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        金合歡素對肝癌HepG2細胞增殖、凋亡和遷移的影響及機制研究

        2023-11-06 20:21:05吳瓊李錦源黃文濤安娜
        天津醫(yī)藥 2023年3期
        關(guān)鍵詞:小體數(shù)目存活率

        吳瓊 李錦源 黃文濤 安娜

        摘要:目的 探討金合歡素(Aca)通過調(diào)節(jié)PTEN誘導(dǎo)激酶1(PINK1)/E3泛素連接酶(Parkin)通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬對肝癌HepG2細胞增殖、凋亡和遷移的影響。方法 將肝癌HepG2細胞分為對照組(正常培養(yǎng)的HepG2細胞)、Aca組(10 μmol/L Aca)、PINK1小干擾RNA陰性對照(si-NC)組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC)、PINK1小干擾RNA(si-PINK1)組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-PINK1)、Aca+si-NC組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC后用10 μmol/L Aca處理)、Aca+si-PINK1組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-PINK1后用10 μmol/L Aca處理)。CCK-8法檢測細胞增殖;流式細胞術(shù)檢測細胞凋亡;Transwell實驗檢測細胞遷移;透射電鏡觀察自噬小體的形成;Western blot檢測細胞中自噬相關(guān)蛋白[Beclin-1、微管相關(guān)蛋白1輕鏈3(LC3)-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ]及PINK1/Parkin通路相關(guān)蛋白表達。結(jié)果 與對照組比較,Aca組HepG2細胞存活率、遷移細胞數(shù)目降低,凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量、Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達水平升高(P<0.05),si-PINK1組HepG2細胞存活率、遷移細胞數(shù)目升高,凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量、Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達水平降低(P<0.05);與Aca組、Aca+si-NC組比較,Aca+si-PINK1組HepG2細胞存活率、遷移細胞數(shù)目升高,凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量、Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達水平降低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 Aca可能通過激活PINK1/Parkin通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬抑制肝癌HepG2細胞增殖、遷移,促進細胞凋亡。

        關(guān)鍵詞:肝腫瘤,實驗性;線粒體,肝;自噬;金合歡素;PINK1/Parkin通路;HepG2細胞

        中圖分類號:R285文獻標志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20221115

        Effects of acacetin on proliferation, apoptosis and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and its mechanism

        WU Qiong, LI Jinyuan, HUANG Wentao, AN Na

        Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China

        Corresponding Author E-mail: pic1230@qq.com

        Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of acacetin (Aca) on the proliferation, apoptosis and migration of liver cancer HepG2 cells by regulating PTEN induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Parkin) pathway mediated mitochondrial autophagy. Methods Liver cancer HepG2 cells were divided into the control group (normally cultured HepG2 cells), the Aca group (10 μmol/L Aca), the PINK1 small interfering RNA negative control (si-NC) group (transfected with si-NC), the PINK1 small interfering RNA (si-PINK1) group (transfected with si-PINK1), the Aca+si-NC group (treated with 10 μmol/L Aca after transfection of si-NC) and Aca+si-PINK1 group (treated with 10 μmol/L Aca after transfection of si-PINK1). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method was used to detect cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. Transwell test was used to detect cell migration. Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the formation of autophagosomes. Western blot assay was used to detect expression levels of autophagy related proteins [Beclin-1, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-Ⅰ and LC3-Ⅱ] and PINK1/Parkin pathway related proteins in cells. Results Compared with the control group, the survival rate and the number of migrating of HepG2 cells were significantly decreased in the Aca group, and the apoptosis rate, number of autophagy bodies, expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ, PINK1 and Parkin protein were increased significantly (P<0.05). The survival rate and the number of migrating of HepG2 cells were significantly increased in the si-PINK1 group, and the apoptosis rate, number of autophagy bodies, expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ, PINK1 and Parkin protein were decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the Aca group and the Aca+si-NC group, the survival rate and the number of migrating of HepG2 cells were significantly increased in the Aca+si-PINK1 group, and the apoptosis rate, number of autophagy bodies, expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ, PINK1 and Parkin protein were decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion Aca may inhibit the proliferation and migration and promote cell apoptosis of liver cancer HepG2 cells by activating mitochondrial autophagy mediated by PINK1/Parkin pathway.

