■陳 松
《義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2022 年版)》明確指出,秉持在體驗(yàn)中學(xué)習(xí)、在實(shí)踐中運(yùn)用、在遷移中創(chuàng)新的學(xué)習(xí)理念,倡導(dǎo)學(xué)生圍繞真實(shí)情境和真實(shí)問題,激活已知,參與到指向主題意義探究的學(xué)習(xí)理解、應(yīng)用實(shí)踐和遷移創(chuàng)新等一系列相互關(guān)聯(lián)、循環(huán)遞進(jìn)的語言學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用活動(dòng)中。堅(jiān)持學(xué)思結(jié)合,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)理解類活動(dòng)中獲取、梳理語言和文化知識(shí),建立知識(shí)間的關(guān)聯(lián)。堅(jiān)持以評(píng)促學(xué)、以評(píng)促教,注重發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生成為各類活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)者、參與者和合作者。
為進(jìn)一步探索問題導(dǎo)向的學(xué)、思、練語法課堂,筆者以譯林版牛津英語教材七(上)Unit 2 語法課為例,解決教學(xué)難點(diǎn)。該單元強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“人與自我”,核心話題是討論、分享與運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān)的內(nèi)容。語法板塊的功能是梳理本單元出現(xiàn)的重點(diǎn)語言現(xiàn)象,幫助學(xué)生更好地掌握語法規(guī)則,使其在語境中開展學(xué)習(xí),遷移知識(shí),運(yùn)用所學(xué)。
以學(xué)定教,踐行問題導(dǎo)向的學(xué)、思、練語法課堂教學(xué)主要分為以下幾個(gè)步驟:基于課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn),精心設(shè)計(jì)課前練習(xí);基于學(xué)生起點(diǎn),精準(zhǔn)規(guī)劃課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng);基于學(xué)生特點(diǎn),提供自測(cè)評(píng)價(jià)反饋單。
本課例擬通過一課時(shí)完成教學(xué),讓學(xué)生能在學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)束時(shí)達(dá)成以下目標(biāo):在語境中理解行為動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法;在語境中掌握行為動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的肯定句、否定句、疑問句以及肯定和否定回答的基本用法;圍繞本單元主題,在語境中運(yùn)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)進(jìn)行交流。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句型在小學(xué)四年級(jí)已反復(fù)出現(xiàn),七年級(jí)學(xué)生對(duì)其并不陌生。因此,基于學(xué)情設(shè)計(jì)課前練習(xí),教師應(yīng)當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確把握學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)起點(diǎn),充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生主觀能動(dòng)性,踐行學(xué)思結(jié)合,讓學(xué)生成為課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)的主人。
本單元的主題為“讓我們一起運(yùn)動(dòng)”。為準(zhǔn)確把握本課時(shí)教學(xué)起點(diǎn),相關(guān)課前練習(xí)應(yīng)緊密圍繞“運(yùn)動(dòng)”主題展開,從而引導(dǎo)學(xué)生圍繞主題解決問題,激活已知,發(fā)現(xiàn)認(rèn)知差距,形成學(xué)習(xí)期待。課前練習(xí)設(shè)計(jì)如下:
(1)Which of the following refer to present events?Tick the correct boxes.
□My friend does well in swimming.
□They often played football after school last term.
□Look,he is jogging in the park.
□We usually take a walk after supper.
□He will play in the Huanghe Football Club next year.
(2)Use correct forms to fill in the following blanks.
