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        CRISPR/Cas9 基因編輯技術(shù)創(chuàng)制水稻雄性不育系的研究進(jìn)展

        2025-03-13 00:00:00楊大兵胡亮杜雪樹萬(wàn)丙良夏明元戚華雄李進(jìn)波
        關(guān)鍵詞:水稻

        摘要:CRISPR/Cas9(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9)基因編輯技術(shù)可以對(duì)特定基因進(jìn)行改造,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)性狀的定向改良,在作物遺傳改良中具有良好的應(yīng)用前景。而基于雄性不育系建立的雜交水稻育種體系是水稻雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)利用的重要途徑,編輯水稻雄性不育基因能夠定向創(chuàng)制新的雄性不育種質(zhì),有助于豐富雜交水稻不育系遺傳資源,更好地利用水稻雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)。綜述了CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯技術(shù)創(chuàng)制水稻雄性不育系的研究進(jìn)展,展望了基因編輯水稻雄性不育系未來(lái)研究方向,以期為雜交水稻育種技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新與發(fā)展提供參考。

        關(guān)鍵詞:基因編輯;水稻;雄性不育系;育種應(yīng)用

        doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0460

        中圖分類號(hào):S511;Q789 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):10080864(2025)03002411

        基因編輯技術(shù)主要是指利用人工設(shè)計(jì)和改造的序列特異性核酸酶靶向識(shí)別切割目標(biāo)基因組位點(diǎn)而造成DNA鏈斷裂,誘發(fā)生物體的非同源末端連接或同源重組等DNA修復(fù)機(jī)制,從而導(dǎo)致修復(fù)基因位點(diǎn)的堿基變異,達(dá)到對(duì)靶基因的精確編輯[1]。基于CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularlyinterspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPRassociatedprotein 9)的基因編輯系統(tǒng)能夠?qū)ι矬w特定DNA序列進(jìn)行編輯,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)基因定向修飾,具有操作便捷、高效編輯、通用性廣等特點(diǎn)。隨著越來(lái)越多的植物參考基因組,尤其是水稻等主要糧食作物的高質(zhì)量參考基因組序列的公布,以基因編輯為代表的遺傳操作技術(shù)更加廣泛地用于植物基因功能解析和農(nóng)藝性狀改良,表現(xiàn)出廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。

        水稻雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)利用是提高水稻產(chǎn)量的重要途徑,發(fā)展雜交稻對(duì)于保障我國(guó)糧食安全具有重大意義。袁隆平院士明確提出了雜交水稻育種從三系法到兩系法、再到一系法的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略[2]。三系法和兩系法已十分成熟,通過(guò)制種實(shí)現(xiàn)雜交水稻的規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)。其中,水稻雄性不育系是水稻雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)利用的關(guān)鍵,目前主要是利用自然不育突變材料為供體進(jìn)行雜交選育,但水稻自然雄性不育具有不可預(yù)見性,且利用自然不育材料通過(guò)常規(guī)育種手段創(chuàng)制新的實(shí)用性水稻雄性不育系,具有育種周期長(zhǎng)、效率低等缺點(diǎn),嚴(yán)重制約了水稻雄性不育系的育種利用。選擇性狀優(yōu)異的水稻材料對(duì)已知雄性不育基因進(jìn)行編輯,可以快速創(chuàng)制具有實(shí)用價(jià)值的雄性不育系,拓寬水稻雄性不育系的遺傳多樣性,更好地利用水稻品種間或亞種間的雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)。近年來(lái),隨著功能基因組學(xué)和基因工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展,控制減數(shù)分裂(如MiMe[34])、單倍體誘導(dǎo)(如BBM1[5]、MTL[6]、CENH3[7]、DMP[8])等相關(guān)基因被挖掘,結(jié)合基因編輯技術(shù)對(duì)水稻REC、PAIR、OSD1 及MTL 同時(shí)編輯,可以通過(guò)無(wú)融合生殖初步實(shí)現(xiàn)雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)固定,為一系法雜交水稻育種奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)[9],為進(jìn)一步實(shí)現(xiàn)水稻遠(yuǎn)緣雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)利用提供有效途徑,且較三系法和兩系法而言,一系法能夠減少制種環(huán)節(jié),降低水稻生產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),具有良好的應(yīng)用前景。本文總結(jié)了水稻不育類型,綜述了CRISPR/Cas9編輯系統(tǒng)在創(chuàng)制水稻不育系中的研究進(jìn)展,并展望了其未來(lái)發(fā)展方向,以期為雜交水稻育種的創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展提供參考。

