亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        余甘子藥用價值研究進展

        2024-12-26 00:00:00王建超張小艷謝麗雪張立杰李韜
        東南園藝 2024年6期

        摘要:余甘子是一種藥食同源經(jīng)濟植物資源,藥理作用顯著,但其藥用開發(fā)還處于初級階段,未充分發(fā)揮其獨特的藥用特性和保健功效,市場開發(fā)潛力巨大。本文從余甘子的藥用價值、藥用成分、藥用功能等方面進行綜述,以期為余甘子的醫(yī)藥保健開發(fā)和利用提供科學依據(jù),并指出未來研究應從余甘子的品質(zhì)和藥用成分鑒定評價出發(fā),建立余甘子種質(zhì)資源的整體質(zhì)量控制體系,對于余甘子的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、品質(zhì)提升和全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈升級具有深遠意義。

        關(guān)鍵詞:余甘子;藥用成分;沒食子酸;抗肝損傷

        中圖分類號:S667.9" " " " " " " " " " " 文獻標識碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " "文章編號:2095-5774(2024)06-0536-11

        Research Progress on Medicinal Value of Phyllanthus emblica L.

        Wang Jianchao,Zhang Xiaoyan,Xie Lixue,Zhang Lijie,Li Tao*

        (Fruit Research Institute,F(xiàn)ujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,F(xiàn)uzhou,F(xiàn)ujian 350013,China)

        Abstract:Phyllanthus emblica(P. emblica)is a medicinal and edible economic plant resource with significant pharmacological effects. However,its medicinal development is still in its early stages,and its unique medicinal properties and health care effects have not yet been exerted,indicating substantial potential for future development. This article reviews the medicinal value,medicinal ingredients,and medicinal function of P. emblica in order to provide scientific basis for the development and utilization of P. emblica in medicine and health care. Furthermore,it also points out that future research should focus on the identification of quality and medicinal ingredients of P. emblica. By evaluating the germplasm resources of P. emblica,establishing a comprehensive quality control system will have significant implications for the product development,enhancement,and advancement of the entire industry chain.

        Key words:Phyllanthus emblica;Medicinal ingredients;Gallic acid;Anti-liver injury

        余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica L.)屬大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)葉下珠屬(Phyllanthus)多年生灌木或喬木[1]。又名庵摩勒(古代名,藥用名)、油柑(福建、臺灣)、滇橄欖(云南)、“Amla” 和“Indian gooseberry”等[2-4]。余甘子是一種藥食同源經(jīng)濟植物資源,是世界衛(wèi)生組織在全世界推廣種植的三種保健植物之一[5],食品專家將余甘子、山楂和獼猴桃列為我國高營養(yǎng)的三大果品[6]。我國余甘子栽培歷史悠久,最早的文字記載于東漢時期楊孚所著的《異物志》,距今已近2 000年的歷史?!懂愇镏尽肥俏覈谝徊康貐^(qū)性的物產(chǎn)專著,記載余甘子“鹽蒸尤美,可多食”是我國余甘子應用的最早記載。目前,余甘子的相關(guān)應用研究主要集中在藥理學方面,本文就余甘子的藥用價值、主要藥用成分和藥用功能進行綜述,為提升余甘子的醫(yī)藥保健開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新利用提供科學依據(jù)。

        1 余甘子的藥用價值

        據(jù)統(tǒng)計,世界上約有17個國家的傳統(tǒng)藥物中應用余甘子,在我國民族民間藥[7](藏族、彝族、傣族、苗族、白族、納西族、拉祜族、普米族、佤族、阿昌族、基諾族、布依族、瑤族、壯族,以及蒙古族、維吾爾族等約16個)中多用于治療感冒、咳嗽、喉痛、腹瀉、消化不良、解熱消炎、生津潤肺、皮膚濕疹、水火燙傷等證。自1977年以來余甘子被載入各版的《中華人民共和國藥典》[8]載有:清熱涼血,消食健胃,生津止咳,可用于血熱血瘀,消化不良,腹脹,咳嗽,喉痛,口干等病癥[9],并規(guī)定藥材標準品為沒食子酸,干燥品的沒食子酸含量不得低于1.2%。中醫(yī)學認為,余甘子苦,酸,甘,澀,微寒,歸胃和肺經(jīng);公元659年唐代蘇敬《新修本草》(《唐本草》),是中國第一部由政府頒布的藥典,也是世界上最早的藥典記載:“庵摩勒,味苦、甘,寒,無毒。主風虛熱氣”,書中認為印度傳入的庵摩勒與我國余甘子為同一物種,表明我國和印度均為余甘子原產(chǎn)國,通過北方絲綢之路和南方海上貿(mào)易相互傳播。李時珍的《本草綱目》(1518-1593年)在歷數(shù)古代本草中對庵摩勒的記載及應用后總結(jié):“庵摩勒……主丹石傷肺,上氣咳嗽。久服,輕身延年長生”[10]。

        現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學證明余甘子的根、莖、葉、果實和種子均富含多種生物活性物質(zhì),包括有機酸、萜類、類黃酮、多糖、鞣質(zhì)、生物堿、植物甾醇、氨基酸和維生素等[11];具有抗氧化[12-13]、抗癌[14-18]、抗衰老[19-20]、降膽固醇、抗糖尿病、免疫調(diào)節(jié)[21]、抗病毒[22-23]、抗血脂異常[24]、抗細胞凋亡[25]、解熱、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎[26]、肝保護[27-28]、心臟保護、抗誘變、抗菌特性[29]和抗腹瀉[30-31]等。余甘子果實富含高穩(wěn)定性的維生素C[32]、對N-亞硝基化合物的高度阻斷性的抗癌效能、超氧化物歧化酶類似物的耐貯藏、耐熱和小分子透皮性所帶來的抗氧化、抗衰老特性在果蔬中實屬罕見[33];此外,余甘子因其植株根系發(fā)達,萌發(fā)力強,耐貧瘠,耐鹽堿,耐干旱,適應能力強,是荒山綠化,水土保持的先鋒樹種[34-35]。這些獨特性質(zhì)為它在醫(yī)藥、食品、保健品、化妝品和環(huán)境保護等領(lǐng)域的應用展示了廣闊產(chǎn)業(yè)前景。

