摘要:甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(PTC)的基因突變和病理亞型與其預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。PTC常見的基因突變包括BRAF V600E突變、RET/PTC重排和RAS突變,既往研究證明,PTC的基因突變與其復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險增加、術(shù)后放射性碘治療效果變差、生存期降低等有關(guān)。PTC病理亞型包括經(jīng)典型、濾泡型、高細胞型、柱狀細胞型、靴釘型、彌漫硬化型、固體/小梁型、嗜酸細胞型、沃辛瘤樣型、透明細胞型、梭形細胞型等,其侵襲性和臨床預(yù)后各不相同,因此檢測PTC基因突變和鑒別病理亞型,對治療方案的選擇和預(yù)后評估有著極其重要的意義。超聲具有無創(chuàng)、便捷和分辨率高等諸多優(yōu)勢,是甲狀腺癌診療的重要影像檢查方法。本文回顧了PTC基因突變和病理亞型與超聲表現(xiàn)的相關(guān)研究,以期在術(shù)前運用超聲影像預(yù)測PTC基因突變和病理亞型,為PTC術(shù)前精準(zhǔn)評估預(yù)后提供新思路。
關(guān)鍵詞:甲狀腺乳頭狀癌;超聲;基因突變;病理亞型
中圖分類號: R736.1;R455.1" 文獻標(biāo)識碼: A" 文章編號:1000-503X(2024)05-0747-09
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15845
Correlations of Ultrasound Features With Gene Mutations and Pathologic Subtypes in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
LI Huilin ,ZHANG Bo ,3
1Department of Ultrasound,China-Japan Friendship Hospital,Beijing 100029,China
2Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100730,China
3National Center for Respiratory Medicine,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases,Institute of Respiratory Medicine,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Center of Respiratory Medicine,China-Japan Friendship Hospital,Beijing 100029,China
Corresponding author:ZHANG Bo Tel:010-84205417,E-mail:thyroidus@163.com
ABSTRACT:The prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is highly dependent on gene mutations and pathologic features.The common gene mutations in PTC include BRAF V600E,RET/PTC rearrangement,and RAS mutations.These mutations have been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of recurrence,poorer efficacy of postoperative radioactive iodine therapy,and reduced survival.The pathologic subtypes of PTC include classic,follicular,tall cell,hobnail,columnar cell,diffuse sclerosing,solid/trabecular,oncocytic,Warthin-like,clear cell,and spindle cell subtypes,which have different aggressiveness and linked with varied clinical prognosis.Therefore,detecting the gene mutations and pathologic subtypes of PTC is of great importance for therapeutic regimen selection and prognosis evaluation.Ultrasound imaging with non-invasiveness,convenience,and high resolution has become the primary examination method for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer.This paper reviews the correlations of gene mutations and pathologic subtypes with the ultrasound features of PTC,aiming to give new insights into the application of ultrasound imaging in predicting gene mutations and pathologic subtypes of PTC before surgery as well as provide new ideas for accurate assessment of preoperative prognosis.