        1 水稻雄性不育主要類型與應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀

        目前,生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用較為廣泛的水稻雄性不育系主要包括細(xì)胞質(zhì)雄性不育系及光溫敏不育等環(huán)境敏感型細(xì)胞核雄性不育系,其中,細(xì)胞質(zhì)不育主要包括野敗型、包臺(tái)型、紅蓮型3種類型;環(huán)境敏感型雄性不育包括光敏型、溫敏型及濕敏型3種類型[1011]。以上述兩大類雄性不育系為基礎(chǔ),雜交水稻形成了成熟的三系法和兩系法育種體系。由于三系法雜交水稻受恢保關(guān)系制約,需要實(shí)現(xiàn)三系配套才能用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐,因此,涉及三系法雜交水稻的基因編輯主要以恢復(fù)系的其他育種性狀(香味等)為編輯目標(biāo)[12],直接編輯細(xì)胞質(zhì)雄性不育基因創(chuàng)制不育系還未見報(bào)道。另外,水稻中也鑒定了其他類型的隱性核不育(普通隱性核不育)[13]和顯性核不育[1415]。由于普通隱性核不育系難以通過(guò)常規(guī)方法實(shí)現(xiàn)不育系的繁殖,顯性核不育直接利用存在后代育性分離,一般僅用作育種中間材料進(jìn)行群體改良。近年來(lái)報(bào)道的濕敏型不育系是一種濕度調(diào)控育性變化的不育系[11],但未有報(bào)道基因編輯或轉(zhuǎn)育的實(shí)例。

        目前,利用不同來(lái)源的雄性不育資源或不同的研究途徑,水稻中已鑒定到較多的雄性不育基因,其中,已有8個(gè)細(xì)胞質(zhì)雄性不育基因被克隆,分別為WA352、orf79、orfH79、orf307、orf113、orf352、orf182 和FA182[16];普通核不育基因有29個(gè)被成功克?。ū?),它們主要參與小孢子母細(xì)胞發(fā)育、絨氈層降解、花粉壁合成等重要途徑。

        除普通核不育基因外,在水稻中還報(bào)道了20 個(gè)光溫敏不育相關(guān)基因、3 個(gè)濕敏不育基因(表2),其中,僅有pms1、pms3/p/tms12-1、tms5、Ugp1、CSA、ostms18、OsOSC12/OsPTS1、hms1 和OsGL1-4被克隆[46]。目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的不育基因?yàn)闇孛舨挥騮ms5,其次是光敏不育基因pms3[47]。因此,需要挖掘更多具有實(shí)用價(jià)值的光溫敏不育基因,如ostms18,該不育基因編碼膽堿(glucosemethanol-choline,GMC)氧化還原酶,在23 ℃及以下溫度表現(xiàn)為育性恢復(fù),而29 ℃以上表現(xiàn)為完全不育,與被廣泛應(yīng)用的溫敏不育基因tms5 相比,具有相似的育性恢復(fù)性及不育穩(wěn)定性[46]。上述已克隆的不育基因均可以作為水稻基因編輯的靶標(biāo),創(chuàng)制不同類型的水稻細(xì)胞核雄性不育系。

        2 CRISPR/Cas9 編輯系統(tǒng)在水稻不育系創(chuàng)制中的應(yīng)用

        基因編輯技術(shù)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對(duì)目標(biāo)性狀精確、快速地定向改良,基于成熟的CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯系統(tǒng),研究者已在水稻中開展了水稻雄性不育系創(chuàng)制,如基于光溫敏不育基因的兩系不育系、基于普通核不育的“智能”不育系等[69]。