        2余甘子的藥用成分

        余甘子植株的多個器官均可入藥,富含多種藥用成分:余甘子種子中含有大量的亞油酸、亞麻酸、硬脂酸、棕櫚酸、肉豆蔻酸、維生素E[36]、油酸、d-肌醇、d-果糖和d-葡萄糖等物質(zhì)[37];果實、葉片和樹皮均含有豐富的單寧;根中含有豐富的鞣酸和羽扇豆醇[38-39];果實維生素C含量超過檸檬、柑橘等水果,與毛花獼猴桃的含量相當,還含有多種維生素,包括煙酸、胡蘿卜素、核黃素和硫胺素等[40];葉中含有鞣花酸、沒食子酸、蘆丁、山奈酚、山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷、黃腐酸、大蒜單寧、磷酸、精油、油酸、硬脂酸、棕櫚酸、維生素E[41]、維生素A和棕櫚酸酯等;余甘子的樹皮中含有原花青素、單寧酸和白扁桃葉霉素;根部含有鞣花酸、豆酚、余甘酸和余甘酮A等[42-43]。余甘子植株不同部位的主要藥用成分不同,當前文獻主要關(guān)于其果實的活性成分研究。

        余甘子果實的有機提取液可得到?jīng)]食子酸、槲皮素、油柑酸A、油柑酸B[44]、無色飛燕草素、訶子勒酸[45]、老鸛草素[46]、山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖甙、鞣云實精、3-乙基-沒食子酸、3,6-二-O-沒食子?;?β-D-葡萄糖、原訶子酸、余甘子酸、余甘子酚、1-O-沒食子酰基-β-D-葡萄糖、訶子酸、訶黎酸、1,6-二-O-沒食子?;?β-D-葡萄糖[47]、槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖甙、isostrictiniin、谷甾醇[48]、月桂酸、珠子草素、沒食子酸甲酯[49]和葉下珠素[50]等。Habib-Ur-Rehman等[51]從余甘子果實中分離出 2 種新型黃酮單體,為山奈酚-3-O-α-L-(6''-甲基)-鼠李糖和山奈酚-3-O-α-L-(6''-乙基)-鼠李糖。

        3 余甘子的藥用功能

        3.1抗氧化功能

        余甘子果實中含有豐富的自由基清除劑,如白藜蘆醇、沒食子酸、鞣酸[52]、木酚素、槲皮素、染料木素、花青素、橙皮素、山奈酚、超氧化物歧化酶、維生素C、多糖[53-54]、單寧和有機酸等植物化學成分,具有較強抗氧化能力[55]。余甘子提取液顯著提升中老年紅細胞的超氧化物歧化酶活性,降低過氧化脂質(zhì)含量[56],可清除新陳代謝產(chǎn)生的羥和超氧自由基含量[57],此外,余甘子多糖也具有清除超氧自由基的作用。余甘子中的多酚類物質(zhì)、單寧和有機酸可以顯著降低小鼠血液中丙二醛水平。余甘子干果的甲醇提取物所含鞣云實素和老鸛草素等活性成分可有效清除NO ·自由基[49]。余甘子中富含黃酮類物質(zhì),該類物質(zhì)可增強小鼠血液中內(nèi)源性抗氧化劑過氧化氫酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽還原酶等的活力,同時降低過氧化脂質(zhì)水平[58],保護細胞抵御氧化應激反應[59]。余甘子可以通過提高血清中誘導性T細胞、抑制性T細胞、免疫球蛋白M、免疫球蛋白G等的水平以及血清中白蛋白和球蛋白水平,提高免疫調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的有效性[60]。此外,余甘子的葉、根和樹皮均被證明有較強的抗氧化能力[61]。余甘子果實維生素C具有高度穩(wěn)定性[32],超氧化物歧化酶類似物具有耐貯藏、耐熱和小分子透皮性[33],且富含多種自由基清除劑和內(nèi)源性抗氧化劑,可有效增強機體的抗氧化功能、抑制自由基的產(chǎn)生及清除過量的自由基,可在藥品、食品和化妝品開發(fā)等領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮巨大作用。

        3.2抗糖尿病功能

        世界衛(wèi)生組織預測,到2025年糖尿病患者有可能達到3億或更多,開發(fā)一種效果顯著且無毒副作用[62]的抗糖尿病藥物尤為重要[63],余甘子具有很強的開發(fā)潛力[64-65]。研究表明,余甘子是一種有效降低血糖的藥物[66],余甘子含有大量的單寧類物質(zhì),該類物質(zhì)通過增加對外周組織的胰島素敏感性來防止脂肪形成和增加葡萄糖攝取有效物質(zhì),從而降低血糖[67]。此外,余甘子的降血糖機制還有抑制消化酶的產(chǎn)生,刺激糖原儲存,激活胰島素信號通路,抑制糖基化終產(chǎn)物[68]等。余甘子提取液可抑制大鼠血液α-糖苷酶活性,效果優(yōu)于降糖藥物阿卡波糖[69]。

