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        生物成因微晶石英特征及其對(duì)海相頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層孔隙發(fā)育的影響

        2024-01-01 00:00:00王拔秀張鵬輝梁杰陳建孟祥豪付奕霖鮑衍君
        沉積學(xué)報(bào) 2024年5期

        摘 要 【目的】石英是海相頁(yè)巖中最重要的礦物之一,以多種形式存在,并具有多種的硅質(zhì)來(lái)源和成因,而不同類型的石英對(duì)于巖石力學(xué)性能和孔隙演化的貢獻(xiàn)是不同的,且相關(guān)研究目前仍較薄弱,制約了對(duì)頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層特征的深入認(rèn)識(shí)?!痉椒ā亢?jiǎn)述了近年來(lái)海相頁(yè)巖石英分類的最新進(jìn)展,并在此基礎(chǔ)上,在前期研究較為薄弱的下?lián)P子地區(qū),利用鼓地1井上奧陶統(tǒng)五峰組—下志留統(tǒng)高家邊組海相頁(yè)巖樣品,綜合運(yùn)用薄片分析、X射線衍射分析、地球化學(xué)分析、場(chǎng)發(fā)射掃描電鏡、核磁共振、能譜分析和陰極發(fā)光等多種方法手段,探究海相頁(yè)巖石英類型和硅質(zhì)來(lái)源,并進(jìn)一步討論生物成因微晶石英對(duì)頁(yè)巖力學(xué)性質(zhì)和孔隙發(fā)育等儲(chǔ)層性質(zhì)的影響。【結(jié)果】下?lián)P子地區(qū)鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖石英類型主要為碎屑石英、微晶石英和生物骨架石英,其中碎屑石英為陸源輸入,而微晶石英則為自生來(lái)源。硅質(zhì)生物骨架鏡下證據(jù)、生物硅含量、主微量元素特征等指標(biāo)綜合分析表明硅質(zhì)生物可為微晶石英提供重要的硅質(zhì)來(lái)源。【結(jié)論】海相頁(yè)巖中的生物成因微晶石英增強(qiáng)了頁(yè)巖的脆性,并且相互連接,形成剛性的硅質(zhì)基質(zhì)框架,很大程度上提高了頁(yè)巖的力學(xué)性能。此外,這一剛性框架能夠有效地保護(hù)微晶石英內(nèi)部的有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙和粒間孔隙不被壓實(shí),有利于孔隙的保存。

        關(guān)鍵詞 海相頁(yè)巖;生物成因微晶石英;硅質(zhì)來(lái)源;巖石力學(xué)性質(zhì);孔隙演化

        第一作者簡(jiǎn)介 王拔秀,男,1998年出生,碩士研究生,海洋地質(zhì),E-mail: wbx5566677@163.com

        通信作者 張鵬輝,男,副教授,油氣地質(zhì)、海洋地質(zhì)和非常規(guī)油氣沉積學(xué),E-mail: zph010@163.com

        中圖分類號(hào) P618.13 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼 A

        0 引言

        頁(yè)巖氣是一種蘊(yùn)藏于頁(yè)巖層系中具有自生自儲(chǔ)特征的非常規(guī)天然氣資源,頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層特征不僅影響頁(yè)巖氣的富集程度,而且對(duì)于后期勘探開(kāi)發(fā)工作也具有重要影響[1?6]。頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層特征同時(shí)受巖石有機(jī)質(zhì)和礦物組分,以及后期成巖作用(如溶蝕作用、膠結(jié)作用和壓實(shí)作用等)的控制[7?15]。有機(jī)質(zhì)作為頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層孔隙的主要載體之一,特別是腐泥型干酪根及固體瀝青常含有豐富的納米級(jí)有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙,早期一些研究普遍認(rèn)為T(mén)OC是影響頁(yè)巖孔隙度的重要因素[16?17]。但近年來(lái)進(jìn)一步的研究表明,TOC與孔隙度的關(guān)系是復(fù)雜的,二者之間并非一定存在相關(guān)關(guān)系,這可能與頁(yè)巖存在顯著的無(wú)機(jī)孔隙(也稱基質(zhì)孔隙)有關(guān)[12,18?20]。頁(yè)巖礦物組成不僅是影響儲(chǔ)層孔隙發(fā)育和保存的重要因素,也是影響頁(yè)巖氣富集的重要因素[21?22]。頁(yè)巖中的脆性礦物能夠形成穩(wěn)定的框架,可以減少有機(jī)質(zhì)顆粒受到的有效應(yīng)力,有助于減少對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙的破壞,進(jìn)而有利于孔隙的保存[23?27]。

