薛建銘 孫碩 郭云飛 李曉敏 李建玲
摘要:目的 探討艾司氯胺酮對(duì)學(xué)齡前扁桃體切除患兒術(shù)后不良行為改變(NPOBCs)的影響。方法 選取擬行扁桃體切除術(shù)的學(xué)齡前患兒78例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患兒分為試驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組,每組39例。麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí),試驗(yàn)組靜脈注射艾司氯胺酮0.5 mg/kg,對(duì)照組靜脈注射生理鹽水0.5 mg/kg,記錄患兒入室(T0)、誘導(dǎo)后2 min(T1)、插管(T2)、手術(shù)開始(T3)、自主呼吸恢復(fù)(T4)時(shí)的心率(HR)和平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP);術(shù)后30 min內(nèi)進(jìn)行蘇醒期躁動(dòng)(PAED)評(píng)分量表和改良加拿大東安大略兒童醫(yī)院疼痛(m-CHEOPS)評(píng)分量表評(píng)分,術(shù)后第7、30天根據(jù)術(shù)后行為學(xué)改變(PHBQ)評(píng)分量表評(píng)估患兒NPOBCs的發(fā)生情況;記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間、麻醉后恢復(fù)室(PACU)停留時(shí)間和術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 試驗(yàn)組的PAED評(píng)分和m-CHEOPS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);試驗(yàn)組術(shù)后PAED評(píng)分與m-CHEOPS評(píng)分呈正相關(guān)(rs=0.628,P<0.01);術(shù)后7 d分離焦慮與PAED評(píng)分及m-CHEOPS評(píng)分呈正相關(guān)(rs分別為0.331和0.401,均P<0.01)。與試驗(yàn)組相比,對(duì)照組患兒術(shù)后7 d分離焦慮及總體NPOBCs的發(fā)生率較高(P<0.05);對(duì)照組患兒術(shù)后7 d NPOBCs發(fā)生率高于術(shù)后30 d;試驗(yàn)組患兒蘇醒時(shí)間和PACU停留時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 艾司氯胺酮有利于學(xué)齡前扁桃體切除患兒術(shù)后的快速康復(fù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:扁桃體切除術(shù);兒童,學(xué)齡前;艾司氯胺酮;術(shù)后不良行為改變
中圖分類號(hào):R614.2文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20221915
Effect of esketamine on negative postoperative behavioural outcomes after tonsillectomy in preschool children
XUE Jianming SUN Shuo GUO Yunfei LI Xiaomin LI Jianling
1 Department of Anesthesia, the Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China;
2 Department of Psychology, Chengde Medical University
△Corresponding Author E-mail: lyjianling@163.com
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of esketamine on negative postoperative behavioral changes (NPOBCs) in preschool children after tonsillectomy. Methods Seventy eight preschool children with tonsillectomy were selected and divided into the test group and the control group by random number table method, with 39 cases in each group. During anesthesia induction, patients in the test group were intravenously injected with 0.5 mg/kg esketamine. In contrast, those of the control group were intravenously injected with 0.5 mg/kg normal saline in the same way. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of children were recorded at entering the operating room (T0), 2 min after induction (T1), intubation (T2), the beginning of operation (T3) and the recovery of spontaneous breathing (T4). The paediatric anaesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) scores and m-CHEOPS were performed 30 min after operation, and the PHBQ scores were performed 7 and 30 days after operation. The occurrence of NPOBCs was recorded in the two groups. The operation time, recovery time, PACU stay time and negative postoperative behavioral changes were recorded. Results The PAED score and m-CHEOPS score were lower in the test group than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05 ). PAED score was positively correlated with the m-CHEOPS score (rs=0.628, P<0.01). Separation anxiety at 7 days after operation was positively correlated with PAED score and m-CHEOPS score (rs were 0.331 and 0.401, all P<0.01). The incidence of separation anxiety and overall NPOBCs was higher in children in the control group at day 7 postoperatively compared to those of the test group (P<0.05). The incidence of NPOBCs was higher at 7 days than that at 30 days post-operatively in the control group. The recovery time and PACU stay time were significantly lower in the test group than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Esketamine is beneficial to the rapid recovery of preschool children after tonsillectomy.