        3.3 降血脂及抗動脈粥樣硬化作用

        高脂血癥和氧化應激是動脈粥樣硬化和心腦血管疾病發(fā)展的主要危險因素[70]。在多個國家的藥物體系中,余甘子是有效防止動脈粥樣硬化和降血脂的天然藥物,且無毒副作用[71]。余甘子果實中的黃酮組分可抑制肝臟β-羥-β-甲基戊二酸單酰輔酶A還原酶的活性,有效降低血脂水平[72]。余甘子粉末提取物中的黃酮類化合物通過抑制3-羥基-3-甲基戊二酸單酰輔酶A還原酶活性,同時提高血漿卵磷脂膽固醇?;D(zhuǎn)移酶(LCAT)活性,發(fā)揮降血脂作用[73]。

        3.4 抗肝損傷作用

        二十世紀八十年代,Antarkar等[74]已報道余甘子可用于多種保肝藥物。Ghosal等[75]認為余甘子保肝作用是單寧水解物油柑酸A和油柑酸B抗氧化作用的結(jié)果。余甘子的乙醇提取液能降低甲狀腺大鼠肝臟過氧化脂質(zhì)水平,提高超氧化物歧化酶和過氧化氫酶活力,防止肝脂肪過氧化[76]。余甘子果實的水提取液可有效降低小鼠肝細胞過氧化脂質(zhì)含量,緩解急性和慢性肝中毒癥狀,降低肝細胞的過氧化脂質(zhì)、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和堿性磷酸脂酶[77]的水平,防止肝脂肪變性和肝纖維化[78]。

        3.5 抑制病原微生物及抗炎作用

        余甘子水提液具有抑制沙門氏菌的作用[79],可治療腸道疾病,對引起皮炎的真菌也有較強的抑制作用。余甘子可以促進支氣管髓鞘的黏液分泌,起到鎮(zhèn)咳效果[80]。侯海燕[81]從余甘子干燥果實的乙醇提取物中,分離鑒定到多種抗乙肝病毒(HBV)化合物,鑒定為鞣花酸、β-香樹脂酮、β-胡蘿卜苷、沒食子酸、β-谷甾醇、杜英素、雙沒食子酸、粘酸-1-甲酯-6-乙酸、粘酸二甲酯-2-O-沒食子酸等。el-Mekkawy等[82]從余甘子果實甲醇提取物中分離到抑制滋病毒(HIV-I-RT)的6種化合物(核實木素A、1,6-二-O-沒食子酰基-β-D-葡萄糖、雙沒食子酸、山奈酚-3-O-糖甙、槲皮素-3-O-糖甙和1-O-沒食子?;?β-D-葡萄糖)。余甘子果實中活性成分異柯里拉京不僅抑制病毒DNA的復制,還可滅活病毒[83],多糖成分可抑菌[84]。余甘子含有豐富的總黃酮類化合物,表現(xiàn)出顯著抗甲型流感病毒感染效果[85]。余甘子提取液能抑制引起炎癥的病原微生物的DNA和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(NF-k B/DNA)交互作用,從而抑制病原微生物基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[86]。氮氧化物(NO)過量生產(chǎn)可導致病理紊亂或異常,如炎癥、心血管損傷等,余甘子提取物可抑制NO的產(chǎn)生,避免巨噬細胞和環(huán)氧酶(COX-2)過量產(chǎn)生,表現(xiàn)出較強的抗炎活性[87]。

        3.6抗誘變、致畸和抗腫瘤作用

        余甘子可“解金石毒[10]”,其提取物對鋁、鉛、砷、鎳引起的細胞中毒和染色體畸形有顯著抑制效果[88-90];余甘子丙酮提取物對誘變劑的致突性有顯著的抑制作用[91]。Sairam等[92]研究表明余甘子果實的單寧水解物可有效抗誘變和抗腫瘤;余甘子富含的倍半萜內(nèi)酯類化合物和多酚類化合物有效抑制人宮頸癌細胞、胃癌細胞、黑色素瘤細胞(B16-F10)的增殖[93]。余甘子抑制活性蛋白(AP-1)和宮頸癌致癌基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,表明其在人類乳頭瘤病毒誘導的宮頸癌細胞治療中具有潛在的應用價值[94-95]。余甘子果汁可明顯的抑制S-180腹水腫瘤[96]。余甘子提取物對強致癌物質(zhì)N-亞硝基化合物的合成阻斷率高達93%[97],余甘子多糖對肝癌細胞(HepG-2)增殖具有抑制作用[98]。余甘子的樹皮具有較強抗細胞增殖作用,與其含有較高的酚酸和類黃酮含量有關(guān)[99]。

        綜上所述,余甘子含有豐富的功能性代謝產(chǎn)物,包括黃酮類、單寧酸、多酚類、抗壞血酸、生物堿、植物甾醇、萜類、有機酸、氨基酸和維生素等,表現(xiàn)出顯著的抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌活性、抗糖尿病、抗癌和心臟保護等藥理作用,這些獨特的性質(zhì)為余甘子在食品和醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域的開發(fā)提供廣闊的應用前景,余甘子深度開發(fā)為天然藥物、候選藥物、保健食品和化妝品的相關(guān)研究需更全方位且深入開展,展現(xiàn)其更多的應用價值,為余甘子的高效利用提供保障,從而推動余甘子產(chǎn)業(yè)快速且多樣化發(fā)展。

