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        晚熟黃綠色蘋(píng)果新品種煙香翠的選育

        2023-11-21 01:58:51孫燕霞趙玲玲劉大亮張學(xué)勇杜曉云宋來(lái)慶劉學(xué)卿程志娟唐巖
        果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào) 2023年11期
        關(guān)鍵詞:晚熟新品種蘋(píng)果

        孫燕霞 趙玲玲 劉大亮 張學(xué)勇 杜曉云 宋來(lái)慶 劉學(xué)卿 程志娟 唐巖

        摘? ? 要:煙香翠為晚熟黃綠色蘋(píng)果新品種,是2003年從韓國(guó)引進(jìn)的中熟蘋(píng)果品種紅露的實(shí)生后代,果實(shí)生育期為162~168 d。該品種果實(shí)近圓形,果個(gè)較輕,平均單果質(zhì)量118.3 g,成熟時(shí)果皮呈黃綠色,表面光滑,果肉黃白色,去皮硬度9.0 kg·cm-2,口感脆甜、肉質(zhì)細(xì)膩,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為17.50%,可滴定酸含量為0.28%,可溶性糖含量為13.85%,維生素C含量為23.50 mg?kg-1。適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、豐產(chǎn)性好、適宜免套袋栽培,山東、新疆、云南等蘋(píng)果適栽區(qū)均可栽培,盛果期每公頃產(chǎn)量2.28 t。

        關(guān)鍵詞:蘋(píng)果;新品種;煙香翠;晚熟;免套袋

        中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S661.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2023)11-2477-05

        Breeding of a new late-maturing and yellow-green apple variety Yanxiangcui

        SUN Yanxia1, ZHAO Lingling1, LIU Daliang1, ZHANG Xueyong1, DU Xiaoyun1, SONG Laiqing1, LIU Xueqing1, CHENG Zhijuan2, TANG Yan1*

        (1Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, Shandong, China; 2College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China)

        Abstract: Yanxiangcui is a new late-ripening and yellowish green apple variety, formerly named as HL105. It was the seed of Hongro introduced from Korean in the autumn of 2003. In the spring of 2005, strong seedlings were selected and planted. HL105 was selected as an excellent individual after fruiting of the seedlings in 2009. In the next year, it was selected into the selection nursery. In 2014, a large number of fruits were produced and the fruit properties were stable. The tree vigor of this variety is medium-strong, the tree posture is open, the annual branches are brown with a few hairs, the average length and thickness are 87.00 cm and 0.53 cm respectively, and the internode length is 3.2 cm. It is easy to initiate flower buds. The leaf is oval, with an average length of 9.5 cm and a width of 5.8 cm. The petiole is 3.0 cm long. The leaf surface is wavy and the leaf margin is sharp-serrated. The bud is pink, the corolla diameter is about 4.8 cm, the petals are oblong and the edges of the petals are separated. The fruit of Yanxiangcui is nearly round and the weight of single fruit is 118.3 g. The fruit surface is smooth and waxy without rust, fruit edges and powder, the fruit spot is medium-large and dense, the sepals are persistent and retrorse, the fruit top is flat, and the fruit surface is yellow green at maturity. The flesh is light yellow, crisp and sweet in taste, delicate in meat quality, and the fresh quality is excellent. The fruit hardness with peel is 10.00 kg·cm-2, the soluble solidis content is 17.50%, the soluble sugar content is 13.85%, the titratable acid content is 0.28% and the vitamin C content is 23.50 mg·kg-1. It was registered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2022 and officially named Yanxiangcui. In Yantai, Yanxiangcui sprouts flower buds in mid March, leaves sprout in mid April, blooms start in late April, and fruit development period lasts about 165 days. The fruit matures in early October and belongs to the late maturing variety. The leaves fall in the first ten days of November, and the entire growing period is about 210 days. Through SSR molecular marker analysis, it was found that Yanxiangcui was different from existing green apple germplasm, and was indeed a new yellow-green apple germplasm. The combination of resistance identification and field experiment observation showed that the tobacco-fragrant-jade variety has high resistance to branch ring rot, rot and rust, moderate sensitivity to anthracnose leaf blight, good winter cold resistance, and moderate frost resistance during flowering, making it suitable for spring planting in Shandong, Xinjiang, Yunnan and other places. The yield per hectare during the full fruit period can reach 2.28 tons. In newly planted orchards, we can choose suitable rootstocks based on the depth of the soil layer, with tree shapes of high spindle or free spindle system. In terms of pest management, as this variety is suitable for bagging-free cultivation, the physical and biological pest control measures should also be combined to achieve the goal of producing good fruit besides conventional chemical control.