Key words:papillary thyroid carcinoma;ultrasound;gene mutation;pathologic subtype
Acta Acad Med Sin,2024,46(5):747-755
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是最常見的甲狀腺癌,約占甲狀腺癌總數(shù)的80%,且發(fā)病率還在逐年增加[1-2]。PTC的發(fā)病率增加不僅因為檢出率的提高,也由于侵襲性亞型PTC發(fā)病率的增高,其年增長率顯著高于其他亞型的PTC[3]。侵襲性亞型PTC更易發(fā)生甲狀腺被膜侵犯和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,也更易復(fù)發(fā)。
既往研究提示PTC的常見基因突變?nèi)鏐RAF V600E基因突變、原癌基因轉(zhuǎn)染過程中的重排(rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene,RET/PTC)、端粒酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶基因(telomerase reverse transcriptase,TERT)啟動子突變和大鼠肉瘤癌基因(rat sarcoma,RAS)突變等,與復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險增加、術(shù)后放射性碘治療效果更差且生存期降低等有關(guān),因此,基因檢測對制訂個體化診療方案及改善患者預(yù)后具有重要作用[4-5]。由于基因檢測成本高,若對所有可疑結(jié)節(jié)均進行基因檢測會造成資源浪費,增加患者和社會負擔(dān),因此如何合理選擇需要基因檢測的病例是一個重要問題。
超聲是甲狀腺癌診療過程中的重要影像學(xué)檢查方法。有關(guān)病灶超聲表現(xiàn)與PTC的基因突變和病理亞型間的關(guān)系,目前已經(jīng)開展了較多研究,但遺憾的是研究結(jié)果差異很大。本文旨在綜述PTC的超聲特征與基因突變和病理亞型的相關(guān)性,為PTC術(shù)前精準(zhǔn)評估預(yù)后提供新思路。
1 PTC的基因突變
癌癥基因組圖譜數(shù)據(jù)庫中,美國PTC人群BRAF V600E突變檢出率為59.7%,中國PTC人群BRAF V600E突變檢出率高達72.4%[6-7]。BRAF V600E為PTC最常見的基因突變(占60%),其次為RAS突變(占15%)和導(dǎo)致BRAF激酶結(jié)構(gòu)域或受體酪氨酸激酶異常表達的染色體重排(如RET、NTRK、ALK,占12%),但也有約13%的PTC患者未發(fā)現(xiàn)基因突變[8-9]。
2 BRAF V600E突變
BRAF V600E突變檢測PTC的特異性高達99.5%[ 10-13]。BRAF V600E突變的PTC表現(xiàn)為乳頭狀或濾泡-乳頭狀混合生長模式。BRAF V600E突變約占所有BRAF突變的90%,占所有觀察到的基因突變的28%~83%,可降低鈉/碘同向轉(zhuǎn)運體的表達,與甲狀腺癌侵襲性的生物學(xué)特征(甲狀腺被膜侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等)密切相關(guān)[14-16]。2015版美國甲狀腺協(xié)會指南將BRAF V600E突變這一分子特征納入PTC的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險分層系統(tǒng),BRAF V600E突變與PTC復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險增加、術(shù)后放射性碘治療效果更差且生存期降低有關(guān)[ 17]。術(shù)前對BRAF突變狀態(tài)的了解有助于術(shù)前風(fēng)險評估和治療方案的制訂,如對復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險低的PTC患者選擇積極檢測,而復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險高的患者采取更積極的手術(shù)干預(yù)等[1 18-24]。
2.1 BRAF V600E突變與二維超聲特征