        4 余甘子的其他應用

        余甘子是一個極具開發(fā)潛力的資源,近年來,除藥用外,余甘子的相關(guān)產(chǎn)品也逐步實現(xiàn)多元化,如保健果酒、果茶、果凍、果脯、果醬、果汁飲料、余甘沖劑、余甘子凍干粉、速溶余甘烏龍茶、保健膠囊、功能口服液、洗發(fā)液和美容化妝品等產(chǎn)品[100]。此外,余甘子保健品的研發(fā)越來越多,據(jù)報道余甘子可以和一些谷物、豆類等混合為原料,加入淀粉酶生產(chǎn)低黏度的速溶食品作為嬰兒的斷奶食品[101];余甘子種子油制品,作為一種孕婦和哺乳期的多不飽和脂肪酸補充強化劑[102];余甘子提取物作為一種天然油脂抗氧化劑添加到烘焙餅干中[103];Chaudhuri[104-105]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)余甘子的富含低分子量的水解單寧,可提取開發(fā)為美白護膚化妝品,特別是余甘子低分子量可水解單寧對黑色素合成的抑制作用[106],且具有生物安全性,無藥害反應,具有開發(fā)天然產(chǎn)物美白潤膚市場的潛力。

        5 展望

        余甘子的全身都是寶,根、葉、果實、種子均可入藥,具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗衰老、降低膽固醇、抗糖尿病、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗病毒、抗血脂異常、抗細胞凋亡、解熱、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎、肝保護、心臟保護、抗誘變、抗菌特性和抗腹瀉等多種藥理作用,且毒性小、無不良反應,有望將其多個有效部位或成分開發(fā)為醫(yī)藥或功能性保健食品,特別是應用余甘子的抗氧化能力、抗糖尿病能力、降血脂及抗動脈粥樣硬化、抗肝損傷作用、抑制病原微生物及抗炎作用和抗誘變、抗致畸和抗腫瘤作用開發(fā)高附加值醫(yī)藥保健或食品,有巨大的市場發(fā)展?jié)摿ΑD壳坝喔首酉嚓P(guān)的研究多數(shù)是在體外或動物模型中進行,需要進一步的臨床試驗來確定基于余甘子的干預措施對人體的有效性和安全性。余甘子相關(guān)醫(yī)藥、保健品和食品的開發(fā)還處于初級階段,未發(fā)揮余甘子獨特的資源特性和藥用保健功效,同時表明余甘子在食品和醫(yī)藥保健領(lǐng)域擁有廣闊的應用前景,開發(fā)潛力巨大,隨著現(xiàn)代科技和新技術(shù)的不斷進步,開發(fā)高品質(zhì)的余甘子新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù),提高余甘子種質(zhì)資源的生物利用率和產(chǎn)品附加值,對于天然產(chǎn)物資源的合理利用和地區(qū)特色經(jīng)濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展有重要意義。

        余甘子種質(zhì)資源分布于東經(jīng)70°~122°,北緯1°~29°的熱帶或亞熱帶地區(qū),分布區(qū)域廣大,種質(zhì)資源豐富,表型性狀復雜,不同余甘子資源化學成分差異顯著。開展61份成熟期余甘子果實非靶代謝組學和主要化學品質(zhì)分析結(jié)果表明,總體689個代謝物的平均變異系數(shù)達63.85%,表現(xiàn)豐富的遺傳多樣性;果實主要化學品質(zhì)的平均變異系數(shù)為28.51%,遺傳多樣性指數(shù)D和信息指數(shù)H范圍分別為0.977 8~0.983 6和3.96~4.11,多樣性數(shù)值均較高,多樣性豐富[107]。所以要提高余甘子的創(chuàng)新利用效率,需從余甘子遺傳多樣性評價和品質(zhì)鑒評入手,明確余甘子不同種質(zhì)的主要功能或藥用成分差異,為余甘子的資源挖掘、質(zhì)量控制和開發(fā)高附加值產(chǎn)品提供理論基礎。近年來,國家熱帶植物種質(zhì)資源庫—余甘子種質(zhì)資源分庫廣泛收集保存了我國大部分余甘子地方品種和國內(nèi)外重要遺傳材料,可為余甘子藥用成分的遺傳多樣性研究提供豐富的研究材料。利用圃內(nèi)保存資源開展藥用成分鑒定評價研究,建立余甘子種質(zhì)資源的整體質(zhì)量控制體系,對于余甘子的質(zhì)量控制、品質(zhì)提升和全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈升級具有深遠意義。

        參考文獻:

        [1]中國科學院中國植物志委員會. 中國植物志-余甘子Phyllanthus emblica Linn.[M]. 北京:科學出版社,2004. 44(1):87.

        [2]呂榮欣. 中國余甘子的開發(fā)利用[J]. 中國野生植物,1986,(2):12-19.

        [3]Namiesnik J,Vearasilp K,Kupska M,et al. Antioxidant activities and bioactive components in some berries[J]. European Food Research and Technology,2013,237(5):819-829.

        [4]Gantait S,Mahanta M,Bera S,et al. Advances in biotechnology of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. syn. Phyllanthus emblica L.:A nutraceuticals-rich fruit tree with multifaceted ethnomedicinal uses[J]. 3 Biotech,2021,11(2):62.

        [5]吳玲芳,葉婷,梁林金,等. 藏藥余甘子鞣質(zhì)部位主要藥效成分在人工胃腸液中的穩(wěn)定性研究[J]. 世界科學技術(shù)-中醫(yī)藥現(xiàn)代化,2017,19(8):1386-1390.

        [6]王建超,陳志峰,劉鑫銘,等. 不同品種余甘子果實營養(yǎng)成分分析與評價[J]. 果樹學報,2018,35(1):108-117.

        [7]夏泉,孔杰. 傳統(tǒng)藥物余甘子的民族藥學研究[J]. 中國中藥雜志,1997,22(9):3-6.

        [8]國家藥典委員會. 中華人民共和國藥典2020年版,第一部,余甘子[M]. 北京:中國醫(yī)藥科技出版社,2020(1):186.

