馬瑞娟 俞明亮 許建蘭 萬保雄 李海炎 張妤艷 蔡志翔 嚴娟 沈江海
摘? ? 要:南桂桃1號是以97-42-40為母本、Flordaglo為父本雜交育成的低需冷量桃新品種,需冷量約200 h。該品種果實扁圓形,果頂稍凹陷,平均單果質量233 g,最大單果質量454 g。果面茸毛中等,底色黃白色,3/4以上著紅色。果肉白色,半離核,肉質為硬溶質,風味甜,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為12.4%,可滴定酸含量為0.24%。在江蘇省南京市(經(jīng)度118°87′、緯度32°03′)7月上中旬果實成熟,廣西壯族自治區(qū)桂林市(經(jīng)度109°45′、緯度24°18′)6月中旬成熟、靖西市(經(jīng)度106°42′、緯度23°13′)5月底至6月初成熟。該品種生長勢偏旺,花為薔薇型,有花粉,自花結實,早果豐產;流膠病抗性中等,春季溫度偏低年份有少量縮葉病發(fā)生。適宜江蘇、廣西以及類似氣候條件區(qū)域種植。
關鍵詞:桃;新品種;南桂桃1號;低需冷量
中圖分類號:S662.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)12-2676-04
收稿日期:2023-07-14 接受日期:2023-09-13
基金項目:現(xiàn)代農業(yè)產業(yè)技術體系建設專項資金(CARS-30);江蘇省農業(yè)科技自主創(chuàng)新資金[cx(09)605]
作者簡介:馬瑞娟,女,研究員,主要從事桃栽培技術和新品種選育研究。Tel:025-84390220,E-mail:marj311@163.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:mly1008@aliyun.com
Breeding report of a new low-chilling-requiring peach cultivar Nanguitao No. 1
MA Ruijuan1, YU Mingliang1*, XU Jianlan1, WAN Baoxiong2, LI Haiyan2, ZHANG Yuyan1, CAI Zhi-
xiang1, YAN Juan1, SHEN Jianghai1
(1Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; 2Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China)
Abstract: Low temperature is essential for the normal growth and development of deciduous fruit species like peach. To break dormancy and resume growth, adequate accumulation of low temperatures (chilling requirement, CR) is necessary. Chilling requirement is the major factor to determine the bloom date, and plays a key role in the climatic distribution of plants as well as fruit yield and quality. With the development of peach production in the southern China and forcing culture in the northern China, low chilling requirement varieties with high quality are needed urgently. Nanguitao No. 1 is a new low chilling peach cultivar with CRs about 200 h. It was derived from the cross between 97-42-40 as a female parent and Flordaglo as the pollen. The cross was made in spring of 2004, and 79 seedlings were transplanted in the experimental orchard of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences with a spacing of four meters between rows and one meter in the rows in late April of 2005. It was initially selected in 2009 for its early blooming, nice fruit shape and good flavor, and then top grafting was applied in Lishui. After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Nanjing, Guilin and Jingxi) over eight years from 2012 to 2019, it was finally selected in 2019. The tree is vigorous with a semi-open growth habit. Young branches are amaranth in color. The internode length is long with the average of 2.93 cm. The green leaves are long lliptic-lanceolate, 16.93 cm long and 4.50 cm wide. The petiole length is 0.97 cm, with 4-6 reniform glands. The flower is showy with five pink petals. It blooms in late-February to early-March in Nanjing (118°87′ E, 32°03′ N), mid-February in Guilin (109°45′ E, 24°18′ N), and late January in Jinxi (106°42′ E, 23°13′ N). The mature period is in early-mid July in Nanjing, mid-June in Guilin and by the end of May to early June in Jingxi. The fruit shape is oblate with concave top. The white skin is mostly covered by red blush. The flesh is white, hard melting, juicy, sweet with good quality. Haematochrome staining of pit cavities was found near the stone. The average fruit weight is 233 g and the maximum fruit weight is 454 g. The soluble solids content is 12.4% and the titratable acid content is 0.24%. The semi-free stone is small and nearly round. This cultivar is self-fruitful, and the open pollination fruit rate is very high, reaching about 60%. It has good precocity and high yield potential, and fruit thinning is needed about 25 d after full bloom for good quality. It is moderately resistant to peach gummosis, while leaf curl occurrs in warm and damp spring. Long-shoot pruning should be taken to control vigorous growth of young trees. It can be planted in Jiangsu province, Guilin and Jingxi of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region as well as other areas with similar climate and geographical conditions.
