【摘要】 目的 分析過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘患者的體質(zhì)及中醫(yī)證型分布特點,為其中西醫(yī)結(jié)合治療提供依據(jù)。方法 全部病例資料均來源于2020年1月至2024年5月在“云上三院”過敏微信小程序中經(jīng)過敏中醫(yī)體質(zhì)辨識初篩,并于中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院過敏科接受多學(xué)科診療的過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘等的過敏共病患者。采用回顧性分析的方法,收集患者的性別、年齡等基本信息以及中醫(yī)體質(zhì)、中醫(yī)證型等數(shù)據(jù)。根據(jù)該院過敏科團隊提出的 “過敏的5A分級診療”新理念,將患者分為3組,分別是2A患者(過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘)、3A患者(過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘及特應(yīng)性皮炎、過敏性結(jié)膜炎或食物過敏中任一疾病)和4A或5A患者(過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘及特應(yīng)性皮炎、過敏性結(jié)膜炎或食物過敏中任意2種或3種疾病)。結(jié)果 2A患者42例,其中男18例、女24例,年齡(26.4±16.6)歲;3A患者40例,其中男19例、女21例,年齡(25.0±15.5)歲;4A或5A患者8例,其中男5例、女3例,年齡(15.5±13.2)歲。2A患者常見的體質(zhì)依次是陽虛質(zhì)(17例)、氣虛質(zhì)(14例)、特稟質(zhì)(11例),3A患者常見的體質(zhì)依次是氣虛質(zhì)(23例)、特稟質(zhì)(16例)、陽虛質(zhì)(9例),4A或5A患者則以氣虛質(zhì)(6例)、特稟質(zhì)(4例)多見,陽虛質(zhì)、氣虛質(zhì)在各組患者中的分布存在差異(P均< 0.05)。2A患者常見的中醫(yī)證型依次為寒凝陽虛證(10例)、風(fēng)寒夾濕證(8例)、肺脾氣虛證(7例),3A患者常見的中醫(yī)證型依次為肺脾氣虛證(12例)、寒凝陽虛證(7例)、脾虛濕阻證(6例),4A或5A患者最常見的中醫(yī)證型為肺脾氣虛證(5例),3組患者的中醫(yī)證型分布存在差異(P < 0.05)。2A患者與4A或5A患者比較差異則有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.001);3A患者與4A或5A患者比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.001)。結(jié)論 過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘患者常見的體質(zhì)為陽虛質(zhì)、氣虛質(zhì)、特稟質(zhì),常見的中醫(yī)證型為寒凝陽虛證、風(fēng)寒夾濕證和肺脾氣虛證。過敏共病不同級別的患者體質(zhì)及中醫(yī)證型分布存在差異。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘;5A分級診療;中醫(yī)體質(zhì);中醫(yī)證型
Characteristics of constitution and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome distribution in patients with allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma
ZHANG Jintao1, LI Yue2, YANG Qintai3, YANG Hongzhi2, ZHOU Qilin3, CHEN Hongjie2, KE Qianshan2,
WANG Xiaoying4, DAI Min2,3
(1. Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Zhaoqing Hospital,
Zhaoqing 526000, China; 2. Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510630, China; 3.Department of Allergy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University,
Guangzhou 510630, China; 4.Research & Development Room, Gamma on Cloud, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China)
Corresponding author: DAI Min, E-mail: daimin@mail.sysu.edu.cn
【Abstract】 Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of constitution and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of allergic rhinitis patients complicated with asthma, aiming to provide basis for integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment for allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma. Methods After preliminary screening of traditional Chinese medicine constitution identification of allergic patients in the allergic WeChat applet of Gamma on Cloud, patients with allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma or other allergic diseases receiving multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment of Department of Allergy of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2020 to May 2024 were selected. General data such as gender and age, constitution of traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of allergic rhinitis patients complicated with asthma were collected and retrospectively analyzed. According to the new concept of “allergic 5A grading diagnosis and treatment” proposed by the team from Department of Allergy, all patients were divided into three groups: 2A patient group ( allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma), 3A patient group (allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma, and any of atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis or food allergy) and 4A or 5A patient group (allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma, and any two or three of atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis or food allergy) . Results There were 42 patients in the 2A group, 18 males and 24 females, aged (26.4±16.6) years old, 40 patients in the 3A patient group, 19 males and 21 females, aged (25.0±15.5) years old, and 8 patients in the 4A or 5A patient group, 5 males and 3 females, aged (15.5±13.2) years old, respectively. In the 2A patient group, the most frequent constitutions were yang-deficiency constitution (n = 17), qi-deficiency constitution (n = 14) and inherited special constitution (n = 11). In the 3A patient group, the most common constitutions were qi-deficiency constitution (n = 23), inherited special constitution (n = 16) and yang-deficiency constitution (n = 9 ). In the 4A or 5A patient group, the most prevalent constitutions were qi-deficiency constitution (n = 6) and inherited special constitution (n = 4). Fisher’s exact test found that there were differences in the distribution of yang-deficiency constitution among all groups (all P < 0.05). In terms of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes, the most common traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in the 2A patient group were yang deficiency with congealing cold syndrome (n = 10), wind-cold-dampness syndrome (n = 8) and lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome (n = 6). The most common traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of 3A patients were lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome (n = 12), yang deficiency with congealing cold syndrome (n = 7) and wind-cold-dampness syndrome (n = 6). The most common traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of 4A or 5A patients was lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome (n = 5). There were differences in the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes among the three groups (all P < 0.05). The difference between 2A patients and 4A or 5A patients was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The difference between 3A patients and 4A or 5A patients was also statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions The most common constitutions of allergic rhinitis patients complicated with asthma are yang-deficiency constitution, qi-deficiency constitution and inherited special constitution. The most prevalent traditional Chinese medicine syndromes are yang deficiency with congealing cold syndrome, wind-cold-dampness syndrome and lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome. There are differences in the distribution of constitution and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome among patients with different grades of allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma.
