根據(jù)語境判斷詞的意思及詞匯使用的適當(dāng)性,是每一位譯員應(yīng)有的能力和習(xí)慣。但是要建立這種能力、培養(yǎng)這種習(xí)慣,則需要找出語言的規(guī)律,同時進行大量的實踐。這一期我們繼續(xù)討論中文一些常用詞在翻譯中的處理方法。
1. 內(nèi)容
“內(nèi)容”這個詞使用頻率極高?!冬F(xiàn)代漢語詞典(第7版)》對它的釋義是:事物內(nèi)部所含的實質(zhì)或存在的情況。與“內(nèi)容”相對應(yīng)的英文詞是content,在翻譯中使用頻率也很高。在很多情況下,用content對應(yīng)“內(nèi)容”是適當(dāng)?shù)摹@纾?/p>
網(wǎng)站的生存之道在于網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容質(zhì)量。The survival of a website lies in the quality of its content.
在進行線上教學(xué)時,教師應(yīng)該確保課程內(nèi)容有邏輯、條理清晰,并能激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。While teaching online, educators should ensure that the course content is logical and clear, and stimulates students’ interest in learning.
有些情況下,“內(nèi)容”的翻譯則可以靈活處理。例如:
今天的會議有幾個內(nèi)容。There are a few things (items) on the agenda for today’s meeting.
學(xué)生成績與身體健康的關(guān)系是本研究的主要內(nèi)容。The relationship between school achievement and health is the focus of the study.
我們的節(jié)目增加了與觀眾互動的內(nèi)容,形式更加活潑。The program has become more interactive with the addition of an activity that engages the audience.
明天安排團隊考核,至于考核的內(nèi)容,明天上午會通知大家。The team assessment has been scheduled for tomorrow, and we’ll let you know the details tomorrow morning.
明天的教學(xué)內(nèi)容是原版影片欣賞和小組討論。Class activities tomorrow include viewing of an untranslated movie followed by group discussions.
雙方會談的內(nèi)容廣泛,其中涉及到一些極其敏感的問題。The meeting between the two countries covered a wide range of topics, including some very delicate issues.
這本書的內(nèi)容非常引人入勝,讓讀者沉浸在作者獨特的故事世界中。The book tells a captivating story that draws readers into the author’s imaginative world.
從以上例句可以看出“內(nèi)容”與content的用法特點。中文的“內(nèi)容”可以用于表述一般的或抽象的內(nèi)容,例如“網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容”“課程內(nèi)容”,指的是一個方面的總體內(nèi)容;但同時也可以表示具體的活動,例如“教學(xué)內(nèi)容是觀看原版電影”“節(jié)目增加了互動內(nèi)容”。而英文content的使用特點往往是泛指,表述總體內(nèi)容;如果“內(nèi)容”指的是具體活動,則可以根據(jù)具體語境,采用與語境相關(guān)的詞匯表述。
再看看以下幾個對“內(nèi)容”靈活處理的例句:
這本書是什么內(nèi)容?What is the book about?
他的演講內(nèi)容深入淺出,受到聽眾的歡迎。His lecture was clear and easy to understand, and was well received by the audience.
我提出的申請過了好久才得到公司的回復(fù),而回復(fù)的內(nèi)容卻是“不予批準(zhǔn)”。It took quite a while for the management to respond to my application, and their response was a simple “no”.
農(nóng)村金融改革的內(nèi)容是允許農(nóng)村信用社轉(zhuǎn)型為農(nóng)村商業(yè)銀行,從而促進農(nóng)村金融多元化的發(fā)展。Rural financial reform allows rural credit cooperatives to transform into rural commercial banks, with the aim of promoting the diversification of financial services in rural areas.
2. 性質(zhì)
《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典(第7版)》對“性質(zhì)”解釋是:一種事物區(qū)別于其他事物的根本屬性。不過這個解釋有點籠統(tǒng)抽象。另外比較多的解釋是表示“質(zhì)地,特性,本質(zhì)或?qū)傩浴?。表述的?cè)重點不太一樣,因此需要考慮語境?,F(xiàn)在看看以下例句中對“性質(zhì)”的處理方法:
金屬的性質(zhì)是堅硬的。Hardness is a natural property of metal.
對于一項變革,要了解其真實性質(zhì),才能全心全意地去推動。You must understand the true meaning of a change before you can put your heart behind it.
由于他的工作性質(zhì),他上夜班比較多。Because of the job he is doing, he works on night shifts most of the time.
這個法案的通過將改變公司的稅務(wù)性質(zhì),影響到財務(wù)計劃和利潤。The passage of this bill will change the company’s tax status, which may have implications on its financial plans and profit projection.
知法犯法,性質(zhì)非常嚴(yán)重。It is a serious crime to knowingly violate the law.
社交活動的性質(zhì)使得參與者可以互相交流,建立關(guān)系。Social activities, by their very design, allow participants to communicate with each other and build relationships.
這些例句中如果都使用nature也是說得通的,但是根據(jù)“性質(zhì)”在每個例句中的具體意思,也可以采用不同的方法處理。再看看下面幾個例句:
這家公司的性質(zhì)是國營的,業(yè)內(nèi)具有一定的影響力。This is a state-owned enterprise that has some influence in the industry.
這場比賽的性質(zhì)是友誼賽,雙方?jīng)]有太大的競爭壓力。It is not a competitive game, so neither side is under any pressure to win.
掃黑除惡的主要內(nèi)容是掃除帶有黑社會性質(zhì)的犯罪團伙。The primary objective of the crackdown on crimes is to eliminate gang-related criminal groups.
