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        寒地蘋果龍豐、岳艷及其兩個(gè)雜交優(yōu)系抗寒性綜合評(píng)價(jià)

        2024-04-10 18:00:01包俊宏包敖民楊榮李今普王寶俠鄭東生何炎紅
        果樹學(xué)報(bào) 2024年2期

        包俊宏 包敖民 楊榮 李今普 王寶俠 鄭東生 何炎紅

        DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230438

        摘? ? 要:【目的】通過對(duì)內(nèi)蒙古寒地蘋果龍豐和岳艷及其2個(gè)優(yōu)系的抗寒性進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),明確2個(gè)優(yōu)系的適生區(qū)域,為豐富寒地蘋果種質(zhì)資源以及選育抗寒性強(qiáng)的寒地蘋果品種提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。【方法】以龍豐、岳艷以及它們的2個(gè)雜交優(yōu)系為試材,在不同低溫處理下進(jìn)行1年生枝條生理指標(biāo)試驗(yàn),測(cè)定相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、過氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量;以及在模擬霜降條件下做花期生理反應(yīng)試驗(yàn),測(cè)定花朵子房及幼果過冷卻點(diǎn)和結(jié)冰點(diǎn)。采用隸屬函數(shù)法綜合評(píng)價(jià)4份蘋果材料的抗寒性?!窘Y(jié)果】隨著處理溫度的降低,各供試材料枝條的相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率逐漸升高,呈“S”形變化曲線,其中優(yōu)系TL0099相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率上升幅度小,岳艷躍變幅度較大;優(yōu)系TL0099的MDA含量在-25 ℃低溫脅迫下出現(xiàn)突然躍變的現(xiàn)象,而岳艷從對(duì)照(4 ℃)持續(xù)增加,-25 ℃低溫脅迫處理后開始下降;優(yōu)系TL0099的POD活性顯著高于親本組合;不同低溫處理下,2個(gè)優(yōu)系枝條SOD活性顯著高于親本組合。各供試材料SP含量到達(dá)峰值的溫度均在-20 ℃,且達(dá)到峰值后,SP含量不再上升。通過花期霜凍試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)4份供試材料的子房、幼果受凍溫度范圍為-5.6 ℃~-2.4 ℃,且各供試材料幼果過冷卻點(diǎn)均高于子房過冷卻點(diǎn)?!窘Y(jié)論】4份蘋果材料抗寒力強(qiáng)弱排序依次為:TL0099>TL0092>龍豐>岳艷。其中TL0099、TL0092為Ⅱ級(jí)抗寒品系;龍豐為Ⅲ級(jí)中抗品種;岳艷為Ⅳ級(jí)低抗品種。

        關(guān)鍵詞:蘋果;抗寒性;生理指標(biāo);過冷卻點(diǎn)

        中圖分類號(hào):S661.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)02-0241-11

        Comprehensive evaluation of cold resistance of apple Longfeng, Yueyan and their two hybrid strains in cold region

        BAO Junhong1, BAO Aomin2, YANG Rong1, 3*, LI Jinpu1, WANG Baoxia2, ZHENG Dongsheng1, HE Yanhong1*

        (1College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China; 2Tongliao Forestry and Grassland Science Research Institute, Tongliao 028399, Inner Mongolia, China; 3Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Forestry Science Research Institute, Hohhot 010010, Inner Mongolia, China)