        [9]劉雄芳,李太強,張序,等. 重要食藥同源植物

        余甘子轉(zhuǎn)錄組微衛(wèi)星特征分析[J]. 植物研究,2019,39(2):294-302.

        [10](明)李時珍. 本草綱目:校點本[M]. 北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,1982:1824.

        [11]繆煜燦,王海燕. 葉下珠屬植物抗腫瘤作用的研究進展[J]. 中國中醫(yī)藥現(xiàn)代遠程教育,2021,19(24):189-192.

        [12]Chaphalkar R,Apte K G,Talekar Y,et al. Antioxidants of Phyllanthus emblica L. bark extract provide hepatoprotection against ethanol-induced hepatic damage:A comparison with silymarin[J].Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,2017,2017:3876040.

        [13]Sheoran S,Nidhi P,Kumar V,et al. Altitudinal variation in Gallic acid content in fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L. and its correlation with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity[J]. Vegetos,2019,32(3):387-396.

        [14]Ngamkitidechakul C,Jaijoy K,Hansakul P,et al. Antitumour effects of Phyllanthus emblica L.:Induction of cancer cell apoptosis and inhibition of in vivo tumour promotion and in vitro invasion of human cancer cells[J]. Phytotherapy Research,2010,24(9):1405-1413.

        [15]Gaire B P,Subedi L. Phytochemistry,pharmacology and medicinal properties of Phyllanthus emblica Linn.[J]. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine,2014,https://doi:10.1007/s11655-014- 1984-2.

        [16]Zhao T J,Sun Q,Marques M,et al. Anticancer properties of Phyllanthus emblica(Indian gooseberry)

        [J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,2015,2015:950890.

        [17]Chekdaengphanao P,Jaiseri D,Sriraj P,et al. Anticancer activity of Terminalia chebula,Terminalia bellirica,and Phyllanthus emblica extracts on cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis[J]. Journal of Herbal Medicine,2022,35:100582.

        [18]Naik J,David M. Phytofabrication of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica and its potential anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activity[J]. Particulate Science and Technology,2023,41(6):761-773.

        [19]Wu M,Cai J H,F(xiàn)ang Z F,et al. The composition and anti-aging activities of polyphenol extract from Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit[J]. Nutrients,2022,14(4):857.

        [20]Wu T,Liu X Y,Sun Z Y ,et al. Fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L. suppresses macrophage foam-cell genesis and vascular lipid deposition using in vivo and in vitro models of early atherosclerosis development[J]. Food Science and Technology Research,2022,28(4):317-328..

        [21]Jantan I,Haque M A,Ilangkovan M,et al. An insight into the modulatory effects and mechanisms of action of Phyllanthus species and their bioactive metabolites on the immune system[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology,2019,10:878.

        [22]Lv J J,Wang Y F,Zhang J M,et al. Anti-hepatitis B virus activities and absolute configurations of sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Organic amp; Biomolecular Chemistry,2014,12(43):8764-8774.

        [23]Lv J J,Yu S,Xin Y,et al. Anti-viral and cytotoxic norbisabolane sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Phyllanthus emblica and their absolute configurations[J]. Phytochemistry,2015,117:123-134.

        [24]Akhbari M,F(xiàn)irooz A,Rahimi R,et al. The effect of an oral product containing amla fruit(Phyllanthus emblica L.)on female androgenetic alopecia:A randomized controlled trial[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2024,318:116958.

        [25]Calderaro A,Patanè G T,Tellone E,et al. The neuroprotective potentiality of flavonoids on Alzheimer' s disease[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2022,23(23):14835.

        [26]Wang H M D,F(xiàn)u L,Cheng C C,et al. Inhibition of LPS-induced oxidative damages and potential anti-inflammatory effects of Phyllanthus emblica extract via down regulating NF-kB,COX-2,and iNOS in raw 264.7 cells[J]. Antioxidants(Basel ,Switzerland),2019,8(8):270.

        [27]Pramyothin P,Samosorn P,Poungshompoo S,et al. The protective effects of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. extract on ethanol induced rat hepatic injury[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2006,107(3):361-364.

        [28]Huang Y N,Chen S Y,Lin J A,et al. Phyllanthus emblica L. extract alleviates leptin resistance and lipid accumulation by inhibiting methylglyoxal production[J]. Food Bioscience,2023,53:102619.

        [29]Naik J,David M. Phytofabrication of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica and its potential anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activity[J]. Particulate Science and Technology,2023,41(6):761-773.

        [30]Farjana A,Sujan B,Mohammad S H. Pharmacological activities of methanol extract of Phyllanthus acidus pulp[J]. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research,2016,10(43):790-795.

        [31]Mehmood M H,Rehman A,Rehman N U,et al.

        Studies on prokinetic,laxative and spasmodic activities of Phyllanthus emblica in experimental animals[J]. Phytotherapy Research,2013,27(7):1054-1060.

        [32]Agte V,Bhute R,Pathare P,et al. Factors influencing the antioxidant potential of amla and its products[J]. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,2014,4(22):2575-2584.

        [33]周濤,邱德文. 民族藥余甘子的本草學概況[J]. 貴陽中醫(yī)學院學報,2002,24(3):3-5.

        [34]陳寶昌. 干熱河谷地區(qū)造林先鋒樹種:余甘子[J]. 林業(yè)調(diào)查規(guī)劃,2004,29(B05):289-290.

        [35]王建超,何銀鶯,黃旭萍,等. 余甘子種質(zhì)資源的遺傳多樣性分析[J]. 森林與環(huán)境學報,2021,41(4):396-401.

