然不同,本研究只納入乙型肝炎肝硬化患者,Deng等研究人群中還納入了丙型肝炎、酒精性相關肝硬化患者,這可能是造成這一結果偏差的原因[24]。本研究首次探索了LPRI對代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓患者GOV診斷效能,發(fā)現LPRI單獨應用診斷GOV的AUC超過0.7,對臨床診斷GOV有一定價值,但有待更多的代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓患者的研究進一步驗證。聯合FIB-4、APRI、LPRI構建模型LAF,AUC達到最大,具有較好的敏感度和特異度,這表明幾個無創(chuàng)診斷模型中聯合模型LAF的診斷效能最佳,而且ALT、AST、PLT、LSM、年齡、INR等指標容易獲得,值得臨床推廣。

        綜上所述,FIB-4、LOK指數、LPRI、AAR對代償期乙型肝炎肝硬化顯著門靜脈高壓患者GOV診斷價值相似,APRI單獨應用無診斷價值,聯合模型LAF診斷效能最佳,對臨床實際診斷GOV提供了參考價值。本研究優(yōu)勢在于基于BavenoⅦ共識顯著門靜脈高壓無創(chuàng)診斷標準和胃鏡“金標準”下獲得的樣本量,但僅為回顧性、單中心研究,樣本量尚少,未來仍需大樣本、多中心數據進一步研究驗證。

        倫理學聲明:本研究方案于2024年2月20日經由廣東省中醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準同意,批號:YF2024-011-01。

        利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。

        作者貢獻聲明:劉誠負責資料收集與分析,撰寫論文;方夢冰、曾嘉旖、陳智恒、桂蓓、趙鳳鳴、袁靖凱參與數據收集,修改論文;張朝臻、施梅姐、謝玉寶、池曉玲、蕭煥明負責課題設計,指導撰寫論文并最后定稿。

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        收稿日期:2024-06-29;錄用日期:2024-07-22

        本文編輯:王亞南

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