Key words: tonsillectomy; child, preschool; esketamine; negative postoperative behavioral changes
扁桃體腫大是學(xué)齡前兒童的常見病及多發(fā)?。?],扁桃體切除術(shù)是主要治療方式[2]。有研究顯示,全麻術(shù)后患兒術(shù)后不良行為改變(negative postoperative behavioral changes,NPOBCs)的發(fā)生率高達(dá)48.04%[3]。這不僅影響到患兒的術(shù)后恢復(fù),嚴(yán)重者還會(huì)出現(xiàn)焦慮、對(duì)外界環(huán)境敏感多疑等心理問題,進(jìn)而影響患兒情感和認(rèn)知的發(fā)育[4],并可能持續(xù)到成人階段?;純盒g(shù)后NPOBCs的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素有患兒年齡、手術(shù)類型、疼痛、術(shù)前焦慮等[3],而蘇醒期躁動(dòng)與NPOBCs之間又存在聯(lián)系[5]。艾司氯胺酮不僅有鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛效果,還有腦保護(hù)和抗炎作用[6],在患兒術(shù)前鎮(zhèn)靜[7]和全麻蘇醒期躁動(dòng)方面又存在獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)[8],但麻醉藥物對(duì)NPOBCs的影響仍缺乏科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。因此,本研究旨在探討艾司氯胺酮對(duì)學(xué)齡前扁桃體切除患兒的影響,為防治NPOBCs提供科學(xué)的藥物選擇依據(jù)。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選擇2021年11月—2022年6月承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院擇期行扁桃體切除術(shù)的患兒為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)Ⅰ—Ⅱ級(jí)。(2)年齡3~6歲。(3)符合扁桃體切除手術(shù)指征。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)對(duì)相關(guān)麻醉藥物過敏或有禁忌證。(2)近14 d患有上呼吸道感染。(3)患有先天性心臟病或肝腎功能異常。(4)術(shù)前有認(rèn)知功能或智力障礙。(5)早產(chǎn)或有先天性、遺傳性、精神性疾病或癲癇病史。(6)近期使用過麻醉藥物或鎮(zhèn)靜藥物。(7)術(shù)前父母嚴(yán)重焦慮。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(倫理號(hào):CYFYLL2021191),并與患兒監(jiān)護(hù)人簽署知情同意書。
本研究最初納入了84例患者,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為試驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組,每組42例,其中試驗(yàn)組1例因監(jiān)護(hù)人要求退出研究、2例因術(shù)后失訪被剔除,對(duì)照組3例因術(shù)后失訪被剔除,最終納入78例,試驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組各39例。
1.2 麻醉方法 所有患兒術(shù)前常規(guī)禁飲2~4 h,禁食6~8 h,病房建立靜脈通路?;純喝胧液蟪R?guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖(ECG)、心率(HR)、脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)和腦電雙頻指數(shù)(BIS),開放靜脈通路,面罩吸入5 L/min純氧。全身麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí),所有患兒靜脈給予阿托品0.01 mg/kg,咪達(dá)唑侖注射液(江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司)0.05 mg/kg,丙泊酚乳狀注射液(北京費(fèi)森尤斯卡比醫(yī)藥有限公司)2.5 mg/kg,舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司)2 μg/kg,順式阿曲庫銨(杭州澳亞生物技術(shù)股份有限公司) 0.15 mg/kg。試驗(yàn)組靜脈注射鹽酸艾司氯胺酮注射液(江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司)0.5 mg/kg;對(duì)照組靜脈注射生理鹽水0.5 mg/kg。