        石英具有高彈性模量、低泊松比和低韌性的特點(diǎn),是頁(yè)巖中最重要的脆性礦物,具有比其他礦物更高的脆性,對(duì)巖石強(qiáng)度和儲(chǔ)層質(zhì)量起著至關(guān)重要的積極作用[2,12,24,28]。頁(yè)巖中的脆性礦物(包括石英、長(zhǎng)石及碳酸鹽礦物等)被廣泛用于脆性指數(shù)(BI值)的計(jì)算[2,29?31],但目前關(guān)于脆性礦物的形式,尤其是石英中的生物成因微晶石英對(duì)于頁(yè)巖脆性等巖石力學(xué)方面影響的研究較少。石英是海相頁(yè)巖中最重要的礦物組分之一,以多種形式存在,并存在多種硅質(zhì)來(lái)源和成因[32?33]。在海洋環(huán)境中,硅質(zhì)來(lái)源和石英的形成機(jī)制是多樣且復(fù)雜的,按硅質(zhì)來(lái)源的不同,可分為碎屑硅、生物硅和熱液硅三類[32?37];此外,次生石英還可在成巖過(guò)程中通過(guò)多種機(jī)制形成,如硅質(zhì)生物碎片的溶解、碎屑石英和硅酸鹽顆粒的溶解或壓溶作用,以及黏土礦物的轉(zhuǎn)化等[33,38]。二氧化硅有多種來(lái)源,包括初級(jí)來(lái)源和次級(jí)來(lái)源,不同來(lái)源的石英在形態(tài)和大小等方面存在差異。近年來(lái),基于硅質(zhì)來(lái)源和石英晶體形態(tài),并借助偏光顯微鏡、場(chǎng)發(fā)射掃描電鏡(FE-SEM)、能譜分析(EDS)和陰極發(fā)光(SEM-CL)等識(shí)別方法,目前已在美國(guó)得克薩斯州上白堊統(tǒng)鷹灘組(Eagle Ford)、白堊系莫里組(Mowry)、米德蘭盆地賓夕法尼亞系克萊恩組(Cline)、北達(dá)科他州威利斯頓盆地上泥盆統(tǒng)—下密西西比統(tǒng)巴肯組(Bakken)、我國(guó)上揚(yáng)子地區(qū)上奧陶統(tǒng)五峰組—下志留統(tǒng)龍馬溪組、上中揚(yáng)子地區(qū)下寒武統(tǒng)牛蹄塘組和塔里木盆地下寒武統(tǒng)玉爾吐斯組等海相頁(yè)巖中發(fā)現(xiàn)了不同類型的石英[22,25,28,33,39?47]。最新研究顯示,生物硅含量與頁(yè)巖孔隙度間可存在較好的正相關(guān)關(guān)系[12,48],表明生物成因石英對(duì)頁(yè)巖孔隙的保存具有積極作用。