        Key words: liver neoplasms, experimental; mitochondria, liver; autophagy; acacetin; PINK1/Parkin pathway; HepG2 cells

        肝癌是常見的原發(fā)性癌癥,也是全球主要的癌癥死亡原因之一[1]。盡管化療與手術(shù)、放療相結(jié)合是治療肝癌的重要方法,但存在耐藥性和毒性大等不良反應(yīng)[2]。同時,由于肝癌起病隱匿、進展快、早期診斷率低,多數(shù)患者在確診時已處于疾病晚期,導(dǎo)致治療效果不佳[3]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,晚期肝癌患者5年腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率高達40%~70%[4]。因此,開發(fā)可抑制肝癌細胞增殖與轉(zhuǎn)移的有效藥物至關(guān)重要。金合歡素(acacetin,Aca)是一種天然黃酮類化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗腫瘤的作用[5]。研究顯示,Aca可誘導(dǎo)胃癌細胞凋亡和抑制上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化[6],但關(guān)于Aca對肝癌細胞增殖、凋亡和遷移影響的研究鮮見。有研究表明,線粒體自噬紊亂是腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的病理因素,抑制PTEN誘導(dǎo)激酶1(PTEN induced kinase 1,PINK1)/E3泛素連接酶(E3 ubiquitin protein ligase,Parkin)介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬可促進膀胱腫瘤細胞的生長[7]。但Aca能否通過調(diào)節(jié)PINK1/Parkin通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬來影響肝癌細胞增殖、凋亡和遷移尚不清楚。因此,本研究旨在探討Aca對肝癌細胞增殖、凋亡和遷移的影響以及其可能的作用機制。

        1 材料與方法

        1.1 主要材料 人肝癌細胞株HepG2(批號CSL-00367)購自深圳市百恩維生物科技有限公司。Aca購自上海冠導(dǎo)生物工程有限公司,純度>98%;PINK1小干擾RNA(si-PINK1)及其陰性對照(si-NC)均由成都瑞芬思生物科技有限公司設(shè)計合成;Lipofectamine 2000轉(zhuǎn)染試劑盒、DMEM培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清(FBS)、磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)、ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒購自上海慧穎生物科技有限公司;CCK-8、Annexin V-FITC/PI凋亡檢測試劑盒、RIPA裂解液、兔源Beclin-1、微管相關(guān)蛋白1輕鏈3(LC3)-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ、PINK1、Parkin、β-肌動蛋白(β-actin)一抗及羊抗兔二抗購自翌圣生物科技上海股份有限公司;細胞培養(yǎng)箱(型號HF180)、HM-96C型酶標儀購自力康生物醫(yī)療科技控股有限公司;流式細胞儀、Transwell小室、透射電子顯微鏡、凝膠成像系統(tǒng)購自上海玉研科學(xué)儀器有限公司。

        1.2 細胞培養(yǎng)與分組 HepG2細胞在含有10% FBS、100 U/mL青霉素和100 mg/L鏈霉素的DMEM培養(yǎng)基(37 ℃,5% CO2)中培養(yǎng)。取對數(shù)生長期的HepG2細胞分為對照組(正常培養(yǎng)的HepG2細胞)、Aca組(10 μmol/L)[8]、si-NC組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC)、si-PINK1組[9](轉(zhuǎn)染si-PINK1)、Aca+si-NC組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC后用10 μmol/L Aca處理)、Aca+si-PINK1組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-PINK1后用10 μmol/L Aca處理),轉(zhuǎn)染過程均使用Lipofectamine 2000轉(zhuǎn)染試劑盒進行,每組設(shè)置6個平行樣本,48 h后收集各組細胞用于后續(xù)實驗。