有研究表明,BRAF V600E突變與PTC的可疑超聲表現(xiàn)相關(guān),如低回聲,毛刺/微葉狀邊緣,縱橫比大于 微鈣化的存在[15,25-35]。其他超聲征象,如邊界不清,多發(fā)病灶,實性成分,粗大鈣化也有類似的相關(guān)性[27-28,30-3 3 36]。甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的非可疑征象,如無暈環(huán)和較低鈣化率也可能與BRAF V600E突變相關(guān)[3 34,37]。分析上述可疑超聲征象可以提高預(yù)測BRAF V600E突變的準(zhǔn)確率,如當(dāng)存在至少3個可疑特征時,預(yù)測PTC中BRAF V600E突變的準(zhǔn)確率最高(84.5%),而不存在任何可疑超聲特征時,BRAF V600E突變的陰性預(yù)測值為83.3%[33]。
與以上研究不同,也有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)BRAF V600E突變與PTC超聲特征無關(guān)[1" 3" 38]。研究結(jié)果差異的原因可能與統(tǒng)計所包含的流行病學(xué)因素不同、所采用的研究方案設(shè)計不同、取材方法或基因檢測方法不同、樣本選取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同、甲狀腺癌不同病理亞型差異、超聲指標(biāo)觀察主觀差異等因素有關(guān)。
2.2 BRAF V600E突變與甲狀腺影像報告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)分類
甲狀腺影像報告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)(thyroid imaging reporting and data system,TI-RADS)根據(jù)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的可疑超聲特征對甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的惡性程度進行評估,分類級別越高,惡性風(fēng)險越高[ 13,19-23]。較高的美國放射學(xué)院協(xié)會TI-RADS評分是PTC BRAF V600E突變的獨立預(yù)測因素(7~11分,OR=2.638,95%CI=1.256~5.537;12分,OR=3.374,95%CI=1.186~9.596)[26],在微小PTC(micro-PTC,mPTC)中,這種關(guān)聯(lián)更加明顯(7~11分,OR=5.074,95%CI=11.984~12.979;12分,OR=5.147,95%CI=1.299~20.397),而在大于1 cm的PTC中未觀察到上述現(xiàn)象;較高的kwak版TI-RADS和歐洲TI-RADS評分也與BRAF V600E突變呈正相關(guān)[28,39-40]。
2.3 BRAF V600E突變與超聲新技術(shù)
超聲造影有助于預(yù)測PTC的BRAF V600E突變,向心增強、低增強和增強后的結(jié)節(jié)增大是與BRAF V600E突變顯著相關(guān)的征象[41-42]。超聲造影的定量分析技術(shù)也有幫助,其中,BRAF V600E突變組mPTC的微泡到達時間和峰值增強時間明顯較非突變組長[43]。影像組學(xué)技術(shù)可通過自動提取超聲圖像中的大量高維度特征,提供更多預(yù)測信息[39]。
2.4 BRAF V600E突變與病灶大小
在大多數(shù)研究中,與BRAF未突變組PTC相比,BRAF V600E突變組的病灶更小,這可能因為BRAF V600E突變組的超聲特征更為可疑,臨床干預(yù)較早所致,但也有研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組病灶大小的差異[1 24,32-33,36]。BRAF V600E突變組中,PTC的病灶大小可能會影響其超聲表現(xiàn)[27,34]。有研究證實,在mPTC中,病灶邊界不清、形態(tài)不規(guī)則、縱橫比大于1是BRAF V600E突變的獨立預(yù)測因素;而在大于1cm的PTC中,BRAF V600E突變不僅與病灶邊界不清、縱橫比大于1相關(guān),還與病灶低回聲、微小/粗大鈣化和無暈環(huán)相關(guān),但與非囊性成分無關(guān)[27,32]。研究結(jié)果差異可能與研究納入病例群體不同、基因檢測方法不同和超聲圖像的觀察者間差異有關(guān)。
2.5 BRAF V600E突變與PTC病理亞型
不同病理亞型的PTC侵襲性不同,臨床預(yù)后各異,經(jīng)典型PTC是最常見的病理亞型,占PTC的32%~49%,通常臨床預(yù)后良好,特別是缺乏侵襲性特征的包裹性病理亞型預(yù)后更為良好[44]。濾泡型PTC(follicular variant PTC,F(xiàn)VPTC)中,浸潤性FVPTC具有經(jīng)典 PTC 的侵襲性生長模式,包裹性FVPTC預(yù)后良好[44]。高細胞型、柱狀細胞型和靴釘型PTC侵襲性更強,臨床預(yù)后較差,而彌漫硬化型和固體/小梁型也可能出現(xiàn)侵襲性的臨床病理特征,但PTC其他病理亞型,如嗜酸細胞型、沃辛瘤樣型、透明細胞型、梭形細胞型等,對預(yù)后的影響尚不清楚。