        揚(yáng)子地塊廣泛發(fā)育的古生界富有機(jī)質(zhì)海相頁(yè)巖是我國(guó)頁(yè)巖氣勘探開(kāi)采的重點(diǎn)目標(biāo),近年來(lái)在上、中揚(yáng)子地區(qū)已陸續(xù)有古生界海相頁(yè)巖多套層系頁(yè)巖氣的重大突破,并相繼實(shí)現(xiàn)試采和商業(yè)性開(kāi)采[49?56];而下?lián)P子地區(qū)頁(yè)巖氣研究相對(duì)滯后,目前在古生界勘探突破較少。盡管目前對(duì)上、中揚(yáng)子地區(qū)古生界海相頁(yè)巖的初步研究表明微晶石英有利于頁(yè)巖孔隙的發(fā)育與保存[12,28,32?33,37,57],但總體而言,生物成因微晶石英對(duì)于頁(yè)巖孔隙演化和儲(chǔ)層力學(xué)性質(zhì)的研究還不夠完善,尤其缺少對(duì)下?lián)P子古生界海相頁(yè)巖的相關(guān)研究。本文梳理了近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)海相頁(yè)巖石英分類方面的最新認(rèn)識(shí),并結(jié)合中國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局青島海洋地質(zhì)研究所于2017年在下?lián)P子巢湖地區(qū)實(shí)施的全取心鉆井——鼓地1井所揭示的厚層上奧陶統(tǒng)五峰組—下志留統(tǒng)高家邊組海相頁(yè)巖,發(fā)現(xiàn)前期未引起足夠關(guān)注的生物成因微晶石英在該套頁(yè)巖中廣泛發(fā)育,并進(jìn)一步討論了生物成因微晶石英特征及其對(duì)海相頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層孔隙發(fā)育的影響。以期從新的研究視角進(jìn)一步揭示下?lián)P子地區(qū)古生界海相頁(yè)巖孔隙發(fā)育規(guī)律,并為頁(yè)巖氣儲(chǔ)集和賦存機(jī)理提供較為可靠的地質(zhì)依據(jù)。

        1 頁(yè)巖石英的分類與識(shí)別

        不同類型的石英對(duì)于頁(yè)巖孔隙發(fā)育和演化的貢獻(xiàn)是不同的,因此識(shí)別和分析頁(yè)巖石英類型至關(guān)重要。根據(jù)硅質(zhì)來(lái)源和石英晶體形態(tài),并借助偏光顯微鏡、場(chǎng)發(fā)射掃描電鏡觀察分析、能譜分析和陰極發(fā)光等方法手段,近年來(lái)在美國(guó)上白堊統(tǒng)鷹灘組頁(yè)巖[40]、中國(guó)上揚(yáng)子下寒武統(tǒng)牛蹄塘組頁(yè)巖[42,46]和上揚(yáng)子五峰組—龍馬溪組頁(yè)巖[25,33,58]等多套海相頁(yè)巖層系中發(fā)現(xiàn)了不同的石英類型,詳細(xì)石英分類如表1所示。本文借助偏光顯微鏡、場(chǎng)發(fā)射掃描電鏡(FESEM)、能譜(EDS)和陰極發(fā)光(SEM-CL)等手段,選取下?lián)P子地區(qū)鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組底部黑色富含筆石頁(yè)巖層段(1 208.0~1 234.0 m),對(duì)應(yīng)晚奧陶世凱迪階— 早志留世魯?shù)るA,涵蓋Dicellograptuscomplexus ? Paraorthograptus pacificus 帶(WF2~WF3)、Akidograp tus ascensus 帶(LM2)等筆石帶序列[60?61],發(fā)現(xiàn)該套頁(yè)巖中廣泛存在前期未引起足夠重視的多種石英類型,主要包括碎屑石英、微晶石英和生物骨架石英。總體而言,海相頁(yè)巖中碎屑石英主要通過(guò)河流搬運(yùn)和沉積,主要為陸源輸入,由于長(zhǎng)距離的搬運(yùn),碎屑石英多呈粉砂狀和次圓狀,在SEM-CL下基本為明亮的顆粒[33,41],鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖中的碎屑石英表現(xiàn)出類似的特征,且粒徑多介于10~30 μm(圖1)。