        Key words: Apple; New variety; Yanxiangcui; Late-ripening; Bagging free

        收稿日期:2023-07-04 接受日期:2023-08-02

        基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家現(xiàn)代蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(CARS-28);山東省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2021LZGC021);西藏自治區(qū)重點(diǎn)研發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)化(XZ2020NB09);煙臺(tái)市科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃(2021NYNC011)

        作者簡(jiǎn)介:孫燕霞,女,高級(jí)農(nóng)藝師,主要從事蘋(píng)果育種及栽培研究工作。Tel:13589897102,E-mail:44439010@sina.com

        *通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:13583589733,E-mail:tangyan_hy@163.com

        蘋(píng)果與葡萄、柑橘、香蕉并稱(chēng)世界四大水果,是一種老少皆宜的全營(yíng)養(yǎng)保健型水果[1]。蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)業(yè)是富民產(chǎn)業(yè),蘋(píng)果種植區(qū)的多數(shù)縣域把推進(jìn)蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展作為現(xiàn)實(shí)鄉(xiāng)村振興的產(chǎn)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)。2021年全國(guó)蘋(píng)果種植面積208萬(wàn)hm2,總產(chǎn)量3934萬(wàn)t,蘋(píng)果生產(chǎn)總成本平均為每666.7 m2約5000元[2],比2020年上升2.77%。因此,對(duì)標(biāo)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展內(nèi)涵,急需選育適宜輕簡(jiǎn)高效栽培的優(yōu)質(zhì)蘋(píng)果新品種來(lái)充實(shí)我國(guó)蘋(píng)果品種市場(chǎng),在降低生產(chǎn)成本的同時(shí)提升消費(fèi)者對(duì)于蘋(píng)果市場(chǎng)的信心。

        1 選育過(guò)程

        2003年煙臺(tái)農(nóng)科院以紅露為母本,進(jìn)行自然選種,獲得實(shí)生種子600余粒,次年進(jìn)行田間育苗,2009年實(shí)生樹(shù)開(kāi)始結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)代號(hào)HL105植株,樹(shù)體長(zhǎng)勢(shì)健壯,果形端正美麗,顏色獨(dú)特,果面光滑,口感酸甜適中。翌年將其選為優(yōu)系,進(jìn)入復(fù)選圃,2014年大量結(jié)果,果實(shí)性狀穩(wěn)定,2022年通過(guò)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部登記[登記編號(hào):GPD蘋(píng)果(2022)370006],正式命名為煙香翠(圖1)。

        2 主要性狀

        2.1 植物學(xué)特征

        煙香翠樹(shù)姿開(kāi)張,樹(shù)勢(shì)強(qiáng),1年生枝向陽(yáng)面褐色,有少量茸毛;葉片平均長(zhǎng)9.5 cm,寬5.8 cm,葉柄長(zhǎng)3.0 cm,葉面呈波浪形,葉緣銳鋸齒;花蕾粉紅色,花瓣卵圓形,離生,花冠直徑4.8 cm左右。