        1.3 CCK-8法檢測各組細胞增殖水平 細胞以5×104個/孔的密度接種在含有10% FBS的DMEM培養(yǎng)基的96孔板中,分別在細胞培養(yǎng)的0、24、48 h時,向每孔加入10 μL CCK-8試劑,在37 ℃、5%CO2加濕培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)1 h,用酶標儀測量450 nm波長處的光密度(OD)值,計算細胞存活率=(實驗組OD值/對照組OD值)×100%。

        1.4 流式細胞術(shù)檢測各組細胞凋亡 收獲各組細胞并用預(yù)冷的PBS洗滌2次后重懸,將5 μL Annexin V-FITC和10 μL PI添加到100 μL細胞(5×104個)中,使用CellQuest Pro 0.9.13軟件通過流式細胞儀進行分析。細胞凋亡率(%)=(凋亡細胞數(shù)目/總細胞數(shù)目)×100%。

        1.5 Transwell檢測各組細胞遷移 將細胞以2×105個/孔的密度接種于無血清DMEM培養(yǎng)液的Transwell上室,下室填充含有12% FBS的DMEM培養(yǎng)液,孵育48 h后,用棉簽小心擦去膜上表面的細胞,將通過膜的細胞用4%多聚甲醛固定,并用0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色,在光學(xué)顯微鏡下隨機讀取5個視野進行觀察并計算遷移細胞數(shù)目。

        1.6 透射電鏡觀察自噬小體的形成 將細胞用2.5%戊二醛和1%鋨酸固定,經(jīng)脫水,制片,醋酸雙氧鈾、檸檬酸鉛各復(fù)染15 min后,利用透射電子顯微鏡觀察細胞中自噬小體的形成情況并拍照。

        1.7 Western blot檢測各組細胞中自噬及PINK1/Parkin通路相關(guān)蛋白表達 使用RIPA裂解緩沖液裂解并提取細胞中的總蛋白,定量蛋白質(zhì)濃度后,將等量的蛋白質(zhì)(50 ?g)進行電泳分離并轉(zhuǎn)移到聚偏二氟乙烯膜上,5%脫脂奶粉封閉1 h后,加入一抗Beclin-1(1∶800)、LC3-Ⅰ(1∶800)、LC3-Ⅱ(1∶800)、PINK1(1∶1 000)、Parkin(1∶1 000)、β-actin(1∶1 500)在4 ℃下孵育過夜,然后與羊抗兔二抗(1∶2 000)在37 ℃下孵育2 h,利用ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒觀察蛋白條帶顯色情況,使用Image J(v1.8.0)軟件分析蛋白質(zhì)條帶灰度值。

        1.8 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 24.0軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以x±s表示,多組間比較用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較用SNK-q法,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

        2 結(jié)果

        2.1 各組HepG2細胞增殖能力比較 0 h時,各組HepG2細胞存活率差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。24 h和48 h時,與對照組比較,Aca組HepG2細胞存活率降低,si-PINK1組HepG2細胞存活率升高(P<0.05);與Aca組、Aca+si-NC組比較,Aca+si-PINK1組HepG2細胞存活率升高(P<0.05),見表1。

        2.2 各組HepG2細胞凋亡率、遷移能力、自噬小體形成情況比較 與對照組比較,Aca組HepG2細胞凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量升高,遷移細胞數(shù)目降低(P<0.05),si-PINK1組HepG2細胞凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量降低,遷移細胞數(shù)目升高(P<0.05);與Aca組、Aca+si-NC組比較,Aca+si-PINK1組HepG2細胞凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量降低,遷移細胞數(shù)目升高(P<0.05),見表2,圖1~3。

        2.3 各組HepG2細胞中相關(guān)蛋白相對表達水平比較 與對照組比較,Aca組HepG2細胞中Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達水平升高(P<0.05),si-PINK1組HepG2細胞中Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達水平降低(P<0.05);與Aca組、Aca+si-NC組比較,Aca+si-PINK1組HepG2細胞中Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達水平降低(P<0.05),見圖4、表3。

