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        激光驅(qū)動拉伸氫分子產(chǎn)生閾下諧波中拉比振蕩特征的取向依賴

        2024-04-04 14:06:55張紅牛龔雪魏盼趙松峰

        張紅?!↓徰∥号巍≮w松峰

        摘要:通過數(shù)值求解二維模型分子在強激光場中的含時薛定諤方程,研究了拉伸氫分子產(chǎn)生閾下諧波中拉比振蕩特征的取向依賴.結(jié)果表明,三次諧波附近展現(xiàn)出精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu),借助于兩態(tài)模型,將這些次峰結(jié)構(gòu)歸因于基態(tài)和第一激發(fā)態(tài)之間強耦合引起的拉比振蕩.文中還發(fā)現(xiàn)這些次峰結(jié)構(gòu)對分子取向角有很強的依賴,且次峰結(jié)構(gòu)隨著取向角(0°~90°)的增大而逐漸消失,這是由兩態(tài)間的耦合強度隨取向角增大而減小所引起.

        關(guān)鍵詞:拉伸氫分子;精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu);拉比振蕩;取向依賴

        中圖分類號:O 562.4文獻標志碼:A文章編號:1001-988Ⅹ(2024)02-0037-06

        Alignment dependence of Rabi-flopping signatures in the below-threshold harmonics from the stretched H2 driven by lasers

        ZHANG Hong-niu,GONG Xue,WEI Pan,ZHAO Song-feng

        Abstract:We investigated the alignment dependence of Rabi-flopping signatures in the below-threshold harmonic generation from the stretched hydrogen molecules by numerically solving the two-dimensional time-dependent Schrdinger equation of molecules in laser fields.We found that fine sub-peaks near the third order harmonic and these fine sub-peaks can be attributed to Rabi oscillations originated from the strong-coupling between the ground state and the first excited state by using the two-state model.We also found that these fine sub-peaks strongly depend on alignment angles of molecules and gradually disappear as the alignment angle(0°~90°) increases because the coupling strength between these two states decreases with the alignment angle increasing.

        Key words:stretched hydrogen molecules;fine sub-peak structures;Rabi-flopping;alignment dependence

        物質(zhì)在強激光場中產(chǎn)生的高次諧波是超快科學領(lǐng)域最熱門的研究課題,主要因為高次諧波在產(chǎn)生超短阿秒脈沖上取得了巨大成功[1-2],使得人們有能力實時觀測阿秒量級的電子動力學,也為物理、化學、生物、材料、信息、能源等領(lǐng)域提供了全新的研究手段,因而2023年諾貝爾物理學獎授予了發(fā)展產(chǎn)生阿秒超短脈沖實驗方法的3位科學家.

        高次諧波的產(chǎn)生機制可用“三步模型”[3]或“四步模型”[4]來解釋.低次諧波起初被簡單地認為是微擾響應[5],因而沒有引起研究者的廣泛關(guān)注.然而,用重散射圖像無法對實驗中近閾值諧波的反常橢偏依賴給出合理的解釋[6-8],對近閾值和閾下諧波產(chǎn)生機制的研究重新引起了人們的關(guān)注[9],當然也和低階諧波在產(chǎn)生高重頻真空紫外光源上的重要應用密不可分[10-11].Yost等[12]在Xe原子在強激光場中產(chǎn)生的閾值附近及閾下諧波中觀測到了量子路徑干涉.次年,Power等[13]在中紅外激光驅(qū)動的Cs原子中觀測到了負群速度色散現(xiàn)象.這兩個實驗觀測表明,用微擾理論無法解釋低階諧波的產(chǎn)生機制.理論方面,研究者分別采用求解含時薛定諤方程(TDSE)[14-19]和經(jīng)典蒙特卡羅方法(CTMC)[20]對原子閾下諧波的產(chǎn)生機制進行了探索.

        分子閾下諧波也同樣引起了實驗和理論研究者的關(guān)注.早在2010年,Soifer等[21]用泵浦-探測方案觀測到氧分子諧波的反常橢偏依賴,這種反常的橢偏依賴在氮分子中并沒有出現(xiàn).最近,陸培祥等[22]研究了多軌道對氮分子產(chǎn)生諧波的貢獻.理論方面,研究者分別用含時密度泛函理論(TDDFT)[23-24]和數(shù)值求解TDSE[25-30]研究了雙原子分子在激光場中產(chǎn)生的閾下諧波.在我們課題組之前的工作中,通過數(shù)值求解單電子TDSE[29],發(fā)現(xiàn)大核間距的氫分子離子在激光場中產(chǎn)生的閾下諧波具有精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu),并將次峰結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)歸因于周期間的干涉效應.之后,魏盼等[30]在拉伸的氫分子和氮分子在激光場中產(chǎn)生的閾下諧波中也發(fā)現(xiàn)存在類似的精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu),并將這些精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu)解釋為兩態(tài)間的強耦合拉比振蕩.