Most people say sports________(be) for young people, but my grandparents________(not think) so.My grandpa is 72 years old and he________(like) swimming and running.He likes ball games too.He often_______(play)tennis in the afternoon.My grandmother is 69 years old.She often_______(dance) after dinner on the square.My grandparents both_____(play)table tennis in their free time.My grandmother says doing sports can make her healthy,but now she _______(not have) enough time to exercise every night.She likes Yangko now.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】圍繞單元主題設(shè)計(jì)課前練習(xí),讓學(xué)生在主題語境中完成相關(guān)練習(xí),激活已知。教師根據(jù)本班學(xué)生課前練習(xí)反饋確定教學(xué)內(nèi)容,為接下來的課堂語法教學(xué)找好起點(diǎn),將傳統(tǒng)的教師講授型課堂轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐詫W(xué)生學(xué)、思、練為一體的素養(yǎng)型課堂,讓語法課堂的學(xué)習(xí)更高效。
根據(jù)課前測(cè)反饋結(jié)果來看,95%的學(xué)生可以適應(yīng)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的使用語境,對(duì)該時(shí)態(tài)的概念掌握較好,能在不同時(shí)態(tài)中準(zhǔn)確分辨出一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法。在課堂教學(xué)中,應(yīng)基于學(xué)情,明確教學(xué)重點(diǎn),通過活動(dòng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在真實(shí)情境中梳理語言現(xiàn)象,歸納語法規(guī)則,積極參與指向主題意義探究的語言學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用活動(dòng),從而提升素養(yǎng),發(fā)展能力。
(1)Presentation
T: You did some exercises about simple present tense yesterday.Everybody did a very good job.But there are a few mistakes.It’s very common to make mistakes at first.Today,let’s try to find out and solve them together.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】堅(jiān)持問題導(dǎo)向,直接呈現(xiàn)昨日練習(xí)中的問題,鼓勵(lì)生生互動(dòng),讓學(xué)生成為各類評(píng)價(jià)活動(dòng)的參與者和合作者。問題導(dǎo)向的課堂能讓學(xué)生盡快投入課堂學(xué)習(xí),主動(dòng)發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,學(xué)會(huì)思考,讓學(xué)習(xí)真正發(fā)生。
(2)Analysis
T:Now you have found out these mistakes.Can you work in pairs to analyze the reasons for these mistakes?
S1: They don’t know how to change“y”into“s”.
S2:Maybe they don’t know the differences between vowels and consonants.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、識(shí)別問題后,錯(cuò)誤產(chǎn)生的原因須進(jìn)一步分析和明確。教師再次引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過互助分享、分析問題、梳理錯(cuò)因等方法,找出問題,避免再犯。和以教師直接講授規(guī)則、學(xué)生被動(dòng)聽講的傳統(tǒng)課堂相比,通過生生互相發(fā)現(xiàn)—總結(jié)—分享,踐行問題導(dǎo)向的學(xué)、思、練教學(xué)模式更容易被學(xué)生接受,學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)成效較高,學(xué)習(xí)真正發(fā)生的概率更大。
(3)Work out the rules
T:Do you know how to add“s”to the verb? How many ways are there to add an“s”?What are they?Now can you work in groups of four to work out the rules and then write them down?
T: If you have finished, you can turn to page 23, and check out the rules with your group members.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】課本第23 頁所要學(xué)習(xí)、呈現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容在生生歸納和總結(jié)中完成。由生生互助梳理、概括與整合代替教師的講授和歸納,更能調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生積極性。學(xué)生作為主體參與語言活動(dòng),自主習(xí)得語言知識(shí),在學(xué)習(xí)中取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短,總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn),充分發(fā)揮主體作用。
(4)Presentation
T: Now I think most of you have learned how to add“s”.
(5)Discussion
T: Everybody finished a diary about Millie and her family member’s favourite sports yesterday.Now,work in pairs to read the diary together.If you have some questions during reading, you can stop to discuss or raise up your hands and I will help you.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】根據(jù)課前測(cè)情況得知,該部分內(nèi)容尚有學(xué)生未掌握,設(shè)計(jì)此活動(dòng),可以幫助學(xué)生梳理行為動(dòng)詞的否定句和一般疑問句的用法。學(xué)生在具體的語境中學(xué)習(xí)語法知識(shí),在活動(dòng)中體驗(yàn)學(xué)習(xí),在討論中梳理、歸納所學(xué)語法的表達(dá)形式、使用功能和語用功能,反思錯(cuò)因。在此過程中,教師根據(jù)學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)和需求,及時(shí)提供幫助和反饋,通過觀察、提問、追問等方式,確認(rèn)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)是否真正發(fā)生。
(6)Practice
T: Today we knew something about Millie and her family member’s favourite sports.What about yours?Now, work in pairs to interview something about favourite sports with the help of the following blanks.During your interview, remember to use Wh-questions and Yes or No questions as many as you can._____
Favourite sports I My dad My mom_My cousin__My grandpa_My grandma Like_Dislike
T: Now, let’s welcome some of you to present their interviews.