        2.2 果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀

        煙香翠的果實(shí)近圓形,果個(gè)較小,平均單果質(zhì)量118.3 g(表1),果形指數(shù)為0.92;果面平滑無(wú)銹,無(wú)果棱和果粉,有蠟質(zhì),果點(diǎn)中大、中密,萼片宿存,反卷,果頂平,萼洼深度中等、廣狹度中等,梗洼深、廣狹度中等,成熟期果面為黃綠色;果肉淡黃色,口感脆甜、肉質(zhì)細(xì)膩,鮮食品質(zhì)上乘,果實(shí)的可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為17.50%,去皮硬度

        9.00 kg·cm-2,可滴定酸含量為0.28%,可溶性糖含量為13.85%,維生素C含量為23.50 mg·kg-1;五心室,心室閉合。

        2.3 生長(zhǎng)結(jié)果習(xí)性

        煙香翠的幼樹(shù)生長(zhǎng)旺盛,1年生枝平均長(zhǎng)度和粗度分別為87.00 cm和0.53 cm,節(jié)間長(zhǎng)度為3.2 cm。易形成花芽,以中、短果枝結(jié)果為主,坐果率高,無(wú)采前落果現(xiàn)象,可替代嘎拉作為富士、維納斯黃金、魯麗、瑞雪等品種的授粉樹(shù)進(jìn)行搭配種植,5年生喬化樹(shù)每公頃產(chǎn)量2.28 t。

        2.4 物候期

        在山東煙臺(tái)地區(qū),煙香翠于3月14日花芽萌動(dòng),4月10日葉芽萌動(dòng),4月13日花序露出,4月21日花序伸長(zhǎng),4月24日花序分離,4月26日至4月29日初花期,果實(shí)發(fā)育期165 d左右,10月上旬成熟,屬晚熟品種,營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)期為210 d左右。

        2.5 抗逆性

        抗性鑒定結(jié)合田間試驗(yàn)觀察,煙香翠品種高抗枝干輪紋病、腐爛病和銹病,感炭疽葉枯病,越冬抗寒性好,抗花期霜凍能力中等。

        2.6 分子鑒定

        蘋(píng)果栽培以紅色果皮品種為主,生產(chǎn)上主栽的黃綠品種十分有限。該品種為黃色品種,因此,選取黃綠蘋(píng)果作為背景群體,進(jìn)行分子鑒定。試材包括國(guó)內(nèi)外廣泛種植的黃色品種金帥、近年由國(guó)內(nèi)育種機(jī)構(gòu)選育或從國(guó)外引種試栽的黃綠品種,以及本團(tuán)隊(duì)自主選育的黃綠雜交優(yōu)系,共16份(表2)。從蘋(píng)果HiDRAS(https://sites.unimi.it/camelot/hidras/HiDRAS-SSRdb/pages/index.php)網(wǎng)站公布的80對(duì)SSR引物開(kāi)展SSR分子標(biāo)記分析,從中篩選獲得16對(duì)多態(tài)性好的引物。基于16對(duì)引物SSR擴(kuò)增結(jié)果,通過(guò)NTSYS軟件計(jì)算SM相似指數(shù)和進(jìn)行UPGMA聚類(lèi)分析。由圖2可知,煙香翠與其實(shí)生母本紅露的相似率為0.800;與其他14份品種的遺傳相似率介于0.612~0.862之間,平均相似率為0.735,由此表明,在遺傳物質(zhì)上,煙香翠與現(xiàn)有綠色蘋(píng)果種質(zhì)不存在同物異名現(xiàn)象,是一份黃綠蘋(píng)果新種質(zhì)。由聚類(lèi)結(jié)果(圖3)結(jié)合筆者品種選育圃不同品種實(shí)際種植布局,可初步推測(cè),嘎拉可能為煙香翠的父本,具體尚需進(jìn)一步確證。

        3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)