        文中將通過數(shù)值求解二維模型分子在激光場中的TDSE,證實在拉伸的二維模型氫分子中同樣也能發(fā)生強耦合拉比振蕩,在三次諧波附近發(fā)現(xiàn)精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu);然后,通過將分子旋轉(zhuǎn)不同角度(即取向角),研究了精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu)對分子取向角的依賴.文中除特別說明外,均采用原子單位.

        2 結(jié)果與討論

        在我們前期的工作中[29-30],在拉伸的三維氫分子離子、氫分子和氮分子閾下諧波中都發(fā)現(xiàn)了精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu).對于二維模型分子,計算的能級和三維真實分子能級存在差別,但是只要選擇合適的核間距和激光波長,使得兩個孤立的分子態(tài)(即電荷共振態(tài))之間能發(fā)生強耦合的拉比振蕩,我們預期能在閾下諧波中看到類似的精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu),并進一步研究這些精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu)對分子取向角的依賴.文中選擇激光的偏振方向沿x軸,通過旋轉(zhuǎn)分子來研究三次諧波附近的精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu)對分子取向角的依賴.

        圖1給出了拉伸氫分子沿線偏振激光場時(即取向角為0°)的諧波譜.計算中,采用的半高全寬為24 fs,激光強度為1×1013W·cm-2,波長為2 000 nm,核間距R=8 a.u..從放大的插圖中很清晰地觀察到了三次諧波附近的精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu).這說明在拉伸的二維模型氫分子中同樣能產(chǎn)生類似于三維拉伸分子中閾下諧波的精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu)[29,30,38].

        圖2分別展示了用求解二維含時薛定諤方程和兩態(tài)模型所得的基態(tài)和第一激發(fā)態(tài)布局隨時間的變化.從圖中可以看出,拉伸氫分子的基態(tài)和第一激發(fā)態(tài)之間發(fā)生了強耦合的拉比振蕩.當分子取向角為0°時,我們計算的躍遷偶極矩x21為3.82,因而拉比頻率 ΩR=x21E0為0.065 a.u,對應的耦合參數(shù)δ=2ΩR/ω=5.7,表明滿足強耦合條件δ1[37].在大核間距下,二維模型氫分子的波函數(shù)可近似用基態(tài)和第一激發(fā)態(tài)描述,原因在于其他激發(fā)態(tài)與這兩個態(tài)的能級間隔太大.在激光場驅(qū)動下,基態(tài)中的活性電子首先通過偶極躍遷被激發(fā)到場綴飾的第一激發(fā)態(tài),然后從激光場中獲得能量,最后復合到場綴飾的基態(tài)而發(fā)射出低能光子.

        圖3a分別比較了采用求解TDSE和兩態(tài)模型得到的拉伸氫分子的閾下諧波譜和含時誘導偶極矩.可以看出,用兩種方法計算的閾下諧波譜以及含時誘導偶極矩都吻合得很好,這表明分子閾下諧波譜中這些精細的次峰結(jié)構(gòu)可歸因于兩個強耦合分子態(tài)之間的拉比振蕩.另外,相鄰子峰之間的間距約為0.25ω,對應于ΩR/12.

        圖4給出了不同取向角下拉伸氫分子產(chǎn)生的閾下諧波譜.隨著取向角的增大,體系的柱對稱性被破壞,從而出現(xiàn)了偶次諧波.另外,三次諧波附近的精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu)隨著取向角的增大逐漸消失,我們認為這是兩態(tài)之間的耦合強度逐漸變?nèi)跻鸬?從圖4a到4g,不同取向角下躍遷偶極矩依次為3.82,3.69,3.31,2.70,1.91,0.99,0,而相應的耦合參數(shù)依次為5.7,5.5,4.9,4.0,2.8,1.5,0.以取向角90°為例,圖4h和4i分別展示了拉伸氫分子的基態(tài)和第一激發(fā)態(tài)的波函數(shù),可以看出,在激光偏振方向(x軸)上第一激發(fā)態(tài)存在波節(jié)面,因而躍遷偶極矩為零,則相應的耦合參數(shù)也為零.

        3 結(jié)束語

        文中通過數(shù)值求解二維模型分子在線偏振激光場中的含時薛定諤方程,研究了拉伸氫分子產(chǎn)生的三次諧波附近精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu)對取向角的依賴.結(jié)果表明,拉伸的二維模型氫分子中也能產(chǎn)生諧波的精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu),結(jié)合兩態(tài)模型可以確認這些次峰結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生的原因是兩態(tài)之間發(fā)生了強耦合拉比振蕩.另外,三次諧波附近的精細次峰結(jié)構(gòu)敏感地依賴于分子取向角,我們認為這是兩態(tài)間的躍遷偶極矩和耦合強度隨取向角逐漸變小引起的.

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        (責任編輯 孫對兄)

        收稿日期:2023-07-05;修改稿收到日期:2023-11-25

        基金項目:國家自然科學基金資助項目(12164044)

        作者簡介:張紅牛(1997—),男,甘肅白銀人,碩士研究生.主要研究方向為強激光場中的原子分子物理.E-mail:17393154807@163.com

        *通信聯(lián)系人,教授,博士,博士研究生導師.主要研究方向為強激光場中的原子分子物理.E-mail:zhaosf@nwnu.edu.cn

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