        Abstract: 【Objective】 With global warming, the risk of late frost damage in flowering period of fruit trees is increasing. Therefore, in order to stabilize food security and ensure the red line of cultivated land, the main direction of apple breeding in cold areas is to select and breed middle and early cold-resistant varieties. The evaluation of cold resistance of existing apple varieties is extremely important for new varieties breeding, and cultivation. In this paper, apple Longfeng and Yueyan and their two superior strains in northeast cold region of Inner Mongolia were studied, in order to further verify the cold resistance of the two superior strains and to clarify the suitable cultivation areas of the two superior strains, and provide scientific basis for enriching the germplasm resources of apple in cold region and breeding cold region apples with strong cold resistance. 【Methods】 Two commercial varieties, Longfeng and Yueyan, along with two superior lines, TL0092 and TL0099, were used as test materials. The physiological indicators of one-year-old branches under various low-temperature conditions, as well as the physiological responses of flower buds post low-temperature treatment, were assessed to evaluate the cold resistance of Longfeng, Yueyan, and the two superior lines. The one-year dormant branches were evenly divided into seven groups, subjected to seven different temperature treatments: 4 ℃, -10 ℃,?-20 ℃, -25 ℃, -30 ℃, -35 ℃, and -40 ℃. The temperature was reduced to the setting temperature at a rate of 5 ℃·h-1and and maintained for 24 hours, then the samples under low-temperature stress were thawed; 4 ℃ served as the control for physiological testing. The malondialdehyde content was measured using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by the nitro blue tetrazolium reduction method, peroxidase (POD) activity by the guaiacol method, soluble protein (SP) content using Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 staining, and relative electrical conductivity (E) refered to the methods of Jin Mingli, Yang Xue, et al. The branches collected at the red-bud stage were hydroponically cultivated to bloom, and based on temperature changes during frost occurrence, six low-temperature treatments (-1 ℃, -2 ℃, -3 ℃, -4 ℃, -5 ℃, -6 ℃) were set with room temperature as the control. The simulated frost box was pre-cooled to about 10 ℃, then cooled at a rate of 6 ℃/4 h to about 4 ℃, and slowly cooled to the set temperature at a rate of 1 ℃/0.5 h, maintained for 2 hours. The heating rate was set at 1 ℃/0.5 h back to room temperature. The ovarys and exocarps of the young fruits during full bloom and young fruit stages were used as the measurement sites to determine the supercooling point and freezing point of each test material, with continuous automatic data recording and analysis of surface temperature changes of the tissues. 【Results】 The electrical conductivity of all test materials increased with the temperature decreasing, showing an “S”-shaped change curve. The varieties with strong cold resistance had lower increase in relative electrical conductivity Among them, the line TL0099 exhibited a lower increase in the relative electrical conductivity, indicating that its cell membrane system suffered less damage than the two parents and the line TL0092, showed stronger cold resistance. Conversely, Yueyan showed a relatively higher leap in the relative electrical conductivity. The conductivity of the dormant branches of all test materials showe a peak under the -40 ℃ treatment. Among the four apple materials, the line TL0099 showed a sudden jump in the MDA content at -25 ℃, while Yueyan continuously increased until -25 ℃ before declining. Under low-temperature stress, the two parent varietiess showed an “N”-shaped change trend in the POD content, the line TL0092 showed a peak at -30 ℃, showing an initial increase followed by a decrease. The POD activity of TL0099 was significantly higher than that of the parents and TL0092. The SOD content of the branches of TL0099 and TL0092 under different low-temperature treatments was significantly higher than that of the parents Longfeng and Yueyan. The SP content of the all test materials showed a peak at -20 ℃ and did not increase further, the varieties with stronger cold resistance had higher SP content. The frost test during the flowering period revealed that the freezing temperature range for the ovarys and young fruits of the test materials was -2.4 ℃ to -5.6 ℃, with the supercooling point of young fruits higher than that of the ovarys, indicating that the young fruit's cold resistance was inferior to that of the ovarys. 【Conclusion】 By conducting the artificial low-temperature treatment experiments on one-year-old branches and frost tests during the flowering period, and analyzing with the membership function method, the cold resistance of the four apple varieties (strains) was ranked as follows: TL0099>TL0092>Longfeng>Yueyan. The lines TL0092 and TL0099 were classified as Level Ⅱ cold-resistant strains, Longfeng as a Level Ⅲ moderately cold resistant variety, and Yueyan as a Level Ⅳ low-resistant variety.