        2.1 CRISPR/Cas9 基因編輯創(chuàng)制水稻光溫敏核不育系

        秈型溫敏和粳型光敏不育系是水稻兩系不育系應(yīng)用的2種主要類型。由于秈稻雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)利用研究較早且進(jìn)展良好,大多數(shù)基因編輯事件集中在溫敏不育基因tms5。Zhou等[70]通過(guò)CRISPR/Cas9雙元載體TMS5ab 實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)常規(guī)水稻材料TMS5 高效敲除,獲得了秈型三系保持系(珍汕97B、中浙B、泰豐B、宜香B、華農(nóng)B、華恢B、ReB)、秈型常規(guī)稻(粵晶絲苗、粵農(nóng)絲苗、五山絲苗)及常規(guī)粳稻GAZ等11份水稻材料為遺傳背景的不含轉(zhuǎn)基因成分的溫敏不育系,并與不同的恢復(fù)系配組后結(jié)實(shí)正常,部分雜交組合表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)。何溟[71]獲得了15個(gè)品種的TMS5 編輯材料,并對(duì)其中3個(gè)不同來(lái)源的不育突變材料進(jìn)行了育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度的探究,結(jié)果顯示,其育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度為24~28 ℃。基于CRISPR/Cas9 編輯系統(tǒng),中國(guó)水稻研究所對(duì)常規(guī)秈稻中嘉早17(YK17)TMS5進(jìn)行了編輯,新不育系YK17S 在日均溫22 ℃條件下正常結(jié)實(shí),而在日均溫24或26 ℃時(shí)表現(xiàn)為完全不育,利用其配制的部分雜交稻組合雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯[72]。吳明基等[73] 通過(guò)定點(diǎn)突變GH89 材料的TMS5 位點(diǎn)獲得了2個(gè)具有典型溫敏特性的突變株tms5-1 和tms5-5,經(jīng)人工氣候箱鑒定,其育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度約為24 ℃。覃玉芬等[74]對(duì)優(yōu)異水稻品系GXU41 TMS5 基因的2個(gè)靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行編輯,獲得的tms5 純合株系GXU41-5S,其育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度低于24 ℃,因具有育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度低的特點(diǎn),制種安全性高。

        在粳稻中也開展了TMS5 基因編輯研究。宋成軍[75]利用CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)對(duì)川農(nóng)香粳和遼寧引粳的TMS5 進(jìn)行定點(diǎn)編輯,獲得了具有溫敏特征的粳型不育株。黃忠明等[76]也基于CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)對(duì)粳稻F197的TMS5 進(jìn)行編輯,獲得了株高、有效穗數(shù)、千粒重等與野生型無(wú)顯著差異的新不育系,其育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度在28 ℃左右。而基因編輯武運(yùn)粳7號(hào)TMS5 獲得的溫敏不育系的育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度低于28 ℃[77]。

        對(duì)多倍體水稻種質(zhì)H2和H3的TMS5 進(jìn)行編輯,獲得了新型四倍體水稻不育系H2s和H3s,育性鑒定結(jié)果表明,其育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度為23~26 ℃。與不同來(lái)源的正常四倍體水稻品系雜交,F(xiàn)1在有效穗數(shù)、總粒數(shù)及結(jié)實(shí)率方面表現(xiàn)明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)[78],為新型多倍體水稻創(chuàng)制及雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)利用提供了可能。

        為了選育更具育種價(jià)值的溫敏不育系,也有利用CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)制多性狀同時(shí)得到改良的不育系。Li等[79]對(duì)常規(guī)稻品占的溫敏不育基因TMS5、稻瘟病抗性基因Pi21 及白葉枯病抗性基因Xa13 進(jìn)行定向編輯,創(chuàng)制了兼抗稻瘟病和白葉枯病的溫敏不育系,純合株系在23 ℃為可育,28 ℃表現(xiàn)為徹底不育;另外,也有研究對(duì)早秈品種中早70的溫敏不育基因TMS5、香味基因Badh2 及稻瘟病抗性位點(diǎn)Pi21 進(jìn)行多重編輯,創(chuàng)制了優(yōu)質(zhì)香型且高抗的兩系早稻不育系,具有極高的育種價(jià)值[80]。

        同tms5 基因相比,光敏不育基因pms1 或pms3的編輯研究較少,僅在部分材料中對(duì)主效的光敏不育基因pms3 進(jìn)行了基因編輯的探索研究。如利用CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)對(duì)粳稻中花11的PMS3 進(jìn)行基因編輯,獲得了具有光敏特性的不育株,但未對(duì)其育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度等實(shí)用性指標(biāo)進(jìn)行細(xì)致研究[81]。林艷等[82]基于TALEN基因編輯技術(shù)對(duì)明恢86和日本晴中的PMS3 進(jìn)行定向突變,獲得了多種pms3 序列變異的純合突變體,但是其在夏季高溫條件下并不表現(xiàn)典型光敏特征,花粉育性表現(xiàn)與正??捎牧蠠o(wú)顯著差異,推測(cè)可能是單堿基C-G變異才能導(dǎo)致育性改變,間接表明pms3 育性調(diào)控的分子機(jī)制更加復(fù)雜。