常見的PTC亞型均存在BRAF V600E突變,不同亞型之間,除結(jié)節(jié)邊緣和鈣化狀態(tài)外,結(jié)節(jié)超聲特征沒有差異[44-45]。90%經(jīng)典型PTC有BRAF V600E突變,典型超聲表現(xiàn)為低回聲、毛刺/微小葉邊緣、微鈣化、縱橫比大于 血流分布常為混合型(分布于結(jié)節(jié)周邊及內(nèi)部),血流信號與周圍甲狀腺組織相比沒有增加。在所有亞型中,經(jīng)典型PTC的結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)鈣化最常見,微鈣化為最常見的鈣化類型,但嗜酸細胞型和高細胞型未發(fā)現(xiàn)微鈣化[45]。在嗜酸細胞型中,顯示乳頭狀或混合生長模式的腫瘤中可檢測到BRAF V600E突變,但在濾泡生長模式的腫瘤中未檢測到BRAF V600E突變,嗜酸細胞型超聲表現(xiàn)為低回聲或等回聲、邊緣光滑或呈毛刺狀/微分葉狀、縱橫比大于 0%存在粗大鈣化,大多數(shù)呈混合型血流分布[45-46]。高細胞型占PTC的4%~17%,BRAF V600E突變發(fā)生率超過92%,其超聲表現(xiàn)為典型惡性甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的特征,包括實性結(jié)構(gòu)、低回聲、毛刺狀/微分葉邊緣、縱橫比大于 伴淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[45,47]。柱狀細胞型非常罕見,BRAF V600E突變約占1/ 亦表現(xiàn)出典型的惡性特征,但包裹性柱狀細胞型預(yù)后較好,表現(xiàn)為邊界清晰的低回聲結(jié)節(jié);BRAF V600E突變常見于更具侵襲性的非包裹性柱狀細胞型,表現(xiàn)為大的低回聲病灶,微分葉邊緣,腺體外侵犯和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[48]。靴釘型中58%有BRAF V600E突變,常表現(xiàn)為伴微鈣化及微小分葉的低回聲結(jié)節(jié)或伴多發(fā)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,通常為多灶性。沃辛瘤樣型PTC中,93%~100%的病例與橋本氏甲狀腺炎相關(guān),BRAF V600E突變最常見,占65%,典型超聲表現(xiàn)為實性、低回聲及縱橫比大于 其中伴有橋本的病例中,BRAF V600E突變的典型表現(xiàn)也為實性,而無橋本的病例中,BRAF V600E突變的典型表現(xiàn)則為微鈣化[49]。FVPTC多數(shù)無鈣化,常表現(xiàn)為類似良性結(jié)節(jié)的超聲特征,F(xiàn)VPTC中,BRAF V600E突變可能與低回聲、不規(guī)則邊緣和微鈣化相關(guān),但也有研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)FVPTC與超聲表現(xiàn)的相關(guān)性[24,50-51]。
3 TERT啟動子突變
TERT是端粒酶的催化亞單位,與細胞的增殖能力相關(guān)。TERT啟動子突變在低分化甲狀腺癌和間變型甲狀腺癌中占40%~45%,在分化型甲狀癌中占10%~15%,在良性結(jié)節(jié)中則罕見。既往研究已經(jīng)明確了TERT啟動子突變與不良預(yù)后的相關(guān)性,表現(xiàn)為較高的遠處轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率、較差的生存率以及更高的腫瘤淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移分期,且在侵襲性甲狀腺癌和BRAF突變PTC中較常見[52-54]。TERT啟動子突變在甲狀腺癌診斷、失分化與轉(zhuǎn)移等方面發(fā)揮重要作用,特別是與BRAF突變共存時,PTC侵襲性和復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險顯著增加,因此TERT基因是甲狀腺癌診斷和侵襲性評估的重要腫瘤標(biāo)志物[55-56]。
TERT啟動子突變PTC的超聲特征多表現(xiàn)為多發(fā)病灶、微小分葉、低回聲、微鈣化,且常伴多發(fā)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,也可能與較大的年齡、縱橫比大于1、較大的腫瘤體積以及緊鄰或侵犯甲狀腺被膜有關(guān)[2 5 54,57-58]。
TERT啟動子突變發(fā)生率隨著可疑超聲特征和臨床病理特征的增加而增加。與BRAF V600E突變類似,當(dāng)可疑超聲特征的數(shù)目≥3時,預(yù)測TERT啟動子突變的準(zhǔn)確性較高(靈敏度94.1%,特異度71.3%),而沒有任何可疑的超聲特征和臨床病理特征時,預(yù)測TERT啟動子未突變的靈敏度達100%即TERT啟動子未突變[54]。