        頁(yè)巖中絕大多數(shù)石英可能并非碎屑成因,而主要為自生成因[62]。微晶石英為最常見(jiàn)的自生石英之一,在SEM-CL 下不發(fā)光,為灰暗的形式[12,25,32],可見(jiàn)于多套海相頁(yè)巖層系(圖2)。根據(jù)微晶石英的晶體形態(tài)和分布特征,鼓地1井中的微晶石英可進(jìn)一步細(xì)分為3種類型:Ⅰ型,分散于黏土基質(zhì)中的微晶石英,這類石英在富黏土頁(yè)巖中較為常見(jiàn),在黏土礦物附近呈片狀或顆粒狀分布,多與蒙脫石的伊利石化有關(guān)(圖2a,g);Ⅱ型,自形微晶石英(圖2b,h),具有獨(dú)特的晶體形態(tài),在拋光樣中多呈六邊形,形貌樣中為六方棱柱狀,發(fā)育程度好,直徑多介于1~2 μm;Ⅲ型,無(wú)定形微晶石英(圖2c,d),直徑從數(shù)百納米到幾微米不等,沒(méi)有特定的形狀,發(fā)育豐富的粒間孔隙[33]。其中大部分的Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型微晶石英可能來(lái)源于放射蟲(chóng)等硅質(zhì)生物的溶解,即生物成因來(lái)源[62?63]。

        生物骨架石英,主要指硅質(zhì)生物骨骼、碎片及其分泌物[33],在頁(yè)巖中最為常見(jiàn)的是放射蟲(chóng)和海綿骨針。放射蟲(chóng)等硅質(zhì)生物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育需要大量的硅,頁(yè)巖中大量硅質(zhì)生物的存在表明沉積時(shí)的水體富含硅[23,64?66]。以晚奧陶世—早志留世時(shí)期揚(yáng)子地區(qū)為例,揚(yáng)子地區(qū)大致表現(xiàn)為一種隆凹相間的古地理格局,這種格局導(dǎo)致古揚(yáng)子海與外海隔離,形成半封閉局限滯留海盆,伴隨冰期后海侵事件而導(dǎo)致海平面上升,上升流提供了豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),海洋初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力高,硅質(zhì)生物較為繁盛[67?70]。鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖放射蟲(chóng)和海綿骨針?lè)植驾^為廣泛(圖3),這些微體生物化石多為硅質(zhì)、有機(jī)質(zhì)所填充,或被溶蝕而產(chǎn)生孔洞。

        此外,頁(yè)巖中石英類型還包括石英次生加大和石英脈,其中石英次生加大在陰極發(fā)光圖像下多為暗發(fā)光或弱發(fā)光,可與碎屑石英相區(qū)分(圖4a,b);石英脈常與方解石和黏土礦物等礦物相伴生,這些石英脈寬度多為幾微米到幾千微米不等(圖4c,d)[25,28,33],但這兩種石英類型在鼓地1井中很少見(jiàn)。

        2 微晶石英硅質(zhì)來(lái)源的判定指標(biāo)

        頁(yè)巖自生微晶石英的硅質(zhì)來(lái)源較為廣泛,包括火山玻璃轉(zhuǎn)化、黏土礦物轉(zhuǎn)化、硅酸鹽礦物溶解,以及硅質(zhì)生物骨架溶解與再沉淀等[33,71?73],可通過(guò)鏡下觀察、主微量元素和生物硅含量等多種指標(biāo)和方法手段來(lái)綜合判定樣品中的硅質(zhì)來(lái)源。

        2.1 硅質(zhì)生物骨架

        頁(yè)巖中存在放射蟲(chóng)和海綿骨針等硅質(zhì)生物骨架,可通過(guò)鏡下觀察來(lái)識(shí)別,這些硅質(zhì)生物可為成巖作用早期自生石英的沉淀提供較為豐富的硅質(zhì)來(lái)源[12,28,66,74]。鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖鏡下可見(jiàn)放射蟲(chóng)(圖3a,b)和海綿骨針(圖3c,d),其中放射蟲(chóng)多呈紡錘形、橢圓形和圓形,直徑大多在100 μm左右,顯微鏡下部分樣品可見(jiàn)放射狀結(jié)構(gòu)。

        2.2 主微量判定指標(biāo)