        [36]張雯雯,張弘,鄭華,等. 余甘子核仁油的微波輔助萃取工藝優(yōu)化及脂肪酸組成分析[J]. 食品科學,2013,34(20):13-18.

        [37]Saini R,Sharma N,Oladeji O S,et al. Traditional uses,bioactive composition,pharmacology,and toxicology of Phyllanthus emblica fruits:A comprehensive review[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2022,282:114570.

        [38]Hussain N,Kakoti B B,Rudrapal M,et al. Bioactive antidiabetic flavonoids from the stem bark of Cordia dichotoma Forst.:Identification,docking and ADMET studies[J]. Molbank,2021,2021(2):M1234.

        [39]Hussain S Z,Naseer B,Qadri T,et al. Anola (Emblica officinalis):Morphology,taxonomy,composition and health benefits[M]//Fruits grown in highland regions of the Himalayas. Cham:. 2021:193-206.

        [40]Bajgai T R,Hashinaga F,Isobe S,et al. Application of high electric field(HEF)on the shelf-life extension of emblic fruit(Phyllanthus emblica L.)[J]. Journal of Food Engineering,2006,74(3):308-313.

        [41]Elangovan M,Elangovan I. Determination of bioactive compounds from the petroleum ether leaf extract of Moringa oleifera and Phyllanthus emblica using GC-MS analysis[J]. Springer International Publishing,2015,4(3):1290.

        [42]Saini R,Sharma N,Oladeji O S,et al. Traditional uses,bioactive composition,pharmacology,and toxicology of Phyllanthus emblica fruits:A comprehensive review[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2022,282:114570.

        [43]趙琴,梁銳君,張玉潔,等. 余甘子根的化學成分研究[J]. 中草藥,2013,44(2):133-136.

        [44]Ghosal S,Tripathi V K,Chauhan S. ChemInform abstract:Active constituents of Emblica officinalis. part 1. the chemistry and antioxidative effects of two new hydrolysable tannins,emblicanin A(ia)and B(ib)[J]. ChemInform,1996,27(47):941-948.

        [45]Suresh K,Vasudevan D M. Augmentation of murine natural killer cell and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity activities by Phyllanthus emblica,a new immunomodulator[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,1994,44(1):55-60.

        [46]Liu X L,Cui C,Zhao M M,et al. Identification of phenolics in the fruit of Emblica(Phyllanthus emblica L.)and their antioxidant activities[J]. Food Chemistry,2008,109(4):909-915.

        [47]張?zhí)m珍,趙文華,郭亞健,等. 藏藥余甘子化學成分研究[J]. 中國中藥雜志,2003,28(10):940-943.

        [48]Yang C B,Zhang F,Deng M C,et al. A new ellagitannin from the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L.[J]. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society,2007,54(6):1615-1618.

        [49]Kumaran A,Karunakaran R J. Nitric oxide radical scavenging active components from Phyllanthus emblica L.[J]. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition(Dordrecht,Netherlands),2006,61(1):1-5.

        [50]Kumar S,Singh A,Bajpai V,et al. Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of bioactive compounds in Phyllanthus species and its herbal formulations[J]. Journal of Separation Science,2017,40(17):3422-3429.

        [51]Habib-ur-Rehman,Yasin K A,Choudhary M A,et al. Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Natural Product Research,2007,21(9):775-781.

        [52]朱智蕓,趙毅,鄧林,等. UPLC法測定余甘子中4種抗氧化活性成分的含量[J]. 中藥材,2017,40(12):2891-2894.

        [53]Li Y Y,Chen J Y,Cao L L,et al. Characterization of a novel polysaccharide isolated from Phyllanthus emblica L. and analysis of its antioxidant activities[J]. Journal of Food Science and Technology,2018,55(7):2758-2764.

        [54]Zeng Z H,Lv W J,Jing Y S,et al. Structural characterization and biological activities of a novel polysaccharide from Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Drug Discoveries amp; Therapeutics,2017,11(2):54-63.

        [55]Tahir I,Khan M R,Shah N A,et al. Evaluation of phytochemicals,antioxidant activity and amelioration of pulmonary fibrosis with Phyllanthus emblica leaves[J]. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2016,16(1):406.

        [56]劉鳳書,侯開衛(wèi),李紹家,等. 余甘果汁清除超氧陰離子自由基的效能及人體試驗初步觀察[J]. 生物化學與生物物理進展,1992,19(3):235-237.

        [57]Bandyopadhyay S K,Pakrashi S C,Pakrashi A. The role of antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruits on prevention from indomethacin induced gastric ulcer[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2000,70(2):171-176.

        [58]Bafna P A,Balaraman R. Anti-ulcer and antioxidant activity of DHC-1,a herbal formulation[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2004,90(1):123-127.

        [59]Engelman D T,Watanabe M,Engelman R M,et al. Hypoxic preconditioning preserves antioxidant reserve in the working rat heart[J]. Cardiovascular Research,1995,29(1):133-140.

        [60]Bakr E S,Naga M E M. Immunomodulatory efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica and Costus speciosus aqueous extracts for immunosuppressive rats[J]. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Health,2020,35(2):101-123.

        [61]Iamsaard S,Arun S,Burawat J,et al. Phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of Thai-Makham Pom(Phyllanthus emblica L.)aqueous extracts[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B,2014,15(4):405-408.

        [62]Jaijoy K,Soonthornchareonnon N,Lertprasertsuke N,et al. Acute and chronic oral toxicity of standardized water extract from the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica Linn.[J]. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products,2010,3(1):48-58.

        [63]Golechha M,Sarangal V,Ojha S,et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of Emblica officinalis in rodent models of acute and chronic inflammation:Involvement of possible mechanisms[J]. International Journal of Inflammation,2014,2014:178408.