        Key words: Apple; Cold resistance; Physiological indicators; Supercooling point

        蘋果(Malus domestica Borkh.)是溫帶落葉果樹,作為中國(guó)第二大水果,在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中占有重要地位,決定著中國(guó)人的果盤子[1-2]。改革開放以來,中國(guó)蘋果產(chǎn)業(yè)布局不斷優(yōu)化調(diào)整,受經(jīng)濟(jì)、氣候條件、國(guó)家政策等因素的影響,蘋果生產(chǎn)布局發(fā)生了重大改變[3-4]。優(yōu)質(zhì)抗寒蘋果主產(chǎn)區(qū)位于北緯40°~46°,其氣候特征包括低溫、干旱、強(qiáng)風(fēng)、初霜早、降溫快和秋季短暫等。這些氣候條件導(dǎo)致蘋果樹過冬率低,出現(xiàn)抽條和凍害的現(xiàn)象。此外,隨全球氣候變暖,近年來中國(guó)的暖冬和暖春現(xiàn)象日益增多。大部分植物的物候期提前,而春季氣溫回升速度也加快,進(jìn)一步增加了果樹花期遭受晚霜凍害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5]。蘋果屬于呼吸躍變型果實(shí),根據(jù)中國(guó)國(guó)情和果實(shí)特點(diǎn),需要培育優(yōu)質(zhì)、耐貯、晚熟的主栽品種及特色多樣化的早、中熟品種[6],而對(duì)現(xiàn)有蘋果品種抗寒能力的評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)新品種選育、栽培和后期推廣具有重要指導(dǎo)意義。

        關(guān)于果樹抗寒性的評(píng)價(jià),前人采用了不同方法進(jìn)行了深入研究。其中,生理生化指標(biāo)測(cè)試法常用于抗寒性評(píng)價(jià)[7]。井俊麗等[8]利用主成分分析法對(duì)自然越冬條件下不同蘋果砧木1年生枝條生理特性進(jìn)行了分析,最終確定了3個(gè)主成分,包括11個(gè)指標(biāo)作為蘋果主要的抗寒性評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。李榮富等[9]認(rèn)為,利用電導(dǎo)率值能夠較為準(zhǔn)確地反映果樹真實(shí)的抗寒能力。劉興祿等[7]采用隸屬函數(shù)法結(jié)合電導(dǎo)法通過對(duì)5個(gè)砧木蘋果1年生枝條低溫脅迫下的抗寒應(yīng)答機(jī)制進(jìn)行了抗寒性研究和評(píng)價(jià),結(jié)果表明,電導(dǎo)法與隸屬函數(shù)法對(duì)不同砧木抗寒性的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果完全一致。叢日征等[10]認(rèn)為,因抗寒機(jī)制復(fù)雜,植物的抗寒性應(yīng)由多個(gè)因素綜合決定。抗晚霜能力也是決定蘋果是否可以豐收的關(guān)鍵因素,但目前關(guān)于果樹花期凍害的研究較少,李曉龍等[11]認(rèn)為,可以通過檢測(cè)花朵過冷點(diǎn)及結(jié)冰點(diǎn)溫度判定不同品種花朵抗寒性。孫魯龍等[12]通過霜凍試驗(yàn),研究不同矮化中間砧對(duì)瑞雪蘋果花抗霜凍能力的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)瑞雪蘋果花霜凍半致死溫度平均為-4.32 ℃,邊花抗凍性整體上優(yōu)于中心花。袁嘉瑋等[13]采用人工氣候箱對(duì)運(yùn)城主要果樹花期凍害指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了研究,并得到運(yùn)城市蘋果、梨、杏和桃花期遭受凍害的臨界溫度。

        雜交育種既能將2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上的優(yōu)異性狀集中到一個(gè)新的品系中,又能利用雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)培育出優(yōu)于雙親的新品種[14]。2012年左右,龍豐為東北地區(qū)栽植面積最大的寒地小果型蘋果品種,具有豐(穩(wěn))產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)、耐貯的優(yōu)良特點(diǎn),成為東北寒地蘋果產(chǎn)區(qū)的主栽品種[15-16];而岳艷為大果型蘋果,品質(zhì)和抗寒性均較好,在遼寧、河北等地廣泛栽培。2012年,筆者課題組以“抗寒、優(yōu)質(zhì)、中果、果肉脆”為育種目標(biāo),以龍豐和岳艷為親本,開展了雜交育種試驗(yàn),最終獲得480株后代群體。10年的跟蹤選擇表明,子代TL0092具有不易落果、著色好、香味濃郁、可溶性固形物含量達(dá)20%的優(yōu)良特性;子代TL0099具有早熟、優(yōu)質(zhì)、抗病性強(qiáng)等特性。因此,為進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證2個(gè)優(yōu)系的抗寒能力,筆者以父母本龍豐、岳艷以及2個(gè)雜交優(yōu)系為試材,對(duì)4份供試材料進(jìn)行了1年生枝條在低溫寒冷條件下的生理指標(biāo)的測(cè)定,以及模擬霜降條件下花芽子房、幼果的生理反應(yīng)試驗(yàn)。利用隸屬函數(shù)法進(jìn)行綜合性評(píng)價(jià),以期對(duì)2個(gè)優(yōu)系抗寒性進(jìn)行科學(xué)判斷,最終確定2個(gè)優(yōu)系的適宜栽培區(qū),為豐富寒地蘋果品種資源以及選育抗寒性強(qiáng)的寒地蘋果品種提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