【Key words】 Allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma; 5A grading diagnosis and treatment;
Traditional Chinese medicine constitution; Traditional Chinese medicine syndrome
過敏性鼻炎是一種常見的過敏性疾病,噴嚏、流涕、鼻塞等癥狀較為常見,也容易引起支氣管、肺部的炎癥進而誘發(fā)哮喘[1-2]。究其原因,過敏性鼻炎患者的整個上呼吸道均存在慢性炎癥,進而影響肺功能[3],最終出現(xiàn)過敏共病的病理狀態(tài)。
從中醫(yī)學(xué)的角度看,先天稟賦、后天生活習(xí)慣、生活環(huán)境等對個人的影響會使不同個體形成不同體質(zhì)。體質(zhì)在某種程度上決定了機體對疾病的免疫應(yīng)答及病理生理改變,進而影響疾病的轉(zhuǎn)歸及預(yù)后,因此體質(zhì)可以為疾病的預(yù)防及治療提供依據(jù)[4]。中醫(yī)學(xué)獨特的診療環(huán)節(jié)是“辨證論治”,即在中醫(yī)整體觀指導(dǎo)下,強調(diào)因人、因地、因時、因癥而辨證論治,尤其強調(diào)糾正和調(diào)整機體內(nèi)已失調(diào)之陰陽平衡。中醫(yī)學(xué)認為過敏是機體內(nèi)陰陽由“平衡到不平衡”的病理狀態(tài)。在過敏共病的常態(tài)下,對于過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘患者來說,進一步細化體質(zhì)的分布特征及中醫(yī)證型,有利于制定更加精準的預(yù)防和治療方案從而提高療效。臨床實踐顯示,過敏共病級別相同的患者的體質(zhì)及中醫(yī)證型存在差異,目前仍缺乏對過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘患者的中醫(yī)體質(zhì)及中醫(yī)證型的相關(guān)研究。因此,本研究意在探究過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘患者的體質(zhì)分布及中醫(yī)證型分布特點,以期指導(dǎo)臨床用藥,為防治過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘提供更精準的治療思路與方法。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
病例資料來源于2020年1月至2024年5月在“云上三院”過敏微信小程序中經(jīng)過敏中醫(yī)體質(zhì)辨識初篩,并在中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院過敏科接受多學(xué)科診療的過敏性疾病患者。納入標準:①符合各類過敏性疾病的診斷標準[5-10];②中醫(yī)科參與診療過程。排除標準:①病歷資料不完整;②合并肺結(jié)核、肺癌等慢性消耗性疾??;③合并心、腦、肝、腎等系統(tǒng)較嚴重的原發(fā)性疾??;④合并精神類疾病。本研究通過中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會審批(批件號:中大附三醫(yī)倫RG2023-122-01),患者均知情同意。
1.2 中醫(yī)體質(zhì)標準
使用中醫(yī)體質(zhì)辨識簡表(來源于國家基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)規(guī)范第三版)作為中醫(yī)體質(zhì)標準,該表共33個條目[11]。評分及體質(zhì)判定準則見表1。
1.3 中醫(yī)辨證標準
根據(jù)中華人民共和國國家標準(GB/T 16751.2—2021)中醫(yī)臨床診療術(shù)語確定患者的中醫(yī)證型,且將其分為“實證”“虛證”“虛實夾雜證”3個類型[12]。中醫(yī)辨證由參與過敏性疾病診療的高級職稱中醫(yī)醫(yī)師商定并記錄。
1.4 方 法
根據(jù)中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院過敏科團隊提出的 “過敏的5A分級診療”新理念[13],同一患者可罹患單一器官過敏如過敏性鼻炎、特應(yīng)性皮炎、哮喘、過敏性結(jié)膜炎或者食物過敏(用1A表示),也可同時罹患2個或以上的器官過敏,即過敏共?。ㄓ?A或以上表示)。本研究入組患者共分為3組,分別是2A患者(過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘)、3A患者(過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘與特應(yīng)性皮炎、過敏性結(jié)膜炎或食物過敏中任一疾?。┖?A或5A患者(過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘與特應(yīng)性皮炎、過敏性結(jié)膜炎或食物過敏中任意2種或3種疾?。?/p>
1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 25.0進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計數(shù)資料用
n(%)表示,總體比較采用Fisher確切概率法,進一步兩兩比較采用Bonferroni法調(diào)整檢驗水平。正態(tài)分布計量資料采用表示,若滿足方差齊性,組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗。P < 0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 基本信息
共90例患者被納入研究。2A患者42例,其中男18例、女24例,年齡(26.4±16.6)歲;3A患者40例,其中男19例、女21例,年齡(25.0±15.5)歲;4A或5A患者8例,其中男5例、女3例,年齡(15.5±13.2)歲,3組患者性別比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P = 0.588)。
2.2 體質(zhì)分布
2.2.1 2A患者體質(zhì)分布
42例2A患者中單一體質(zhì)27例,人數(shù)最多的依次為陽虛質(zhì)、痰濕質(zhì)和氣虛質(zhì)。2種體質(zhì)12例,人數(shù)最多的依次為特稟質(zhì)+陽虛質(zhì)、特稟質(zhì)+氣虛質(zhì)。3種體質(zhì)3例,分別是特稟質(zhì)+陽虛質(zhì)+血瘀質(zhì)和特稟質(zhì)+氣虛質(zhì)+氣郁質(zhì)。見表2。