        另外,也有利用基因編輯技術(shù)創(chuàng)制反光敏型不育系的報(bào)道。csa(carbon starved anther)是反光敏型突變體[83],該材料在短日照條件下表現(xiàn)為雄性不育,而在長(zhǎng)日照條件下表現(xiàn)為正??捎ㄟ^(guò)CRISPR/Cas9 編輯粳稻9522、JY5B 和空育131 的CSA 基因獲得了3 個(gè)反光敏不育系[84],且空育131csa表現(xiàn)出一定的溫敏特性,即不同遺傳背景下表現(xiàn)不完全一致。對(duì)粳稻的CSA 不育基因進(jìn)行編輯可以豐富粳稻的不育系背景,為兩系雜交粳稻的利用提供技術(shù)支撐。

        2.2 CRISPR/Cas9 編輯創(chuàng)制水稻“智能”不育系

        水稻中存在許多自然突變的普通隱性核不育基因(表1),由于難以自身繁殖,無(wú)法應(yīng)用于水稻雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)利用。利用基因編輯技術(shù)創(chuàng)制普通核不育系,結(jié)合生物工程技術(shù),如單顆粒示蹤(single"particle tracking,SPT)[85]、工程保持系表達(dá)盒(包含花粉致死基因、育性恢復(fù)基因、篩選報(bào)告基因等連鎖表達(dá)元件)等可實(shí)現(xiàn)普通核不育系種子生產(chǎn)和雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)利用[86]。鄧興旺課題組于2016年報(bào)道將花粉特異表達(dá)基因OsNP1 與α淀粉酶基因、紅色熒光蛋白基因串聯(lián)轉(zhuǎn)化到水稻隱性核不育Osnp1 突變體中,獲得單合子的轉(zhuǎn)基因植株,其自交后代可產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)基因的可育保持系和非轉(zhuǎn)基因雄性不育系,實(shí)現(xiàn)普通核不育基因的育種利用,這種不育系也被稱為“廣三系”不育系或“智能”不育系[69],育成的代表性不育系(圳18A等)得到了廣泛引種和測(cè)配。陳惠妹[87]以優(yōu)化的Ⅱ型CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯系統(tǒng)對(duì)水稻品種明恢86的隱性核不育基因OsUGP1、RAFTIN、MIL1 及UDT1 進(jìn)行了定向編輯,創(chuàng)制了徹底敗育的突變體材料,并以此為基礎(chǔ),開展了工程保持系的創(chuàng)建,轉(zhuǎn)化不育系即可獲得保持系,實(shí)現(xiàn)不育系和保持系的配套。此外,利用CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)編輯正常水稻品種華占和泰豐B 的參與絨氈層降解和花粉發(fā)育基因PTC1,也能獲得柱頭外露率高、一般配合力好的攜帶ptc1 的新核不育系華占-SGMS 和泰豐B-SGMS[86]。

        另外,擬南芥OPR3(oxophytodienoic acidreductase 3)基因參與小穗發(fā)育,通過(guò)CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)編輯水稻中的同源基因OsOPR7 創(chuàng)制雄性不育系,且通過(guò)噴施茉莉酸甲酯恢復(fù)育性,可形成新型的兩系雜交育種系統(tǒng)[88]。

        3 未來(lái)發(fā)展方向

        3.1 多重編輯雄性不育基因創(chuàng)制新型安全水稻不育系

        單個(gè)不育基因的簡(jiǎn)單編輯不能完全滿足水稻育種的實(shí)際需要。如光溫敏不育基因的編輯系統(tǒng)雖然可以創(chuàng)制不同背景來(lái)源的光溫敏不育系,但仍存在育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度偏高、制種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的問(wèn)題。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),僅編輯常規(guī)水稻的TMS5 基因,獲得的新不育系的育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度為24~28 ℃,往往高于我國(guó)對(duì)于育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界的安全溫度23 ℃(秈稻)或24 ℃(粳稻)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這種現(xiàn)象在粳稻背景下更加明顯,可達(dá)28~32 ℃,故不育系無(wú)法滿足安全制種的要求[89]。因此,需加快開展育性穩(wěn)定的兩系不育基因編輯研究,例如同時(shí)編輯主效的光敏不育基因和溫敏不育基因,創(chuàng)制光溫互作型不育系。研究表明,在tms5 和pms3 同時(shí)存在時(shí),能夠獲得育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度低的不育系,從而提高兩系不育系的育性穩(wěn)定性[90],理論上也可以基于tms5 和其他溫敏不育基因的同時(shí)編輯,選育出育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度較低的不育系。