        1 材料和方法

        1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

        試驗(yàn)材料為龍豐、岳艷以及岳艷×龍豐的雜交優(yōu)選后代TL0092、TL0099,具體品種情況見表1。

        1.2 材料采集

        于2023年2月初,剪取各試材長(zhǎng)勢(shì)良好、均勻一致的1年生休眠枝條(分別取20枝),長(zhǎng)度截取約為40 cm,粗度約為0.7 cm,用自來水、蒸餾水先后沖洗3次,擦干后兩端進(jìn)行蠟封,塑封置于冰盒帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,用于相關(guān)生理生化指標(biāo)的測(cè)定。

        于2023年4月19日,在各試材枝條露紅期采集枝條并插入花泥中以此提供枝條所需水分,帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室并進(jìn)行水培,用于子房過冷卻點(diǎn)測(cè)定。幼果采于盛花期7 d后,測(cè)定過冷卻點(diǎn)及結(jié)冰點(diǎn)。

        1.3 材料處理

        將采集的4個(gè)蘋果1年生休眠枝條帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室后剪去頂部5 cm,先后用自來水、蒸餾水沖洗3遍,均勻分成7組,分別在4 ℃、-10 ℃、-20 ℃、-25 ℃、-30 ℃、-35 ℃、-40 ℃冰箱中進(jìn)行冷凍處理。降溫(5 ℃·h-1)至設(shè)定溫度后持續(xù)24 h后將各低溫脅迫的樣品進(jìn)行解凍;以4 ℃作為對(duì)照,用于生理指標(biāo)測(cè)定。

        將露紅期采集的枝條水培至開花,根據(jù)通遼發(fā)生霜凍時(shí)溫度變化情況,以室溫做對(duì)照,共設(shè)置-1 ℃、-2 ℃、-3 ℃、-4 ℃、-5 ℃、-6 ℃等6個(gè)低溫處理。模擬霜箱先預(yù)冷至10 ℃左右之后以1.5 ℃·h-1速度降溫至4 ℃左右,再以2 ℃·h-1的速度緩慢降溫到設(shè)定溫度,持續(xù)2 h后,以2 ℃·h-1速度升至室內(nèi)溫度,測(cè)定各供試材料過冷卻點(diǎn)與結(jié)冰點(diǎn)。

        1.4 生理指標(biāo)的測(cè)定方法

        參照金明麗[17]、楊雪[18]、張鋼[19]的方法測(cè)定相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率(REC)。采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法測(cè)定丙二醛(MDA)含量,采用四唑氮藍(lán)光還原法測(cè)定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,采用愈創(chuàng)木酚法測(cè)定過氧化物酶(POD)活性,采用考馬斯亮藍(lán)G-250染色法測(cè)定可溶性蛋白(SP)含量[20]。

        1.5 過冷卻點(diǎn)測(cè)定方法

        過冷卻現(xiàn)象指植物體溫下降至0 ℃以下時(shí),植物器官組織內(nèi)水分未結(jié)冰仍保持液態(tài)的現(xiàn)象。結(jié)冰現(xiàn)象是隨著外界溫度持續(xù)降低而低于植物組織自身能抵御的最低溫度時(shí),組織釋放潛熱,溫度變化曲線出現(xiàn)峰值跳躍,該峰的起點(diǎn)溫度就是過冷卻點(diǎn)(T1),回升到一定溫度后,冰晶核形成,溫度不再上升,晶體增長(zhǎng),放熱與吸熱處于平衡狀態(tài),此時(shí)溫度即結(jié)冰點(diǎn)(T2)。