        [64]Middha S K,Goyal A K,Lokesh P,et al. Toxicological evaluation of Emblica officinalis fruit extract and its anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties[J]. Pharmacognosy Magazine,2015,11(Suppl 3):S427-S433.

        [65]Ansari P,Akther S,Hannan J M A,et al. Pharmacologically active phytomolecules isolated from traditional antidiabetic plants and their therapeutic role for the management of diabetes mellitus[J]. Molecules(Basel,Switzerland),2022,27(13):4278.

        [66]Mushtaq A. Evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of Phyllanthus emblica(fruit)[J]. Biologia(Lahore,Pakistan),2018,64(1):85-91.

        [67]Gul M,Liu Z W,Iahtisham-Ul-Haq,et al. Functional and nutraceutical significance of amla(Phyllanthus emblica L.):A review[J]. Antioxidants(Basel,,Switzerland),2022,11(5):816.

        [68]Prananda A T,Dalimunthe A,Harahap U,et al. Phyllanthus emblica:A comprehensive review of its phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology,2023,14:1288618.

        [69]Abesundara K J M,Matsui T,Matsumoto K. Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of some Sri Lanka plant extracts,one of which,Cassia auriculata,exerts a strong antihyperglycemic effect in rats comparable to the therapeutic drug acarbose[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2004,52(9):2541-2545.

        [70]Chen L,Ma X B,Liang Y H,et al. Effects of persimmon leaf total flavonoid on enzyme of lipoprotein metabolism and antioxidation in hyperlipidemia rats[J]. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines,2011,9(1):74-77.

        [71]Udupa S L. Indigenous drugs and atherosclerosis[J]. Drugs of Today(Barcelona,Spain),2001,37(1):37-47.

        [72]Mathur R,Sharma A,Dixit V P,et al. Hypolipidaemic effect of fruit juice of Emblica officinalis in cholesterol-fed rabbits[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,1996,50(2):61-68.

        [73]Sobhani Z,Nami S R,Emami S A,et al. Medicinal plants targeting cardiovascular diseases in view of Avicenna[J]. Current Pharmaceutical Design,2017,23(17):2428-2443.

        [74]Antarkar D S,Vaidya A B,Doshi J C,et al. A double-blind clinical trial of arogya-wardhani:An ayurvedic drug:In acute viral hepatitis[J]. Indian Journal of Medical Research,1980,72:588-593.

        [75]Ghosal S,Tripathi V K,Chauhan S. Active constituents of Emblica officinalis:Part 1. the chemistry and antioxidative effects of two new hydrolysable tannins,emblicanin A and B[J]. Indian Journal of Chemistry,1996,35:941-948.

        [76]Jose J K,Kuttan R. Hepatoprotective activity of Emblica officinalis and chyavanaprash[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2000,72(1-2):135-140.

        [77]Valpuesta V,Botella M A. Biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid in plants:New pathways for an old antioxidant[J]. Trends in Plant Science,2004,9(12):573-577.

        [78]Jose J K,Kuttan G,Kuttan R. Antitumour activity of Emblica officinalis[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2001,75(2-3):65-69.

        [79]Rani P,Khullar N. Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi[J]. Phytotherapy Research,2004,18(8):670-673.

        [80]Nosál' ová G,Mokry J,Tareq Hassan K M. Antitussive activity of the fruit extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn.(Euphorbiaceae)[J]. Phytomedicine,2003,10(6-7):583-589.

        [81]侯海燕. 中藥余甘子抗HBV活性成分研究[D]. 北京:中國人民解放軍軍事醫(yī)學科學院,2006:39.

        [82]el-Mekkawy S,Meselhy M R,Kusumoto I T,et al. Inhibitory effects of Egyptian folk medicines on human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)reverse transcriptase[J]. Chemical amp; Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1995,43(4):641-648.

        [83]隗洋洋. 余甘子提取物異柯里拉京抗HSV-1機制初步研究[D]. 廣州:暨南大學,2015:45.

        [84]曹莉莉,王芳,楊賀忠,等. 余甘子果實水溶性多糖抑菌及群體感應抑制活性初探[J]. 亞熱帶植物科學,2015,44(4):289-292.

        [85]孔秀娟,于然,劉建興,等. 余甘子總黃酮提取物對H_1N_1流感病毒感染小鼠肺炎的影響[J]. 中醫(yī)藥導報,2016,22(5):64-65.

        [86]Lampronti I,Khan M T H,Borgatti M,et al. Inhibitory effects of Bangladeshi medicinal plant extracts on interactions between transcription factors and target DNA sequences[J]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2008,5(3):303-312.

        [87]Li P H,Wang C W,Lu W C,et al. Antioxidant,anti-inflammatory activities,and neuroprotective behaviors of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit extracts[J]. Agriculture,2022,12(5):588.

        [88]Dhir H,Agarwal K,Sharma A,et al. Modifying role of Phyllanthus emblica and ascorbic acid against nickel clastogenicity in mice[J]. Cancer Letters,1991,59(1):9-18.

        [89]Dhir H,Roy A K,Sharma A. Relative efficiency of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract and ascorbic acid in modifying lead and aluminium-induced sister-chromatid exchanges in mouse bone marrow[J]. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis,1993,21(3):229-236.

        [90]Biswas S,Talukder G,Sharma A. Protection against cytotoxic effects of arsenic by dietary supplementation with crude extract of Emblica officinalis fruit[J]. Phytotherapy Research,1999,13(6):513-516.

        [91]Kaur S,Arora S,Kaur K,et al. The in vitro antimutagenic activity of triphala-An Indian herbal drug[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology,2002,40(4):527-534.