        2.2.1 主微量元素及其比值

        Al/ (Fe+Al+Mn)比值通常用于評(píng)估熱液活動(dòng)對(duì)于海洋沉積物的影響,且比值隨著熱液輸入的減少而增加[75],可以作為確定硅質(zhì)成因的一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)。其中,純熱液的Al/(Fe+Al+Mn)比值小于0.01,而日本半深海Kamiaso 生物燧石的Al/(Fe+Al+Mn) 比值為0.60[35,66,75?76]。鼓地1 井五峰組— 高家邊組頁(yè)巖的Al/(Fe+Al+Mn)比值為0.65~0.76,平均為0.70(表2),表明硅質(zhì)為非熱液成因。

        主微量元素含量對(duì)于判別硅質(zhì)來(lái)源具有重要意義,其中Fe、Mn元素的富集主要與熱液有關(guān),而Al元素富集則與陸源碎屑相關(guān)[66,77],因而可通過(guò)Al-Fe-Mn三角圖來(lái)判別頁(yè)巖是否為熱液成因[35,75]。如圖5所示,選取的揚(yáng)子地區(qū)下古生界海相頁(yè)巖樣品具有高Al值和極低的Mn值,為非熱液成因;而中揚(yáng)子新元古界埃迪卡拉系留茶坡組頁(yè)巖則基本落在高Fe值一側(cè)[78],反映為熱液成因。Zr可表征與重礦物相關(guān)的碎屑輸入[79],在判別頁(yè)巖樣品為非熱液成因的基礎(chǔ)上,可通過(guò)SiO2與Zr的二元圖解來(lái)進(jìn)一步判斷其是否為生物成因。若SiO2與Zr呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,反映為碎屑成因;若SiO2 與Zr呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,則表明為生物成因[80]。鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖SiO2與Zr呈較好的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,且相關(guān)系數(shù)(R2)與已證實(shí)硅質(zhì)為生物成因的上揚(yáng)子地區(qū)牛蹄塘組和龍馬溪組頁(yè)巖類似(圖6),因此,鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖生物成因構(gòu)成了硅質(zhì)的重要來(lái)源。

        2.2.2 生物硅含量

        陸殼中SiO2/Al2O3值約為3.6[81?82],即若SiO2/Al2O3值位于3.6附近,則表明頁(yè)巖中的硅質(zhì)均為陸源輸入。鼓地1 井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖SiO2/Al2O3 值介于3.81~11.98,平均為6.25,反映明顯存在其他硅質(zhì)來(lái)源。此外,在Si含量與Al含量交匯圖中,位于伊利石Si/Al 線之上的樣品表明其存在過(guò)量硅[83]。鼓地1井頁(yè)巖樣品均位于伊利石Si/Al 線的上方區(qū)域(圖7),由于前文已排除硅質(zhì)的熱液來(lái)源,故過(guò)量硅可視為生物硅。因此,生物硅可通過(guò)總硅含量減去碎屑硅含量來(lái)估計(jì)[21],其含量可通過(guò)公式(1)進(jìn)行計(jì)算:

        3 生物成因微晶石英對(duì)頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層的影響

        3.1 生物成因微晶石英對(duì)巖石力學(xué)的影響

        頁(yè)巖組分與結(jié)構(gòu)是控制其力學(xué)性能的重要因素,高脆性的礦物(包括石英、長(zhǎng)石、黃鐵礦和碳酸鹽礦物)對(duì)巖石的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度具有積極的貢獻(xiàn)[84?85]。脆性指數(shù)(BI值),已被廣泛用于表征頁(yè)巖的脆性,主要包括基于巖石力學(xué)彈性系數(shù)(楊氏模量和泊松比)的力學(xué)BI值和脆性礦物含量的礦物BI值兩種。力學(xué)BI值需要大量樣品的巖石力學(xué)分析測(cè)試和昂貴的成本,而礦物BI值往往導(dǎo)致巖石脆性的人為優(yōu)化,為此,本文借助礦物組成和力學(xué)性能相結(jié)合的方法來(lái)計(jì)算鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖的BI值(表3),計(jì)算方法見(jiàn)公式2[31]:

        石英與其他脆性礦物相比,具有更高的脆性[2,31],是頁(yè)巖中最重要的脆性礦物之一。不同來(lái)源的石英是影響巖石脆性的主要因素,會(huì)表現(xiàn)出不同的巖石力學(xué)性能[30,57,85]。近期的研究表明,與以碎屑石英和蒙脫石伊利石化形成的分散在黏土基質(zhì)中的微晶石英為主的頁(yè)巖相比,以生物成因微晶石英為主的頁(yè)巖往往具有更高的楊氏模量與脆性[57]。鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖的生物硅含量與BI值具有較好的正相關(guān)性(圖8),表明生物成因微晶石英的發(fā)育在一定程度上提高了頁(yè)巖的脆性,這也與前人在上揚(yáng)子四川盆地牛蹄塘組頁(yè)巖[57]、上揚(yáng)子四川盆地龍馬溪組頁(yè)巖[33]和中、上揚(yáng)子五峰組—龍馬溪組頁(yè)巖[85]等研究較為一致。上述結(jié)果進(jìn)一步表明,存在于頁(yè)巖基質(zhì)中大量的生物成因微晶石英可以相互連接,構(gòu)成剛性框架[17,33,48],形成有效的支撐,進(jìn)而提高頁(yè)巖的力學(xué)性能。此外,近期對(duì)上揚(yáng)子?xùn)|南緣下寒武統(tǒng)牛蹄塘組頁(yè)巖的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)石英含量介于55%~70%時(shí),碎屑石英和生物成因石英的比例更適合裂縫的產(chǎn)生,頁(yè)巖脆性相對(duì)更高;而當(dāng)石英含量高于70%,且其類型主要為生物成因石英時(shí),脆性反而會(huì)有所降低[57]。

        3.2 生物成因微晶石英對(duì)孔隙保存的影響

        核磁共振(NMR)是一種快速、無(wú)創(chuàng)、無(wú)損的技術(shù),近年來(lái)已被初步應(yīng)用于測(cè)定頁(yè)巖的孔隙類型、孔徑分布以及孔隙度等[48,86]。通過(guò)分析鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖核磁共振孔隙度與巖石組成的關(guān)系可知,孔隙度與TOC具有一定的正相關(guān)性,與生物硅具有較好的正相關(guān)性,而與伊利石之間具有較好的負(fù)相關(guān)性(圖9),表明TOC對(duì)孔隙度具有一定的促進(jìn)作用,而生物硅的富集有利于孔隙的發(fā)育與保存。鼓地1井頁(yè)巖樣品中的黏土礦物主要為伊利石,相對(duì)含量占97.75%,填充粒間孔隙而導(dǎo)致孔隙度降低。此外,孔隙度分量與孔徑曲線顯示,鼓地1井頁(yè)巖中低生物硅含量的樣品以直徑為10 nm(綠色條帶)為主,而較高生物硅含量的樣品在10~100 nm的范圍(藍(lán)色條帶)內(nèi)孔隙度有所增加且孔徑分布更為均勻。這可能是隨著生物硅含量的增加,處于10~100 nm的微晶石英粒間孔隙和有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙得以更好的發(fā)育與保存。