S1: Hello, I want to know something about your family members’favourite sports and yours.Can you answer my questions?
S2:Sure.
S1:What’s your favourite sport?
S2:I like swimming.
S1:When do you often swim?
S2:I often swim at the weekend.
S1:Do yo like running?
S2: No, I don’t like running.But my dad likes running very much.
S1:What else does he like?
S2:He likes playing basketball too.
S1:Which sport doesn’t he like?
S2:He doesn’t like playing tennis.
S1:Does your mom like playing tennis?
S2: No,she doesn’t like it.She likes jogging with her friends.
S1: How about your grandpa and grandma?What sports do they like?
S2: My grandpa likes walking but he doesn’t like running.My grandma likes dancing but she doesn’t like running either.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】練習(xí)能進(jìn)一步促使學(xué)生在語言輸出中體悟所學(xué)所練。初中英語語法教學(xué)應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可能保證學(xué)生在完整語篇和真實(shí)語境中接觸、建構(gòu)新知,并運(yùn)用所學(xué)探究主題意義,提升語言技能。教師應(yīng)有意識(shí)地組織學(xué)生在課前復(fù)習(xí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),完成相關(guān)練習(xí),找出差距;在課中反思、總結(jié)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用法,鞏固所學(xué);在生生對(duì)話中運(yùn)用所學(xué)、建構(gòu)新知,在語境中運(yùn)用所學(xué)語法知識(shí)理解和表達(dá)意義。
(7)Mini-writing
T:In this class, we talked about and shared something about our favorite sports.At last, I think all of you can write down something about your and your family members’favourite sports.Now, let’s write down something about it according to the table above.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】討論后的微寫作可幫助學(xué)生在寫作輸出中再次體會(huì)、練習(xí)行為動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法,鞏固當(dāng)日所學(xué),在語境中學(xué)會(huì)正確運(yùn)用、表達(dá)。在學(xué)生當(dāng)堂寫作時(shí),教師應(yīng)及時(shí)巡視,收集學(xué)生是否學(xué)會(huì)的一手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生問題后,及時(shí)給予幫助,讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)學(xué)習(xí)的收獲。
T:Today we learned the simple present tense together.At the end of the class, I want to make sure how much you learned about it.Now, according to what you have mastered ,try to fill in the following self-assessement.
I can know when to use simple present tense make positive and negative sentences in the simple present tense ask and answer questions in the simple present tense use the correct forms of the verb to talk about activities___I need to spend more time on_______________Examples Result(Wonderful/Good/Not bad)
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】以課前測(cè)了解學(xué)情為起點(diǎn),到基于學(xué)情的以學(xué)定教,構(gòu)建以學(xué)生為主體的學(xué)、思、練的課堂模式,能有效幫助學(xué)生在活動(dòng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)差距,逐漸從感性認(rèn)識(shí)上升到理性認(rèn)識(shí)。知識(shí)的習(xí)得僅靠課后練習(xí)或單元試卷無法全面檢測(cè)和評(píng)價(jià)。課堂教學(xué)是評(píng)價(jià)實(shí)施的重要載體。因此,在學(xué)生經(jīng)過討論、分析、總結(jié)、練習(xí)本節(jié)課難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容后,通過學(xué)生自評(píng)單的完成情況,教師可以評(píng)估本節(jié)課學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容掌握的程度以及進(jìn)一步練習(xí)的精準(zhǔn)度等。教師應(yīng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)通過自評(píng)單,反思當(dāng)日所學(xué),評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)習(xí)效果,形成正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法和策略。
實(shí)踐證明,以學(xué)定教、踐行問題導(dǎo)向的學(xué)、思、練語法課堂能通過多形式活動(dòng),幫助學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、反思問題、解決問題,讓語法課堂更真實(shí)、更高效,問題解決更有針對(duì)性,真正幫助學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)語法知識(shí),學(xué)用語法現(xiàn)象,增強(qiáng)語法意識(shí),提升語用能力,為進(jìn)一步學(xué)好英語、用好英語做好鋪墊和準(zhǔn)備。