輔助通氣3 min,直至患兒自主呼吸、睫毛反射消失,然后實(shí)施經(jīng)口腔氣管插管,設(shè)置潮氣量(VT)為6~10 mL/kg,吸呼比(I︰E)為1︰1.5,呼吸頻率(RR)12~20次/min。麻醉維持:術(shù)中持續(xù)吸入2%~3%七氟烷維持麻醉,持續(xù)靜脈泵注瑞芬太尼0.05~0.2 μg·kg-1·min-1,丙泊酚持續(xù)泵注0.35~1.5 mg·kg-1·h-1,維持BIS在40~60。術(shù)畢前10 min停止吸入七氟烷,術(shù)畢停止泵注瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚。待患兒自主呼吸、意識(shí)恢復(fù)后拔除氣管插管,繼續(xù)給予面罩吸氧,待患兒生命體征平穩(wěn)后將其轉(zhuǎn)移到麻醉后恢復(fù)室(PACU)。在本研究中,1名經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的醫(yī)生主刀,1名經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的麻醉醫(yī)師注射藥物,另1名對(duì)分組不知情的麻醉醫(yī)師負(fù)責(zé)指標(biāo)監(jiān)測(cè)和評(píng)分。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 血流動(dòng)力學(xué) 觀察患兒入室(T0)、誘導(dǎo)后2 min(T1)、插管(T2)、手術(shù)開始(T3)、自主呼吸恢復(fù)(T4)時(shí)的HR和MAP。
1.3.2 蘇醒期躁動(dòng)情況 采用小兒麻醉蘇醒期躁動(dòng)(paediatric anaesthesia emergence delirium, PAED)[9]評(píng)分量表進(jìn)行術(shù)后躁動(dòng)評(píng)分。PAED量表包含5個(gè)項(xiàng)目:小兒與醫(yī)護(hù)人員的眼神交流、小兒行為是否具有目的性、小兒對(duì)其周圍環(huán)境是否具有意識(shí)性、小兒不安靜的程度、小兒無法安慰的程度。每個(gè)項(xiàng)目0~4分,總分0~20分。各項(xiàng)得分總和即為麻醉蘇醒期躁動(dòng)評(píng)分,得分越高,患兒越易躁動(dòng)或躁動(dòng)的程度越嚴(yán)重,達(dá)到12分即可診斷為蘇醒期躁動(dòng)。蘇醒期30 min內(nèi)每5 min測(cè)評(píng)1次,所得最高值為監(jiān)測(cè)有效值。
1.3.3 術(shù)后疼痛情況 采用改良加拿大東安大略兒童醫(yī)院疼痛(m-CHEOPS)[10]評(píng)分量表進(jìn)行術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分。m-CHEOPS評(píng)分表共5項(xiàng):哭泣、面部表情、語言、軀體、四肢。每項(xiàng)0~2分,最高分為10分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高提示疼痛越劇烈。蘇醒期30 min內(nèi)每5 min測(cè)評(píng)1次,所得最高值為監(jiān)測(cè)有效值。
1.3.4 NPOBCs發(fā)生率 于術(shù)后第7、30天對(duì)患兒監(jiān)護(hù)人進(jìn)行電話隨訪,采用術(shù)后行為學(xué)改變(PHBQ)評(píng)分量表[11]評(píng)估NPOBCs發(fā)生情況。PHBQ分為6個(gè)部分,包括整體焦慮(8項(xiàng))、分離焦慮(5項(xiàng))、睡眠焦慮(3項(xiàng))、飲食障礙(3項(xiàng))、攻擊性(2項(xiàng))、冷漠退縮(6項(xiàng)),共27項(xiàng)。主要是患兒當(dāng)前行為與術(shù)前行為比較:0=與手術(shù)前相當(dāng),-1=與手術(shù)前相比有所減輕,-2=與手術(shù)前相比顯著減輕,1=與手術(shù)前相比有所增加,2=與手術(shù)前相比顯著增加。若術(shù)后只要有1個(gè)部分的分類行為改變的總分之和大于0分,則認(rèn)為發(fā)生NPOBCs,記錄NPOBCs發(fā)生率。
1.3.5 圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)記錄 記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間、PACU停留時(shí)間和患兒術(shù)后頭暈、惡心嘔吐、呼吸抑制、氣道痙攣等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 26.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),HR和MAP比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量資料的方差分析。