        3 討論

        Aca是一種在癌癥、炎癥、感染和其他代謝紊亂方面具有多種治療潛力的黃酮[10]。研究顯示,Aca可誘導(dǎo)前列腺癌[11]和結(jié)直腸癌[12]細胞凋亡,抑制惡性乳腺上皮細胞遷移[13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與對照組比較,Aca組HepG2細胞存活率、遷移細胞數(shù)目降低,凋亡率升高,推測Aca可能通過抑制細胞增殖、遷移,誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡的方式抑制肝癌的進展。

        線粒體自噬是一種選擇性自噬,可促進線粒體更新并防止功能失調(diào)線粒體的積累以維持細胞穩(wěn)態(tài)[14]。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,線粒體自噬對于癌癥的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移至關(guān)重要[15],適度激活自噬可延緩腫瘤的惡性進展。如激活線粒體自噬可抑制三陰性乳腺癌細胞增殖與轉(zhuǎn)移[16];黃芪多糖可通過激活線粒體自噬來抑制肝癌細胞增殖[17]。自噬體的形成依賴于Beclin-1[18]、LC3等各種標志物的表達。LC3是自噬的標志性蛋白,由細胞質(zhì)中的LC3-Ⅰ和自噬體膜上的LC3-Ⅱ組成,LC3蛋白從LC3-Ⅰ到LC3-Ⅱ的轉(zhuǎn)化被廣泛認為是自噬激活的標志[19]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與對照組比較,Aca組HepG2細胞中自噬小體數(shù)量、Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白表達水平升高,推測Aca可能通過激活線粒體自噬來抑制HepG2細胞的增殖、遷移,促進其凋亡。

        PINK1/Parkin通路是細胞應(yīng)激下線粒體自噬的主要通路,在細胞應(yīng)激條件下,PINK1會在線粒體外膜上積聚,進而磷酸化并激活Parkin,活化的Parkin可以誘導(dǎo)各種線粒體外膜蛋白的泛素化,泛素標記的外膜蛋白被自噬受體蛋白p62(p62/SQSTM1)識別,導(dǎo)致被自噬體包裹并最終被自噬溶酶體降解[20]。相關(guān)研究顯示,PINK1和Parkin的低表達可以降低腮腺多形性腺瘤線粒體自噬活性,且與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[21]。δ-纈草甜菜堿通過激活PINK1/Parkin通路來誘導(dǎo)線粒體自噬,進而抑制結(jié)腸癌細胞增殖,促進結(jié)腸癌細胞凋亡[22]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與對照組比較,Aca組HepG2細胞中PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達水平升高,推測Aca對HepG2細胞增殖、遷移的抑制以及細胞凋亡的促進作用可能與PINK1/Parkin通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬有關(guān)。筆者進一步通過轉(zhuǎn)染si-PINK1以干擾PINK1/Parkin通路,發(fā)現(xiàn)沉默PINK1后HepG2細胞中PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達水平降低,HepG2細胞增殖、遷移能力增強,凋亡能力、線粒體自噬減弱,提示PINK1/Parkin通路確實參與了HepG2細胞增殖、遷移、凋亡、線粒體自噬過程。為了進一步驗證上述推測,本研究在Aca作用的基礎(chǔ)上以si-PINK1干預(yù)HepG2細胞,結(jié)果顯示,si-PINK1減弱了Aca對HepG2細胞增殖、遷移的抑制作用,以及對細胞凋亡及線粒體自噬的促進作用,證實了Aca可能通過激活PINK1/Parkin通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬抑制肝癌HepG2細胞增殖、遷移,促進細胞凋亡。

        綜上所述,Aca可通過激活PINK1/Parkin通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬,從而抑制肝癌HepG2細胞的增殖、遷移,促進肝癌細胞凋亡。然而,Aca是否還通過其他通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬調(diào)控肝癌HepG2細胞的生物學(xué)行為,有待后續(xù)實驗進一步探究。

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        (2022-07-15收稿 2022-09-21修回)

        (本文編輯 陸榮展)

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