        生物成因微晶石英來(lái)源于硅質(zhì)生物的溶解和再沉淀,硅質(zhì)生物的原始成分一般為蛋白石-A,蛋白石-A是一種高度無(wú)序的非晶態(tài)硅質(zhì)物質(zhì)且性質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定,在40 ℃~50 ℃時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生快速溶解—脫水—再沉淀反應(yīng),生成蛋白石-CT,并在60 ℃~75 ℃時(shí)會(huì)進(jìn)一步發(fā)生溶解—再沉淀反應(yīng),逐漸形成高硬度結(jié)構(gòu)的隱晶質(zhì)和微晶石英集合體[32,48,87?88]。由于蛋白石-A和蛋白石-CT的穩(wěn)定性均不高,其成巖的溫度和壓力相對(duì)較低,在成巖作用早期便完成向更為穩(wěn)定的生物成因微晶石英的轉(zhuǎn)變[63,89]。蛋白石-A向蛋白石-CT轉(zhuǎn)化階段,孔隙度損失率高;而蛋白石-CT向微晶石英轉(zhuǎn)化階段,孔隙度損失率低,且損失幅度顯著減小[89]。因而這些形成于成巖作用早期的生物成因微晶石英便構(gòu)成了剛性框架,提高了頁(yè)巖的抗壓實(shí)能力,并有效抑制原生孔隙在埋藏壓實(shí)過(guò)程中的進(jìn)一步減小,從而使原生孔隙得以良好保存,且在發(fā)生顯著的孔隙度損失之前就已開(kāi)始保持孔隙度[48,89]。而在成巖作用晚期,壓實(shí)作用對(duì)頁(yè)巖原生孔隙的破壞程度較為有限,孔隙度損失極為緩慢[89]。在一些生物硅對(duì)總硅貢獻(xiàn)較大的海相頁(yè)巖中,常見(jiàn)次生有機(jī)質(zhì)填充生物成因微晶石英粒間孔隙空間,且這些有機(jī)質(zhì)內(nèi)部有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙較為發(fā)育[12,25,33,37,48]。下?lián)P子地區(qū)鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖Ro 值介于1.67%~2.11%,平均為1.83%,大多處于高成熟階段,同樣可見(jiàn)有機(jī)質(zhì)填充于生物成因微晶石英粒間孔隙空間,且有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙發(fā)育較為廣泛(圖10)。頁(yè)巖中有機(jī)質(zhì)和黏土礦物受壓實(shí)作用影響易發(fā)生塑性變形,而生物成因微晶石英則可形成剛性框架,增強(qiáng)其抗壓實(shí)能力,使其內(nèi)部的有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙得以保存[33]。近年來(lái)越來(lái)越多的研究表明,在剛性框架存在的情況下,頁(yè)巖原生粒間孔隙和有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙往往得以較好的保存[17?18,24?25]。對(duì)鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組底部頁(yè)巖的研究進(jìn)一步表明,生物成因微晶石英可在下?lián)P子地區(qū)古生界海相頁(yè)巖中廣泛發(fā)育,有利于孔隙的保存,有助于進(jìn)一步揭示下?lián)P子地區(qū)古生界海相頁(yè)巖孔隙發(fā)育與演化規(guī)律,為尋找頁(yè)巖氣有利賦存區(qū)提供進(jìn)一步的地質(zhì)依據(jù)。

        4 結(jié)論

        (1) 海相頁(yè)巖石英類型可大致劃分為碎屑石英、自生微晶石英、石英次生加大、生物骨架石英和石英脈五種類型;其中微晶石英作為最常見(jiàn)的一種自生石英類型,基于其晶體形態(tài)和分布特征的差異,可細(xì)分為分散于黏土基質(zhì)中的微晶石英、自形微晶石英和無(wú)定形微晶石英共3種類型。下?lián)P子地區(qū)鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖石英類型主要為碎屑石英、微晶石英和生物骨架石英,其中碎屑石英在陰極發(fā)光下顯示為明亮的顆粒,而微晶石英呈現(xiàn)為在陰極發(fā)光下不發(fā)光或暗發(fā)光的自生來(lái)源特征,生物骨架石英則多為放射蟲(chóng)和海綿骨針的生物碎片。

        (2) 海相頁(yè)巖中微晶石英可存在多種硅質(zhì)來(lái)源,鏡下及地球化學(xué)指標(biāo)指示,生物成因構(gòu)成了鼓地1井五峰組—高家邊組頁(yè)巖微晶石英重要的硅質(zhì)來(lái)源。

        (3) 生物成因微晶石英對(duì)頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層發(fā)育具有重要的影響,能夠增強(qiáng)頁(yè)巖的脆性并形成剛性框架,提高了頁(yè)巖的力學(xué)性質(zhì),使其抗壓實(shí)能力增強(qiáng),有利于頁(yè)巖內(nèi)部孔隙空間特別是粒間孔隙和有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙的保存。

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