        育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度是關(guān)系到兩系雜交稻制種、繁種安全性的核心,已有的光溫敏不育基因往往不參與育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度的調(diào)控,因此,進(jìn)一步挖掘與育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度相關(guān)的調(diào)控基因是更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)兩系法雜交水稻穩(wěn)步發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。鄭卓等[91]認(rèn)為,溫敏不育系的育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度與tms5 無(wú)關(guān),而是育性轉(zhuǎn)換調(diào)控基因A及抑制子B共同作用調(diào)控。這個(gè)擬定的A基因和B基因也是潛在的基因編輯位點(diǎn),可用于創(chuàng)制育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度低的不育系。另外,本研究組從1份秈稻突變體中挖掘到1 個(gè)光溫敏不育基因,暫命名為Ostms118(未發(fā)表),其育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度為23~24 ℃,具有典型的光溫敏特性,在長(zhǎng)日高溫下徹底不育,而在武漢秋季或海南春季的短日適溫條件下表現(xiàn)為正??捎?,編輯OsTMS118 基因可以創(chuàng)制新型的秈型光溫敏不育系。

        另外,通過(guò)利用反溫敏不育基因也能有效降低兩系制種的安全性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。盡管對(duì)于反溫敏不育種質(zhì)的報(bào)道和研究較少[92-94],大大限制了其在育種中的應(yīng)用。2017年安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院水稻研究所報(bào)道了利用溫敏不育系矮紫S和反溫敏不育系雁農(nóng)S作為不育基因供體,分別培育攜帶2類不育基因的天豐B近等基因系——天豐S和天豐s,進(jìn)而兩兩雜交(天豐S/天豐s)創(chuàng)制永久核不育系天豐Ss,從理論上解決了兩系不育系育性穩(wěn)定性的問(wèn)題。通過(guò)進(jìn)一步克隆反溫敏不育基因RTMS10,將為同時(shí)基因編輯溫敏和反溫敏不育基因創(chuàng)制永久核不育系,降低甚至避免兩系雜交稻制種安全問(wèn)題提供可能[95]。

        3.2 普通核不育基因編輯與“第三代”雜交水稻系統(tǒng)

        2020年,在玉米中報(bào)道了利用基因編輯技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)“一步法”創(chuàng)制核不育系及其保持系的方法,該研究利用CRISPR/Cas9編輯技術(shù)對(duì)玉米育性基因的功能結(jié)構(gòu)域進(jìn)行了定點(diǎn)、定向刪除,從而創(chuàng)制了核不育系,并利用基因編輯技術(shù)精確地創(chuàng)制出操控型核不育保持系。該保持系具有以下3個(gè)特點(diǎn):一是恢復(fù)不育系孢子體雄花育性;二是攜帶的保持系技術(shù)元件,僅能通過(guò)雌配子向后代遺傳;三是籽粒上帶有紅色熒光標(biāo)記[96]。水稻也可基于此系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)制相應(yīng)的核不育系和保持系,實(shí)現(xiàn)育性穩(wěn)定、配組自由兼顧的“一步法”雜交水稻育種系統(tǒng)。

        4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

        CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯技術(shù)已在水稻雄性不育系創(chuàng)制中取得了較好的進(jìn)展,為充分利用水稻雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的材料基礎(chǔ),但仍在雄性不育系的不育穩(wěn)定性、育性恢復(fù)、編輯效率等方面存在問(wèn)題,需要進(jìn)一步挖掘具有實(shí)用價(jià)值的水稻雄性不育基因,并結(jié)合更加精準(zhǔn)高效的基因編輯系統(tǒng)或技術(shù),快速定向創(chuàng)制優(yōu)異的、有實(shí)用價(jià)值的水稻雄性不育材料,豐富水稻雄性不育系遺傳資源,更便捷地發(fā)揮水稻雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)。

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