Key words: Peach; New cultivar; Nanguitao No. 1; Low chilling
需冷量是打破落葉果樹自然休眠所需的有效低溫時數(shù),只有滿足低溫需求量,果樹才能正常開花結果。我國自20世紀80年代末期開始進行桃品種需冷量評價[1],之后開展了遺傳特性、新品種選育等研究[2]。近年南方低緯度地區(qū)桃樹種植熱情高漲,但所用品種多為常規(guī)中、高需冷量品種,由于冷量不充足,出現(xiàn)了開花不整齊、產量低等現(xiàn)象,制約了南方桃產業(yè)的發(fā)展;北方設施栽培品種也以露地早熟桃和油桃為主,為了搶早上市,大多采用提前扣棚、使用植物生長調節(jié)劑等措施,導致出現(xiàn)果頂尖凸、裂核、風味品質差等現(xiàn)象,嚴重影響了設施桃的市場價值。因此,培育需冷量低、果實品質優(yōu)的桃品種,對擴大桃栽培南限和北方設施促早栽培具有重要意義。江蘇省農業(yè)科學院以南山甜桃[3]、Flordaglo[4]等低需冷量種質為親本,與優(yōu)質栽培品種雜交,開啟了低需冷量桃新品種選育研究。
1 選育經(jīng)過
2004年春以中熟水蜜桃優(yōu)系97-42-40為母本、美國低需冷量桃品種Flordaglo為父本(圖1),進行雜交授粉。7月上旬采收雜交果實95個,培育獲得雜種實生苗79株;2005年春定植于江蘇省農業(yè)科學院桃育種圃,株行距1 m×4 m,按照常規(guī)栽培措施進行日常管理,2007年雜種單株開花結果。經(jīng)過連續(xù)3 a(年)的觀察,單株XNN6-6開花早,有花粉,果形端正,外觀漂亮,風味甜(父本Flordaglo風味酸),2009年選為優(yōu)良單株,同年秋季在溧水基地進行高接。2011年春向廣西特色作物研究院提供接穗,2014年在桂林結果,2018年在百色的靖西結果。經(jīng)連續(xù)多年多點的觀察比較,該品種綜合性狀優(yōu)良、表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定?;ㄆ谳^對照品種霞暉5號提早10 d左右,成熟期較霞暉5號推遲1周左右。采用0~7.2 ℃模型[5]測試,需冷量在200 h左右。2022年8月獲得農業(yè)農村部植物新品種權證書,定名為南桂桃1號(圖2)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學特征
樹勢偏旺,樹姿半開張。1年生新梢向陽面紫紅色,節(jié)間長度偏長,平均為2.93 cm。葉片長16.93 cm,寬4.50 cm,葉柄長0.97 cm,長橢圓披針形,綠色;葉柄蜜腺腎形,4~6個,多為4個;葉片先端漸尖,葉基部楔形,葉緣圓鋸齒狀。花為薔薇型,花冠粉色。柱頭與花藥位置等高,萼筒內壁綠黃色,有花粉。
2.2 果實主要經(jīng)濟性狀
果實扁圓形,果頂稍凹陷,縫合線淺,兩半部對稱,成熟度較一致。平均單果質量233 g,大果質量454 g。果皮底色白色,果面大部分著紅色;果皮中厚、茸毛中等,梗洼中深。果肉白色,近核處有少量紅色素,硬溶質,汁液中等,纖維少,風味甜,鮮食品質優(yōu)??扇苄怨绦挝锖浚╳,后同)為12.4%,可滴定酸含量為0.24%。半離核,核?。ū?)。
2.3 生長結果習性
南桂桃1號生長勢較強,易成花,花芽起始節(jié)位第2~4節(jié),以復花芽為主。6年生樹徒長性果枝、長果枝、中果枝、短果枝、花束狀果枝比例為3.29%、34.73%、20.96%、24.85%、16.17%,各類果枝均結果良好,自花可以結實,花期天氣晴好的情況下,自然授粉坐果率達60%。早果豐產,1年生成苗種植第2年即可開花結果,第4年進入盛果期,每666.7 m2產量控制在1500 kg左右。
2.4 物候期
該品種物候期偏早,在南京地區(qū)2月上旬萌芽,2月下旬至3月上旬盛花,花期持續(xù)7 d左右,主要與當時的氣溫相關;7月上中旬果實成熟;11月中旬開始落葉,12月上旬落葉終止,全年生育期約290 d。在廣西壯族自治區(qū)桂林市2月中旬盛花,6月中旬成熟;在百色的靖西,1月中旬盛花,5月底6月初果實成熟。
2.5 抗逆性及栽培適應性
南桂桃1號在江蘇、廣西均生長良好,至今未發(fā)現(xiàn)有特別病蟲危害。2021年早春溫度偏高,萌芽開花提前,2月底溫度下降并伴隨降雨,南桂桃1號出現(xiàn)少量縮葉病,之后隨著溫度的回升,新葉恢復正常。通過對6年生樹體流膠發(fā)生情況的田間觀察,所調查植株均有流膠,發(fā)病等級為2~3級,屬于中等抗性[6]。在廣西產區(qū),附近種植柑橘的桃園存在橘小實蠅危害現(xiàn)象。
3 栽培技術要點
3.1 定植建園
低需冷量品種生長期長、樹體生長量大,不宜采用密植栽培模式。建議平地行距5 m,株距自然開心形3~4 m、兩主枝Y形2.5~3.0 m;丘陵山地根據(jù)地形地貌而定。
3.2 整形修剪
幼樹生長較旺,宜加強夏季修剪,促進主枝分級,搭建穩(wěn)固的骨架;冬季采用長枝修剪,緩和樹勢。果實采收后需及時疏除延長枝頂端及內膛旺盛生長枝,改善光照條件,防止樹冠下部枝條枯萎,結果部位外移。
3.3 肥水管理
每年10—11月份施基肥,用量一般為每666.7 m2施腐熟有機肥1500 kg左右。果實膨大期每株施1 kg硫酸鉀或腐熟餅肥,采收前15 d不澆水,以提高果實內在品質。
3.4 花果管理
南桂桃1號雖然開花早,但在南京地區(qū)10多年來未曾出現(xiàn)因花期受凍而造成的減產現(xiàn)象,自然坐果率高,花后25 d開始可分批疏果。果實生長發(fā)育期長,建議套袋栽培,江蘇產區(qū)推薦白色或淺黃色紙袋,廣西等柑橘產區(qū)采用紙質稍厚的果袋;果實硬度中等,注意適時采收,以提高商品果率以及耐運輸性能。
3.5 病蟲害防治
做好清園工作,及時清除病蟲果枝,保持桃園清潔衛(wèi)生;抓住萌芽前后的關鍵防治期,尤其注重石硫合劑的使用,春季如遇低溫天氣,需關注縮葉病發(fā)生;南方柑橘產區(qū)特別注意橘小實蠅的防控。
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