        采用MSX-2F型模擬霜箱系統(tǒng)(精度為±0.5 ℃),以4份試材的子房及幼果為測(cè)定部位,測(cè)定過冷卻點(diǎn)和結(jié)冰點(diǎn)。將蘋果枝條置于人工霜箱內(nèi),再將熱電偶溫度傳感器探頭安置在待測(cè)部位上[11]。溫度傳感器與數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)和微機(jī)連接,每10 s自動(dòng)掃描1次,連續(xù)記錄數(shù)據(jù)、分析組織表面溫度變化,繪制溫度變化曲線。

        1.6 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

        采用模糊隸屬函數(shù)法,用公式(1)和(2)[21]計(jì)算4個(gè)供試材料抗寒指標(biāo)的隸屬函數(shù)值,用公式(3)計(jì)算供試材料的抗寒性綜合評(píng)價(jià)值(Di)。用SPSS 22進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)與分析,并用Excel繪圖。

        u(Xij)=(Xij-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)(與抗寒性呈正相關(guān)指標(biāo));? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (1)

        u(Xij)=1-(Xij-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)(與抗寒性呈負(fù)相關(guān)指標(biāo));? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (2)

        Di=∑u(Xij)/n。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (3)

        式中,u(Xij)為i樣品j性狀的隸屬函數(shù)值,Xij為i樣品j性狀的實(shí)測(cè)值,Xmax和Xmin分別為該指標(biāo)的最大值和最小值;Di為i材料的平均隸屬函數(shù)值,n為測(cè)定指標(biāo)數(shù),Di值越大,表明抗寒性越強(qiáng)。

        2 結(jié)果與分析

        2.1 不同低溫處理對(duì)相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率的影響

        利用電導(dǎo)率法來評(píng)價(jià)植物的耐寒能力是一種相對(duì)直觀的手段,已在多個(gè)領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用[22]。當(dāng)相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率達(dá)到50%時(shí),這個(gè)溫度可以被視為枝條的半致死溫度[23]。如圖1所示,TL0092、TL0099、龍豐和岳艷在-35 ℃、-40 ℃、-35 ℃、-35 ℃的溫度下,它們的相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率分別達(dá)到了55.76%、57.35%、49.99%、48.06%。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明TL0092、TL0099、龍豐和岳艷的半致死溫度在-35 ℃、-40 ℃、-35 ℃、-35 ℃左右。不同品種枝條電解質(zhì)滲出率均隨著低溫的脅迫,呈“S”形變化趨勢(shì)。從整體上看,在4 ℃、-10 ℃、-20 ℃、-25 ℃、-30 ℃處理時(shí),各供試材料的電導(dǎo)率增加速率較為緩慢。在-35 ℃處理時(shí),龍豐、TL0092枝條相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率迅速升高。TL0099枝條相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率則在-40 ℃處理時(shí)驟增,且與其他試材相比對(duì)照至-40 ℃躍升值為18.96%,變化較為平緩,說明TL0099細(xì)胞膜系統(tǒng)受害程度低于其他試材,抗寒性較強(qiáng)。4個(gè)蘋果休眠枝條的電導(dǎo)率均在-40 ℃處理下達(dá)到峰值。

        2.2 不同低溫處理下MDA含量的變化

        MDA是膜脂過氧化作用的產(chǎn)物,植物在逆境脅迫時(shí)其含量的增加會(huì)破壞細(xì)胞膜系統(tǒng),嚴(yán)重時(shí)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞的死亡[24]。如圖2所示,在不同低溫脅迫下,親本和后代植株的MDA含量變化并不完全一致。TL0092的MDA含量在-10 ℃~-30 ℃時(shí),差異不顯著,且在-25 ℃時(shí)與龍豐無顯著差異。TL0099在4 ℃、-10 ℃、-20 ℃時(shí),MDA含量變化趨于穩(wěn)定,而在-25 ℃處理下驟增,達(dá)到峰值。親本岳艷的MDA含量隨著溫度的下降而升高,在-25 ℃時(shí)達(dá)高峰,而后又急劇降低。-35 ℃低溫處理下,子代TL0092、TL0099與親本岳艷差異不顯著。-40 ℃低溫處理下,優(yōu)系TL0099與親本龍豐無顯著差異。