政治不僅引起戰(zhàn)爭,而且支配戰(zhàn)爭,因而政治的性質(zhì)決定戰(zhàn)爭的性質(zhì)。Politics not only causes war, but also shapes its course and trajectory, and it therefore determines the nature of war.
以上這四個例句,“性質(zhì)”表示的都是一種屬性,不是特性,因此在譯文中直接通過對事物具體的描述表述了意思。對最后一句話中“政治的性質(zhì)”,也作為一個屬性來理解,不是“政治的特點”,而是“政治作為一個類別”,因此就沒有對應(yīng)地翻譯為the nature of politics。
3. 情況
“情況”的使用范圍非常廣,十分靈活,對語境的需求更高?!冬F(xiàn)代漢語詞典(第7版)》的釋義是:(1)情形;(2)軍事上的變化,泛指事情的變化、動向。 “情況”有時候也指事情的來龍去脈。現(xiàn)在看看下面例句的處理方法:
你三天都沒有消息,什么情況?I haven’t heard from you for three days. What has happened?
事件剛剛發(fā)生兩天,情況非常復(fù)雜,我們先看看再說。It is just two days after the incident and the situation is very fluid at the moment. Let’s stay put before making any decisions.
鑒于這一情況,我們需要重新評估項目的可行性。Given what has happened, we need to reassess the feasibility of the project.
我的博士還有一年就讀完了,所以無論遇到什么情況,我都不會放棄的。I am only one year away from completing my PhD, and I am determined to follow it through, no matter what.
在這種特殊情況下,我們需要調(diào)整預(yù)算以適應(yīng)不確定的市場條件。Under these special circumstances, we need to adjust our budget to adapt to the uncertain market conditions.
總裁召開緊急會議研究非洲市場最近發(fā)生的一些情況。The president called for an emergency meeting to review the recent developments in the African market.
以上的例句中,“情況”都作為單獨的意義單位出現(xiàn),需要有具體的表述。每個例句根據(jù)具體語境采取了相應(yīng)的表述手段。我們再看看下面幾個例句:
書的銷售量要視讀者接受的情況而定。The sales of the book depend on how well it is received by readers.
國際關(guān)系情況復(fù)雜,外交官們必須善于靈活應(yīng)對。Diplomats must be able to respond skillfully to complex international affairs.
近十年來,我省幾個貧困地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟情況一直在改善。The economy in several impoverished regions of the province has been improving steadily over the past ten years.
由于天氣惡劣,航班可能會受到影響,請隨時關(guān)注航班情況。The bad weather may cause disruptions in flights. Please check flight status regularly.
自從他接任銷售部總監(jiān)以來,公司業(yè)務(wù)收入情況不斷改善。Since he took over as the sales director, business revenue has been going up steadily.
在敵強我弱的情況下,我們不能和敵人正面交鋒,只有化整為零、分散活動,才能保存實力。When we are facing a formidable enemy, direct confrontation is not advisable. It is essential to adopt a strategy of dispersion and engage in smaller, tactical units, to effectively preserve our strength.
這幾個句子中,“情況”基本上是對前面敘述內(nèi)容的一個歸納,例如“讀者接受的情況”“經(jīng)濟情況”“業(yè)務(wù)收入情況”等等。在這種情況下,“情況”并非具有實質(zhì)的意思,因此在翻譯的時候可以采用靈活的方式,可譯可不譯。
4. 形勢
根據(jù)《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典(第7版)》的解釋,“形勢”可指事物發(fā)展的狀況。“形勢”的對應(yīng)詞通常是situation?!靶蝿荨钡挠梅ㄅc“情況”相似,自己本身有具體的含義,同時也可以與其他詞匯搭配,作為一個歸納詞使用,例如“通貨膨脹的形勢”“經(jīng)濟發(fā)展形勢”等等。先看看下面幾個例句,“形勢”本身作為一個意義單位存在:
在復(fù)雜的形勢下,我們需要制定靈活的戰(zhàn)略來適應(yīng)不斷變化的環(huán)境。As we are now in a very complex situation, we need to have agile strategies that can help us navigate the changes that may take place.
大好形勢一度使我們沉醉,農(nóng)村改革的力度有所減弱。We became somewhat complacent following our initial successes, which led to a loss of momentum for subsequent reforms in the rural areas.
新形勢下,餐飲行業(yè)面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn)和機遇,品牌餐飲企業(yè)如何實現(xiàn)新發(fā)展成為當(dāng)下餐飲企業(yè)積極探索的熱點。The catering industry is faced with a myriad of challenges and opportunities in an ever-changing landscape, as established catering brands are all looking for ways to pursue further growth.
這幾個例句中的“形勢”,除了采用situation外, 還采用了其他靈活的處理方法。
再看看下面幾個例句:
面對競爭激烈的市場形勢,公司制定了一系列創(chuàng)新性的營銷策略。In response to intense market competition, the management has rolled out a series of innovative marketing strategies.
在國際貿(mào)易形勢動蕩不安的情況下,企業(yè)需要靈活調(diào)整出口戰(zhàn)略。When international trade becomes more volatile, businesses need to be nimble with their export strategies.
政府實施了一系列緊急措施控制疫情發(fā)展形勢。The government has put in place a series of emergency measures to curb the spread of the pandemic.
經(jīng)濟形勢的不穩(wěn)定性可能導(dǎo)致投資者對市場產(chǎn)生擔(dān)憂。Uncertainties in the economy may cause concerns among the investors regarding the market.
這幾個例句里,“形勢”的前面都有實質(zhì)意思的表述,“形勢”的作用是一種歸納,因此并沒有必要一一譯出。
* 美國明德大學(xué)蒙特雷國際研究學(xué)院高級翻譯學(xué)院教授,本刊顧問。