非正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料采用中位數(shù)和四分位數(shù)[M(P25,P75)]表示,組間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本秩和檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法。相關(guān)性分析采用雙變量Spearman分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 2組患兒及監(jiān)護(hù)人一般情況比較 2組患兒性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、ASA分級(jí)和監(jiān)護(hù)人性別、年齡、學(xué)歷比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
2.2 2組患兒術(shù)后PAED、m-CHEOPS評(píng)分與圍術(shù)期指標(biāo)比較 試驗(yàn)組PAED評(píng)分、m-CHEOPS評(píng)分、蘇醒時(shí)間、PACU停留時(shí)間均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);2組患兒手術(shù)時(shí)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表2。2組患兒圍手術(shù)期均未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的麻醉相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。
2.3 2組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)HR和MAP比較 對(duì)照組和試驗(yàn)組HR和MAP各時(shí)點(diǎn)組間差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且2組HR和MAP隨時(shí)間的變化趨勢(shì)相同。對(duì)照組HR表現(xiàn)為T2時(shí)開始升高,至T4時(shí)最高;試驗(yàn)組至T4時(shí)表現(xiàn)出升高。對(duì)于MAP,2組均表現(xiàn)為圍麻醉期間血壓下降,至自主呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)血壓升高,且試驗(yàn)組T2和T3時(shí)低于T1時(shí)。見表3。
2.4 2組術(shù)后不良行為改變情況比較 術(shù)后7 d時(shí)試驗(yàn)組患兒分離焦慮及總體NPOBCs發(fā)生率均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),其他各單項(xiàng)NPOBCs發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后30 d時(shí),2組間不良行為改變發(fā)生率差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);對(duì)照組患兒術(shù)后7 d NPOBCs的發(fā)生率高于術(shù)后30 d(χ2=9.047,P<0.01),試驗(yàn)組患兒術(shù)后7 d 和30 d NPOBCs發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.908,P>0.05)。見表4。
2.5 試驗(yàn)組術(shù)后恢復(fù)指標(biāo)評(píng)分分析 PAED評(píng)分與m-CHEOPS評(píng)分呈正相關(guān)(rs=0.628,P<0.01);術(shù)后7 d分離焦慮與PAED評(píng)分及m-CHEOPS評(píng)分呈正相關(guān)(rs分別為0.331和0.401,均P<0.01)。
3 討論
3.1 年齡對(duì)NPOBCs的影響 NPOBCs是由Levy[12]于1945年首次提出,主要表現(xiàn)為睡眠和飲食障礙、分離焦慮、整體焦慮、冷漠退縮、攻擊性等,這一行為的發(fā)生與多種因素有關(guān)。有研究顯示,患兒NPOBCs的發(fā)生率為38.8%~83.0%,尤其以學(xué)齡前兒童多見[13],這可能與術(shù)中常用的麻醉藥物對(duì)發(fā)育中的大腦膽堿功能和海馬神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)毒性作用有關(guān)[14]。而本研究使用的艾司氯胺酮是N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-asparticacid, NMDA)受體拮抗劑,可減少谷氨酸興奮性毒性,降低小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活性,抑制炎性細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,減少傳播性皮質(zhì)去極化和神經(jīng)元凋亡,因此艾司氯胺酮具有更強(qiáng)的神經(jīng)保護(hù)效能[15]。目前,艾司氯胺酮在小兒麻醉中的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用機(jī)制尚未明確,其應(yīng)用仍需深入研究。