        2.3 不同低溫處理下POD活性的變化

        POD是植物體內(nèi)酶促防御系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分[25]。隨著處理溫度的降低,親本與優(yōu)系POD活性變化如圖3所示,親本龍豐與岳艷的POD活性均在處理溫度為-25 ℃時(shí)達(dá)到峰值。親本龍豐、岳艷在整個(gè)過程中呈N形變化趨勢(shì)。在處理溫度為-30 ℃時(shí),子代TL0092的POD活性達(dá)到峰值;TL0099則在4 ℃、-10 ℃、-20 ℃、-30 ℃時(shí)POD活性顯著高于其他供試材料。TL0092在整個(gè)低溫脅迫過程中呈升-降-升-降-升的雙峰曲線變化趨勢(shì),而TL0099呈升-降-升的單峰曲線變化趨勢(shì),且在-20 ℃~-30 ℃低溫處理下變化較為平緩。

        2.4 不同低溫處理下SOD活性的變化

        SOD在抗氧化酶系統(tǒng)中扮演重要的角色,在植物體內(nèi)普遍存在,過氧化氫的產(chǎn)生與SOD活性直接相關(guān)。穩(wěn)定且較高水平的SOD活性能夠高效清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)因低溫脅迫產(chǎn)生的活性氧物質(zhì),進(jìn)一步保證細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)[26]。如圖4所示,不同低溫脅迫的各供試材料中,2個(gè)親本枝條SOD活性分別在-25 ℃、-30 ℃低溫處理時(shí)達(dá)到峰值,而2個(gè)優(yōu)系枝條SOD活性分別在-35 ℃、-40 ℃低溫處理時(shí)達(dá)到峰值。在-10 ℃處理下,TL0092、龍豐SOD活性極顯著高于岳艷和TL0099,且岳艷與優(yōu)系TL0099在-10 ℃、-20 ℃、-25 ℃處理下SOD活性差異不顯著。TL0092在-30 ℃、-35 ℃處理時(shí)SOD活性顯著高于其他供試材料。在整個(gè)低溫處理過程中,TL0092、龍豐、岳艷SOD活性呈M形雙峰曲線變化趨勢(shì)、而TL0099枝條SOD含量呈降-升-降-升的變化趨勢(shì)。

        2.5 不同低溫處理對(duì)SP含量的影響

        SP通過降低植物細(xì)胞冰點(diǎn),減小低溫結(jié)冰傷害致死概率,是植物體內(nèi)重要的有機(jī)滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)[27]。由圖5可知,除岳艷外,其他3份材料SP含量呈升-降-升-降-升的變化趨勢(shì),且均在-20 ℃低溫處理時(shí)達(dá)到峰值,達(dá)到一定低溫后,SP含量開始下降。在-25 ℃低溫處理下,TL0092、TL0099、龍豐SP含量下降,在-30 ℃時(shí)再次上升,呈M形變化趨勢(shì)。岳艷亦在-20 ℃低溫下,SP含量達(dá)到峰值后呈持續(xù)降低趨勢(shì),而優(yōu)系TL0092在-20 ℃~-30 ℃低溫處理時(shí)變化較平緩。

        2.6 各蘋果子房、幼果過冷卻點(diǎn)

        不同試材霜降后過冷卻點(diǎn)不同,且幼果過冷卻點(diǎn)高于子房過冷卻點(diǎn)(見表2、圖6、圖7),龍豐盛花期(子房)的過冷卻點(diǎn)范圍為-2.6 ℃~-4 ℃,幼果過冷卻點(diǎn)范圍為-2.6 ℃~-3.0 ℃。岳艷盛花期(子房)的過冷卻點(diǎn)范圍為-2.5 ℃~-3.4 ℃,幼果過冷卻點(diǎn)范圍為-2.4 ℃~-2.8 ℃。TL0092盛花期(子房)的過冷卻點(diǎn)范圍為-2.7 ℃~-4.0 ℃,幼果過冷卻點(diǎn)范圍為-2.4 ℃~-3.3 ℃。TL0099盛花期(子房)的過冷卻點(diǎn)范圍為-2.7 ℃~-5.6 ℃,幼果過冷卻點(diǎn)范圍為-2.8 ℃~-3.3 ℃。各供試材料幼果過冷卻點(diǎn)均比子房過冷卻點(diǎn)高,說明蘋果幼果抗寒性不如子房。

        2.7 蘋果品種抗寒性的綜合評(píng)價(jià)