        3.1 苗木繁育與建園,整形修剪

        煙香翠適宜在山東、云南、陜西、新疆等蘋(píng)果適栽區(qū)栽培,水肥條件較差的丘陵、山地果園可采用八棱海棠、平邑甜茶等喬砧寬行栽培,定植株行距(2.0~2.5)m×(4.0~4.5)m;土層厚度在60 cm以上、水肥條件較好的果園可采用M9、M26等矮砧栽培,定植株行距(1.2~1.5)m×(4.0~4.5)m。建園時(shí)采用起壟栽培,樹(shù)形采用自由紡錘形或高紡錘形,行間人工種植長(zhǎng)柔毛野豌豆,可顯著提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量,保水保肥。

        3.2 果實(shí)、肥水管理

        在栽培過(guò)程中,要保證樹(shù)體充足的肥水供應(yīng)。10月上旬果實(shí)采收后應(yīng)立即施肥,以提高樹(shù)體養(yǎng)分存儲(chǔ)[3]。在幼果期、果實(shí)膨大期可追施適量葉面肥。及時(shí)疏花疏果,合理調(diào)整負(fù)載,可達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)連年豐產(chǎn)和健壯樹(shù)勢(shì)的目的。

        3.3 病蟲(chóng)害防治

        該品種果實(shí)為黃綠色且抗性強(qiáng),無(wú)需套袋即可生產(chǎn)出表面光潔的優(yōu)質(zhì)果,特別注意防治炭疽葉枯病,應(yīng)綜合利用化學(xué)、物理、生物防治措施[4-6]。

        參考文獻(xiàn) References:

        [1] 陳靜,宋燁,周大森,張?chǎng)危罾^蘭,張文靜. 我國(guó)蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)業(yè)地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析[J]. 北方園藝,2022(5):140-145.

        CHEN Jing,SONG Ye,ZHOU Dasen,ZHANG Xin,LI Jilan,ZHANG Wenjing. Statistical analysis of local standards of Chinas apple industry[J]. Northern Horticulture,2022(5):140-145.

        [2] 程小珂,李梅芳. 中國(guó)蘋(píng)果種植成本收益及其影響因素分析[J]. 遼寧農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2022(3):29-35.

        CHENG Xiaoke,LI Meifang. Analysis on production cost-benefit and its influencing factors of apple in China[J]. Liaoning Agricultural Sciences,2022(3):29-35.

        [3] 孫鳳妮,裴文武. 蘋(píng)果園土肥水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化綜合管理技術(shù)探析[J]. 中國(guó)果菜,2018,38(9):48-49.

        SUN Fengni,PEI Wenwu. Comprehensive management technology of soil,fertilizer and water standardization in apple orchard[J]. China Fruit & Vegetable,2018,38(9):48-49.

        [4] 王娜. 無(wú)公害蘋(píng)果種植技術(shù)及病蟲(chóng)害防治[J]. 南方農(nóng)業(yè),2021,15(9):26-27.

        WANG Na. Pollution free apple planting technology and pest control[J]. South China Agriculture,2021,15(9):26-27.

        [5] 張振芳,李保華,練森,王彩霞,董向麗,李平亮,張明勇,徐月華,韓文啟,李壽永.蘋(píng)果病蟲(chóng)害節(jié)本增效防控的原則與技術(shù)[J]. 中國(guó)果樹(shù),2017(6):1-7.

        ZHANG Zhenfang,LI Baohua,LIAN Sen,WANG Caixia,DONG Xiangli,LI Pingliang,ZHANG Mingyong,XU Yuehua,HAN Wenqi,LI Shouyong. Principles and techniques of apple pests and diseases management for saving cost and improving effectiveness[J]. China Fruits,2017(6):1-7.

        [6] 岳強(qiáng),閆文濤,周宗山,張懷江,孫麗娜,仇貴生. 蘋(píng)果病蟲(chóng)害發(fā)生特征與防治策略[J]. 中國(guó)果樹(shù),2020(6):107-111.

        YUE Qiang,YAN Wentao,ZHOU Zongshan,ZHANG Huaijiang,SUN Lina,QIU Guisheng. Occurrence characteristics and control strategies of apple diseases and insect pests[J]. China Fruits,2020(6):107-111.

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