3.2 蘇醒期躁動(dòng)對(duì)NPOBCs的影響 患兒扁桃體切除術(shù)后容易發(fā)生蘇醒期躁動(dòng),這可能與麻醉蘇醒期患兒咽部不適、黏膜腫脹、疼痛刺激、聽說能力受限有關(guān)[16]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患兒蘇醒期PAED評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,這說明艾司氯胺酮可減少患兒蘇醒期躁動(dòng),這與王小玲等[8]研究結(jié)論一致。不同的是,相關(guān)性分析顯示試驗(yàn)組患兒PAED評(píng)分與NPOBCs呈正相關(guān),提示當(dāng)艾司氯胺酮降低蘇醒期躁動(dòng)發(fā)生時(shí),也可以降低NPOBCs的發(fā)生。因此,降低患兒蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生有利于患兒的快速康復(fù)。
3.3 術(shù)后疼痛對(duì)NPOBCs的影響 Kim等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)疼痛會(huì)導(dǎo)致患兒術(shù)后發(fā)生NPOBCs。術(shù)后疼痛主要與周圍組織機(jī)械性損傷、電凝熱損傷以及蘇醒期鎮(zhèn)痛不完全有關(guān)[2]。艾司氯胺酮無阿片類藥物所致的惡心嘔吐、呼吸抑制、瘙癢等不良反應(yīng)[18],且能有效對(duì)抗阿片類藥物引起的呼吸抑制,通過抑制中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的敏感化來減輕疼痛,并且僅需氯胺酮一半的劑量便可取得較為滿意的鎮(zhèn)痛效果。本研究結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患兒蘇醒期m-CHEOPS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,這表明艾司氯胺酮可減少患兒術(shù)后疼痛。同時(shí),相關(guān)性分析顯示,試驗(yàn)組m-CHEOPS評(píng)分與NPOBCs呈正相關(guān),因此艾司氯胺酮減少術(shù)后疼痛也可以降低NPOBCs的發(fā)生。此外,與對(duì)照組相比,試驗(yàn)組患兒蘇醒時(shí)間和PACU停留時(shí)間更短,術(shù)后無頭暈、惡心嘔吐、氣管痙攣、氣管分泌物增多等不良反應(yīng)。雖然艾司氯胺酮有輕度的擬交感神經(jīng)作用,但2組的MAP無差異,循環(huán)穩(wěn)定且安全性高,有利于術(shù)后的快速康復(fù)。
3.4 艾司氯胺酮對(duì)NPOBCs的影響 本研究結(jié)果顯示,與試驗(yàn)組相比,對(duì)照組患兒術(shù)后第7天NPOBCs的發(fā)生率較高,這提示艾司氯胺酮可以有效降低術(shù)后第7天NPOBCs的發(fā)生率。試驗(yàn)組患兒在術(shù)后第7天分離焦慮的發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,其余各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明分離焦慮[19]可能是導(dǎo)致患兒NPOBCs的重要原因,因此術(shù)前的趣味化宣教和父母的陪伴尤為重要。此外,對(duì)照組患兒術(shù)后第7天NPOBCs的發(fā)生率高于術(shù)后第30天的發(fā)生率,這提示NPOBCs的發(fā)生率也會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而降低,那么學(xué)齡前患兒在術(shù)后早期就需要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。但本研究未觀察到NPOBCs顯示為零的時(shí)間點(diǎn),因此需要進(jìn)一步延長(zhǎng)隨訪時(shí)間。
綜上所述,艾司氯胺酮應(yīng)用于扁桃體切除術(shù)患兒可以有效減少術(shù)后疼痛,減低患兒蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生,且能有效降低術(shù)后7 d NPOBCs的發(fā)生率,使患兒獲得良好舒適的術(shù)后狀態(tài)。
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(2022-11-22收稿 2023-04-04修回)
(本文編輯 李鵬)