        植物抗寒性是由多種綜合作用的累加結(jié)果,受多因素的影響和制約,用某單一指標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)植物的抗寒性不具有代表性。而多元統(tǒng)計(jì)方法中的隸屬函數(shù)法可將多種指標(biāo)綜合起來,因此,采用隸屬函數(shù)法綜合多個(gè)指標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)植物的抗寒性較為可靠[23]。根據(jù)上述所測(cè)得的與蘋果抗寒性相關(guān)的指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù),運(yùn)用隸屬函數(shù)法得出4份供試材料的隸屬函數(shù)平均值,隸屬函數(shù)值越大,品種抗寒性越強(qiáng),按照大小依次排序,得出龍豐、岳艷、TL0092、TL0099抗寒性的強(qiáng)弱綜合排名。從表3可以得出,4個(gè)蘋果1年生休眠枝抗寒性強(qiáng)弱的綜合排名依次為:TL0099>TL0092>龍豐>岳艷。

        參照陶雅[28]的方法,對(duì)4個(gè)蘋果進(jìn)行分級(jí),其中TL0099、TL0092為Ⅱ級(jí)抗寒品系;龍豐為Ⅲ級(jí)中抗品種;岳艷為Ⅳ級(jí)低抗品種。

        3 討 論

        在本試驗(yàn)中,人工模擬低溫脅迫的方式雖與自然環(huán)境條件下的凍害存在差異,但所有供試材料在同一條件下進(jìn)行測(cè)定,能夠反映不同供試材料間抗寒能力的強(qiáng)弱[29]

        3.1 低溫脅迫與膜穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)系

        相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率的大小是植物抗寒性強(qiáng)弱的重要指標(biāo)。在不同低溫脅迫下,各品種電導(dǎo)率均隨溫度的下降而增加,抗寒性強(qiáng)的品種相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率增幅較小且相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率值較低[30]。在本研究中,4個(gè)蘋果品種(系)1年生休眠枝的相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率隨溫度的降低呈“S”形變化趨勢(shì)。TL0099電導(dǎo)率升高的速度相對(duì)平緩,且與其他供試材料相比,對(duì)照至-40 ℃增長(zhǎng)率最低,說明TL0099細(xì)胞膜系統(tǒng)受害程度低于TL0092、龍豐與岳艷。MDA作為膜脂過氧化的重要產(chǎn)物,是衡量細(xì)胞膜受損害程度的重要指標(biāo)[31-33]。植株體內(nèi)MDA大量積聚后,與蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合引起膜蛋白的變性,從而導(dǎo)致生理代謝紊亂,嚴(yán)重時(shí)導(dǎo)致植株死亡[34]。4份供試材料1年生休眠枝條MDA含量在-25 ℃~-30 ℃低溫條件下顯著降低,這可能是由于超過了植株所能承受的低溫范圍,從而使細(xì)胞遭到破壞,影響低溫脅迫下的正常生理反應(yīng)。而岳艷在對(duì)照、-10 ℃、-20 ℃、-25 ℃低溫條件下,MDA釋放量較高,說明低溫加劇細(xì)胞膜脂過氧化程度,導(dǎo)致生物膜受損較嚴(yán)重。

        3.2 低溫脅迫與抗氧化系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系

        POD、SOD是保護(hù)植物酶系統(tǒng)的重要酶類[35-36]。低溫脅迫影響植物細(xì)胞膜的穩(wěn)定性,隨著低溫脅迫程度的增大對(duì)植物造成的傷害也隨之加重[37]。本研究表明,POD活性隨著低溫的脅迫加重,呈先升后降的趨勢(shì),達(dá)到一定低溫后,POD活性開始降低,這表明保護(hù)酶系統(tǒng)能及時(shí)響應(yīng)低溫脅迫,與閆忠業(yè)等[38]報(bào)道的結(jié)果一致。范宗民等[39]在葡萄砧木的抗寒性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),SOD活性隨著溫度的降低,其活性不穩(wěn)定,呈現(xiàn)M形的變化趨勢(shì)。本研究中各供試材料SOD活性變化呈M形趨勢(shì)的有岳艷、龍豐、TL0092,POD活性在-35 ℃之后開始降低,可能表明在-40 ℃低溫下已無法及時(shí)響應(yīng)過氧化脅迫,氧自由基含量超過了保護(hù)酶系統(tǒng)的清除能力。