BRAF V600E與TERT啟動子共突變時,病灶更容易喪失攝碘能力,且腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險更高,往往提示預(yù)后不良,這類PTC可能與實性成分、低回聲、縱橫比大于1、微小葉邊緣和微鈣化的超聲特征相關(guān)[59-60]。
4 RAS突變
RAS突變在PTC中的發(fā)生率為10%~20%,主要見于FVPTC,RAS突變在濾泡型甲狀腺癌和帶乳頭狀細胞核特征的非侵襲性濾泡型甲狀腺腫瘤中更常見,發(fā)生率分別為40%~50%和20%~40%,RAS突變在分化型甲狀癌中的發(fā)生率僅次于BRAF V600E突變[61-62]。在濾泡細胞來源的腫瘤中,RAS突變常發(fā)生在濾泡性腺瘤、濾泡型甲狀腺癌和FVPTC中[63-64]。
RAS突變的PTC沒有特定的超聲表現(xiàn),超聲檢測RAS突變PTC的敏感性不高,其典型表現(xiàn)為:低回聲或等回聲,呈卵圓形或圓形,邊緣光滑,無鈣化[25]。與經(jīng)典型PTC相比,RAS突變在FVPTC中更常見,而經(jīng)典型PTC主要與BRAF V600E突變相關(guān)[65-66]。與RAS突變相比,具有可疑超聲特征、可疑細胞學(xué)檢查結(jié)果或具有一個及以上侵襲性病理特征的甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)更有可能檢出BRAF V600E突變[67-68]。
5 RET/PTC重排
RET/PTC重排在PTC中的發(fā)生率為15%~20%,以RET/PTC1重排最常見,占60%~80%,其次是RET/PTC RET/PTC3在侵襲性PTC亞型中更常見,而RET/PTC1更多見于經(jīng)典型PTC。RET/PTC重排對甲狀腺細胞病理學(xué)Bethesda Ⅲ類甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的惡性診斷率為60%,無假陽性存在,表明RET/PTC重排是診斷PTC特異性很高的標(biāo)志物[1 69-70]。RET/PTC重排和PTC超聲表現(xiàn)的相關(guān)研究很少,且研究結(jié)果不一致,可能表現(xiàn)為微鈣化、病灶體積小、患者年齡小、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率高,在RET/PTC3重排的病例中,等回聲比低回聲更常見,也常表現(xiàn)為彌漫性的甲狀腺病變伴散在微鈣化,且無明顯結(jié)節(jié)[34]。
RET/PTC重排是彌漫硬化型PTC最常見的基因突變,彌漫硬化型PTC經(jīng)常發(fā)生于年輕女性,典型超聲表現(xiàn)為甲狀腺葉的彌漫性受累以及散在的微鈣化,與經(jīng)典型PTC超聲表現(xiàn)不同[47]。RET/PTC1重排的彌漫硬化型PTC中常伴有橋本甲狀腺炎,但RET/PTC1重排的超聲表現(xiàn)中,微鈣化比RET/PTC3重排的病例更為少見[71]。BRAF V600E突變在彌漫硬化型PTC中很少見(占24%),常表現(xiàn)為清晰可見的結(jié)節(jié),只有33%表現(xiàn)為彌漫性微鈣化,超聲表現(xiàn)與RET/PTC1重排的腫瘤非常相似,與RET/PTC3重排的腫瘤則明顯不同[71]。
6 其他基因突變
BRAF K601E突變發(fā)生于大多數(shù)浸潤性FVPTC中,超聲通常表現(xiàn)為低回聲、邊緣毛刺/微分葉、微鈣化,縱橫比大于1和混合型的血流分布也很常見[47]。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)了固體/小梁型PTC的DICER1突變,DICER1突變非常罕見,約占所有PTC的3%。超聲通常表現(xiàn)為典型的惡性特征(低回聲、微鈣化、邊緣不規(guī)則),常伴甲狀腺被膜外侵犯和淋巴結(jié)受累,但也可能表現(xiàn)為清晰的邊緣[47, 72]。也有研究報道了1例固體/小梁型PTC的BRAF K6001E突變[73]。
綜上,PTC基因改變和超聲特征、病理亞型之間具有一定的相關(guān)性,尤其是BRAF V600E突變和RAS突變(表1)。
7 總結(jié)和展望
在BRAF V600E突變和RAS突變的PTC中,病灶的超聲特征與基因突變相關(guān)。在不同病理亞型的PTC中,與沒有任何突變的病例相比,存在基因突變的PTC有不同的超聲表現(xiàn),且不同基因突變的PTC超聲表現(xiàn)也不同。存在其他基因改變的PTC,包括BRAF K601E突變、RET/PTC重排等(主要見于經(jīng)典型、彌漫硬化型和浸潤性濾泡型PTC),在超聲上也表現(xiàn)為甲狀腺癌的典型惡性特征。術(shù)前超聲有望在診斷和評估常見類型PTC的侵襲性方面發(fā)揮作用,為治療方案和手術(shù)范圍的選擇提供參考,但對于一些罕見的PTC亞型基因突變的超聲特征,需要未來更大樣本的研究分析才能得出結(jié)論。
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作者貢獻聲明 李惠霖:文獻檢索、文章撰寫和修訂;張波:研究選題,文章的修訂、審閱和定稿,并同意対研究工作誠信負責(zé)
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(收稿日期:2023-09-14)