2.2.2 3A患者體質(zhì)分布
40例3A患者中單一體質(zhì)23例,依次為氣虛質(zhì)、陽虛質(zhì)、濕熱質(zhì)和痰濕質(zhì)。2種體質(zhì)16例,人數(shù)最多的依次為特稟質(zhì)+氣虛質(zhì)、特稟質(zhì)+陽虛質(zhì)。3種體質(zhì)1例,為特稟質(zhì)+氣虛質(zhì)+氣郁質(zhì)。見表3。
2.2.3 4A或5A患者體質(zhì)分布
8例4A或5A患者單一體質(zhì)3例,分別為濕熱質(zhì)(2例)和氣虛質(zhì)(1例)。2種體質(zhì)5例,分別為特稟質(zhì)+氣虛質(zhì)(4例)和痰濕質(zhì)+氣虛質(zhì)(1例)。
2.2.4 各種體質(zhì)在3組患者中的分布差異
陽虛質(zhì)、氣虛質(zhì)在各組患者中的分布存在差異(P均< 0.05),見表4。
2.3 中醫(yī)證型分布
所有患者常見的中醫(yī)證型依次為肺脾氣虛證、寒凝陽虛證和風(fēng)寒夾濕證。2A患者最常見的中醫(yī)證型依次為寒凝陽虛證、風(fēng)寒夾濕證和肺脾氣虛證;3A患者最常見的中醫(yī)證型依次為肺脾氣虛證、寒凝陽虛證和脾虛濕阻證;4A或5A患者最常見的中醫(yī)證型為肺脾氣虛證,見表5。
將中醫(yī)證型分為“實證”“虛證”“虛實夾雜證”3個類型,3組總體比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P =
0.047)。進一步兩兩比較顯示,2A患者與3A患者比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P = 0.412),2A患者與4A或5A患者比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.001),3A患者與4A或5A患者比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P <
0.001)。見表5。
3 討 論
過敏性鼻炎在中醫(yī)上屬“鼻鼽”,哮喘則屬“哮病”“喘證”范疇[14-15]。過敏性鼻炎常合并哮喘,因此王烈教授曾提出“鼻哮”理念[16]。黃暉等[17]認為,過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘的病位在“肺鼻”,累及脾、腎,基本的中醫(yī)病機為“本虛”“外邪”“痰濁”。劉建秋教授曾提出過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘是“內(nèi)因為本,外因為標”,臨床上以虛證表現(xiàn)居多[18-21]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘的患者主要感受的外邪以“風(fēng)、寒、濕”為主,本虛以“肺脾氣虛、陽虛”多見,與中醫(yī)各家學(xué)說基本一致。其中2A患者陽虛較為常見,4A或5A患者氣虛更為常見,這種中醫(yī)證型的差異考慮與納入的人群年齡分布有關(guān),4A或5A患者年齡均數(shù)為15.5歲,中醫(yī)認為兒童的基本生理特性是“肝常有余,肺脾常不足”[22-23],故4A或5A患者組中肺脾氣虛證較為常見。
體質(zhì)表現(xiàn)為機能、代謝以及對外界刺激反應(yīng)等方面的個體差異性,對某些病因和疾病的易感性,以及疾病傳變轉(zhuǎn)歸中的某種傾向性。按照不同的年齡階段,人體體質(zhì)分為4個階段,包括稚陰稚陽(嬰幼兒)、氣血漸盛(青年)、氣血充盛(壯年)、五臟氣衰(老年)[24-25]。過敏體質(zhì)在不同年齡階段的分布并不一致,趙海虹等[26-27]進行的2項關(guān)于嬰幼兒體質(zhì)的研究表明,過敏體質(zhì)在0~<1歲、1~<2歲、2~3歲嬰幼兒中的比例逐漸上升。在青壯年到老年階段,過敏體質(zhì)比例呈現(xiàn)出隨年齡增長而下降的總體趨勢,2項分別納入10 8015、21 948名研究對象的體質(zhì)流行病學(xué)調(diào)查表明,在15歲及以上人群中,過敏體質(zhì)的比例隨著年齡增長而下降[28-29]。從中醫(yī)的角度來看,機體隨著年齡的增長氣血逐漸強盛,正氣對過敏原刺激反應(yīng)程度增強,同時活動范圍及接觸到的過敏原逐漸增加,形成過敏體質(zhì)的可能性也隨之增大。而從青年到老年的過程中,機體從氣血充盛逐漸變?yōu)槲迮K氣衰,正氣對過敏原刺激的反應(yīng)程度隨之減弱,因此過敏體質(zhì)的比例隨之下降。本研究中,根據(jù)“過敏的5A分級診療”分級后的患者年齡分布并不一致,這提示過敏共病等級與年齡或存在負相關(guān)關(guān)系,與既往的研究結(jié)果一致。同時本研究結(jié)果提示過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘的患者最常見的體質(zhì)是氣虛質(zhì)、陽虛質(zhì)和特稟質(zhì),這與一項Meta分析的結(jié)果一致[30]。張詩瑜等[31]進行的過敏性哮喘患者體質(zhì)分布特征的研究顯示,過敏性哮喘患者最常見的體質(zhì)也是氣虛質(zhì)、陽虛質(zhì)和特稟質(zhì)。這些研究出現(xiàn)了相似結(jié)果,考慮與過敏性鼻炎與哮喘常以共病的形式出現(xiàn)的原因有關(guān)[32-33]。本研究結(jié)果與目前國內(nèi)已發(fā)表文獻結(jié)果基本一致,本研究還進一步提示,使用“過敏的5A分級診療”對患者進行分組后,4A或5A患者的年齡更小且氣虛質(zhì)人數(shù)更多,這與中醫(yī)認為兒童的基本生理特性是“肝常有余,肺脾常不足”相吻合。
綜上所述,過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘的患者在不同過敏共病的級別中的中醫(yī)體質(zhì)及中醫(yī)證型分布存在差異。若僅從過敏性鼻炎合并哮喘的角度,忽略其他過敏共病制定中醫(yī)臨床診療方案,將會有失偏頗。故以“過敏的5A分級診療”理念為基礎(chǔ),對過敏性疾病患者進行更細致的分類,可為中醫(yī)臨床診療提供參考并可提高中醫(yī)臨床診療的準確性?,F(xiàn)今已進入人工智能新時代,人工智能可讓原來雜亂無序的醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)實現(xiàn)應(yīng)有的價值[34]。我科在過敏性疾病臨床診療中使用“云上三院”過敏微信小程序收集患者的中醫(yī)臨床數(shù)據(jù),在未來可進一步構(gòu)建更為準確的過敏性疾病中西醫(yī)結(jié)合臨床預(yù)測模型,并對患者進行全流程的健康管理,這有利于提高臨床診療的準確性,使得一線臨床工作者對過敏性疾病患者的病情、既往史等有更充分的了解,從而為過敏性疾病患者提供更為精準的診療服務(wù)。
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