        3.3 低溫脅迫與滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)的關(guān)系

        SP含量與抗寒性呈正相關(guān),SP大量積累,幫助細(xì)胞維持較低的滲透勢(shì),增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞的耐脫水能力,從而減緩低溫傷害。SP是植物體內(nèi)重要的滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)[40],并且抗寒性強(qiáng)的品種SP含量較高。本試驗(yàn)各蘋果供試材料SP含量到達(dá)峰值的溫度均在-20 ℃,達(dá)到峰值后,各供試材料SP含量不再上升,開始下降,可能是因?yàn)?20 ℃低溫時(shí)各蘋果枝條體內(nèi)滲透調(diào)節(jié)代謝系統(tǒng)遭到破壞。

        3.4 低溫脅迫與過冷卻點(diǎn)的關(guān)系

        過冷卻點(diǎn)溫度是植物組織器官生理適應(yīng)的低溫下限,過冷點(diǎn)越低,抗寒性越強(qiáng)[41]。通過測(cè)定各供試材料子房、幼果過冷卻點(diǎn)以及結(jié)冰點(diǎn)得出數(shù)據(jù),并發(fā)現(xiàn)同試材同器官的過冷卻點(diǎn)和結(jié)冰點(diǎn)都有范圍,這與廖咸康等[42]在8種草本地被植物細(xì)胞溶液中的研究結(jié)果一致。影響生物體過冷卻點(diǎn)及抗寒性的因素較多,如植株體含水量、植株體抗凍物質(zhì)含量、降溫速度等[43-45]。各供試材料幼果過冷卻點(diǎn)均比子房過冷卻點(diǎn)高,說明蘋果幼果抗寒性不如子房。4個(gè)蘋果子房、幼果受凍溫度范圍為-5.6 ℃~-2.4 ℃,說明當(dāng)溫度低于-5.6 ℃時(shí),各供試材料花朵子房及幼果將可能全部受凍。

        筆者在本試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),在低溫脅迫處理中,單個(gè)指標(biāo)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與最終的隸屬函數(shù)法計(jì)算得出的綜合結(jié)果略有差異,MDA、SOD、SP 3個(gè)指標(biāo)測(cè)定結(jié)果表明,子代TL0092、TL0099抗寒力均強(qiáng)于親本龍豐、岳艷。因此僅用單一指標(biāo)來判定蘋果耐寒性比較片面,應(yīng)結(jié)合多項(xiàng)指標(biāo)綜合判定各品種抗寒性強(qiáng)弱,避免因單個(gè)指標(biāo)的片面性造成誤差,采用隸屬函數(shù)法可以更全面、準(zhǔn)確地反映果樹的實(shí)際抗寒能力。

        4 結(jié) 論

        通過人工模擬低溫環(huán)境,測(cè)定4個(gè)蘋果品種(系)枝條生理指標(biāo)相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率、MDA含量、SP含量、POD活性、SOD活性,結(jié)合花期霜凍試驗(yàn),通過隸屬函數(shù)法計(jì)算各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的平均隸屬度,結(jié)果表明,4個(gè)蘋果品種(系)枝條的抗寒性由強(qiáng)到弱依次為:TL0099>TL0092>龍豐>岳艷。子代抗寒性較強(qiáng)于親本。TL0092、TL0099為Ⅱ級(jí)抗寒品系,可嘗試在較寒冷的地區(qū)推廣種植。4個(gè)蘋果品種(系)的子房、幼果受凍溫度范圍為-5.6 ℃~-2.4 ℃。

        參考文獻(xiàn) References:

        [1] 周江濤,趙德英,陳艷輝,康國(guó)棟,程存剛. 中國(guó)蘋果產(chǎn)區(qū)變動(dòng)分析[J]. 果樹學(xué)報(bào),2021,38(3):372-384.

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        收稿日期:2023-10-20 接受日期:2023-12-18

        基金項(xiàng)目:內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2021GG0034)

        作者簡(jiǎn)介:包俊宏,女,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)楣麡淇鼓嫘?。E-mail:2670874142@qq.com

        *通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:2008yarong@163.com;E-mail:hyh20012008@imau.edu.cn

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