        [92]Sairam K,Rao C V,Babu M D,et al. Antiulcerogenic effect of methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis:An experimental study[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2002,82(1):1-9.

        [93]Zhang Y J,Nagao T,Tanaka T,et al. Antiproliferative activity of the main constituents from Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Biological amp; Pharmaceutical Bulletin,2004,27(2):251-255.

        [94]Mahata S,Pandey A,Shukla S,et al. Anticancer activity of Phyllanthus emblica Linn.(Indian gooseberry):inhibition of transcription factor AP-1 and HPV gene expression in cervical cancer cells[J]. Nutrition and Cancer,2013,65(Suppl 1):S88-S97.

        [95]Quranayati Q,Iqhrammullah M,Saidi N,et al. Cytotoxicity and phytochemical profiles of Phyllanthus emblica stem barks with in silico drug-likeliness:Focusing on antidiabetic potentials[J]. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology amp; Research,2022,13(4):281-285.

        [96]馮光遠,李登科,吳玲芳,等. 藏藥余甘子鞣質(zhì)部位對小鼠移植性腫瘤的抑制作用[J]. 中國藥物警戒,2015,12(4):193-196.

        [97]王銳. 余甘子多糖體外降血糖及抗氧化活性研究[J]. 食品研究與開發(fā),2018,39(17):189-192,224.

        [98]王芳,曹莉莉,劉杭,等. 余甘粗多糖對HepG-2細胞氧化應激反應的影響[J]. 天然產(chǎn)物研究與開發(fā),2016,28(9):1437-1442.

        [99]Samatiwat P,Tabtimmai L,Suphakun P,et al. The effect of the EGFR-targeting compound 3-[(4-phenylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino]benzene-1-sulfonamide(13f)against cholangiocarcinoma cell lines[J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,2021,22(2):381-390.

        [100]Singh H K,Srivastava A K,Dwivedi R. Pollination and fruit set behaviour of aonla(Emblica officinalis)[J]. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science,1998,68(4):204-205.

        [101]Chakravarthi S,Kapoor R. Development of a

        nutritious low viscosity weaning mix using natural ingredients and microbial amylases[J]. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition,2003,54(5):341-347.

        [102]Adegoke G O,Kumar M V,Krishna A G G,et al. Antioxidants and lipid oxidation in foods-A critical appraisal[Review][J]. Journal of Food Science and Technology,1998,35(4):283-298.

        [103]Reddy V,Urooj A,Kumar A. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of some plant extracts and their application in biscuits[J]. Food Chemistry,2005,90(1-2):317-321.

        [104]Chaudhuri R K. Emblica cascading antioxidant:A novel natural skin care ingredient[J]. Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology,2002,15(5):374-380.

        [105]Chaudhuri R K. Low molecular weight tannins as a new class of skin-lightening agent[J]. Journal of Cosmetic Science,2002,53(5):305-306.

        [106]Chaudhuri R K,Lascu Z,Puccetti G,et al. Design

        of a photostabilizer having built-in antioxidant functionality and its utility in obtaining broad-spectrum sunscreen formulations[J]. Photochemistry and Photobiology,2006,82(3):823-828.

        [107]王建超. 余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica L.)遺傳多樣性分析與核心種質(zhì)構(gòu)建[D]. 福州:福建農(nóng)林大學,2024.

        (責任編輯:許" " 玲)

        DOI:10.20023/j.cnki.2095-5774.2024.06.012

        收稿日期:2024-10-23

        基金項目:國家熱帶植物種質(zhì)資源庫-余甘子種質(zhì)資源分庫(NTPGRC2024-011);福建省屬公益類科研院所基本科研專項

        (2022R1028-004);福建省人民政府與中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學院農(nóng)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展超越“5511”協(xié)同創(chuàng)新工程項目

        (XTCXGC2021019-GSS01);福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學院科技創(chuàng)新平臺(CXPT2023004)

        作者簡介:*為通訊作者,李韜(1969-),男,副研究員,主要從事果樹種質(zhì)資源與分子生物學研究,E-mail: leetao06@163.com。

        王建超(1988-),男,助理研究員,博士,主要從事特色果樹種質(zhì)資源保護與生理生化研究,E-mail:447327289@qq.com

        日本免费一区二区在线| 亚洲不卡中文字幕无码| 一本久道久久综合五月丁香| 亚洲国产精一区二区三区性色| 亚洲一区二区日韩精品在线| 疯狂的欧美乱大交| 国产真人无遮挡作爱免费视频| 99RE6在线观看国产精品| 日日高潮夜夜爽高清视频| 日韩av无码一区二区三区不卡| 精品爆乳一区二区三区无码av| 激情中文丁香激情综合| 中文字日产幕码三区做法| 在线播放真实国产乱子伦| 亚洲不卡中文字幕无码| 特级毛片a级毛片在线播放www| 李白姓白白又白类似的套路| 国产白袜脚足j棉袜在线观看| 欧美精品在线一区| 日本大胆人体亚裔一区二区| 国产精品一区二区三区卡| 亚洲日韩av无码中文字幕美国| 久久精品一品道久久精品9 | 偷拍女厕尿尿在线免费看| 国内精品亚洲成av人片| 亚洲成av人片在线观看www| 一级片久久| 中国av一区二区三区四区| 在厨房拨开内裤进入毛片| 国产成人亚洲精品无码h在线| 韩日无码不卡| 日本免费一区二区在线看片| 亚洲人成色7777在线观看不卡| 亚洲综合自拍| 热综合一本伊人久久精品| 欧美日韩精品乱国产| 吃奶还摸下面动态图gif| 中文字幕乱码亚洲无线| 日本熟妇另类一区二区三区| 毛片大全真人在线| 丁香六月久久|