常 遠(yuǎn),李若琪,李 珺,詹亞斌,魏雨泉*,許 艇,李 季

好氧堆肥腐殖酸形成機(jī)制及促腐調(diào)控技術(shù)概述

常 遠(yuǎn)1,2,李若琪1,2,李 珺1,2,詹亞斌3,魏雨泉1,2*,許 艇1,2,李 季1,2

(1.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,北京 100193；2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)有機(jī)循環(huán)研究院(蘇州),江蘇 蘇州 215100；3.湖北省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院,植保土肥研究所,湖北 武漢 430064)

基于堆肥腐殖酸形成機(jī)制,重點(diǎn)綜述了工藝參數(shù)優(yōu)化、外源添加劑等促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化進(jìn)程的有效方法,系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)了各調(diào)控手段對(duì)堆肥腐殖酸形成過(guò)程的影響機(jī)理,旨在為堆肥快速腐熟調(diào)控技術(shù)發(fā)展提供理論依據(jù).由于堆肥過(guò)程是不斷波動(dòng)變化的,多種調(diào)控手段在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用中并不能完全達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果.因此在堆肥實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用中,應(yīng)更多關(guān)注堆肥中與腐殖酸形成相關(guān)的因素或過(guò)程,進(jìn)一步針對(duì)性地加強(qiáng)各種調(diào)控手段的研究并建立彼此之間的關(guān)聯(lián),優(yōu)化其在堆肥過(guò)程中的影響,以實(shí)現(xiàn)提高最終產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的目標(biāo).

腐殖化；腐殖酸形成；快速腐熟；工藝參數(shù)；新型添加劑

2019年中國(guó)各類有機(jī)廢棄物產(chǎn)生量干重總計(jì)22.69億t[1].由于有機(jī)廢棄物產(chǎn)量巨大,其處理工藝一直是研究重點(diǎn).有機(jī)廢棄物主要處理手段有:衛(wèi)生填埋、焚燒、好氧堆肥等技術(shù)[2].作為傳統(tǒng)處理工藝,填埋和焚燒不僅資源化程度低,而且對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境和人體健康造成了嚴(yán)重危害.相較于傳統(tǒng)處理技術(shù),好氧堆肥因無(wú)害化處理率高、環(huán)境友好性、成本低等優(yōu)勢(shì),逐漸發(fā)展成處理有機(jī)廢棄物實(shí)現(xiàn)肥料化的主要技術(shù)手段[3].好氧堆肥實(shí)質(zhì)是微生物主導(dǎo)有機(jī)物質(zhì)分解并通過(guò)降解和聚合生成穩(wěn)定腐殖酸等高附加值產(chǎn)品的腐殖化過(guò)程[4].腐殖酸作為堆肥終端產(chǎn)物,在土壤修復(fù)、改善植物生長(zhǎng)及土壤肥力方面發(fā)揮著重要作用[5].傳統(tǒng)好氧堆肥依靠土著菌進(jìn)行降解發(fā)酵,未添加任何生物菌劑或添加劑,堆肥溫度較低,周期長(zhǎng),一般1～3個(gè)月,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)定.隨著有機(jī)廢棄物產(chǎn)生量逐漸增大,有機(jī)廢棄物堆肥處理效率要求愈來(lái)愈高,傳統(tǒng)好氧堆肥已經(jīng)不能滿足日益增長(zhǎng)的有機(jī)廢棄物處理需求,因此快速堆肥應(yīng)運(yùn)而生.

快速堆肥是利用反應(yīng)器、工藝優(yōu)化、外源添加劑等調(diào)控手段人為強(qiáng)化堆肥關(guān)鍵可控因素,促進(jìn)腐殖化進(jìn)程,縮短堆肥周期[6],一般僅1～3個(gè)星期.目前仍存在腐熟不充分、腐殖化效率低和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量差等缺點(diǎn)[7].腐殖化過(guò)程通常被認(rèn)為是含碳化合物積累和儲(chǔ)存的一種形式,是堆肥固碳的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié).腐殖酸類物質(zhì)是有機(jī)廢棄物堆肥腐殖化過(guò)程的主要產(chǎn)物之一,腐殖酸數(shù)量和質(zhì)量直接影響堆肥腐熟度和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖酸穩(wěn)定形成,可有效加快堆肥腐殖化效率,提升堆肥品質(zhì).因此,在有機(jī)廢棄物堆肥無(wú)害化、減量化的基礎(chǔ)上,調(diào)控好氧堆肥腐殖酸形成已成為新興領(lǐng)域.然而,由于有機(jī)廢棄物來(lái)源廣泛、結(jié)構(gòu)多樣,各類腐殖酸前體可能相互作用、彼此聯(lián)系,造成堆肥腐殖酸形成過(guò)程的復(fù)雜性與多樣性[8].因此深入研究堆肥腐殖酸形成機(jī)制、調(diào)控堆肥腐殖化進(jìn)程并建立腐殖酸穩(wěn)定化調(diào)控方法極其必要,既符合農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展中有機(jī)肥相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)需求,也是國(guó)內(nèi)外研究的熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題.

廣大學(xué)者對(duì)堆肥腐殖化調(diào)控的研究主要集中在改善堆肥環(huán)境、加強(qiáng)形成途徑,以達(dá)到加快堆肥腐殖化的目的[4],主流快速腐熟調(diào)控技術(shù)有:優(yōu)化工藝參數(shù)、外源添加劑.優(yōu)化堆肥工藝參數(shù)是最常見(jiàn)的調(diào)控技術(shù),溫度、含水率、碳氮比(C/N)、pH值等都對(duì)堆肥腐殖化有直接影響[9].通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)原始理化參數(shù)、協(xié)調(diào)原料配比、物化輔助加強(qiáng)等手段維持堆肥環(huán)境因子在最佳水平,有利于微生物生長(zhǎng)代謝,促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化.添加外源添加劑是一種高效的促腐策略,包括常規(guī)強(qiáng)化添加劑和新型功能添加劑.微生物菌劑[10]、腐殖酸前體[11]、腐熟堆肥[12]等是堆肥中常用的外源強(qiáng)化添加劑,能直接加強(qiáng)腐殖酸形成途徑,促進(jìn)腐殖酸形成,提高堆肥腐熟度.新型功能添加劑如生物炭、礦物質(zhì)等,不僅能調(diào)節(jié)堆肥環(huán)境如生物炭可增加堆肥C/N[13]、礦物質(zhì)可作為調(diào)節(jié)劑增加pH值[14],還能吸附堆肥腐殖酸形成有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)復(fù)合體起到保護(hù)作用[15],綜合了前兩種促腐調(diào)控技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì).同時(shí)由于這類物質(zhì)在高溫下具有較強(qiáng)的穩(wěn)定性,與熟料混合還可提高堆肥產(chǎn)品的附加值,因此被稱為新型功能添加劑.上述調(diào)控手段通過(guò)不同的促腐殖化機(jī)理,共同促進(jìn)了快速堆肥技術(shù)的發(fā)展.

本文系統(tǒng)概述了堆肥腐殖酸形成途徑、多種快速堆肥腐殖化進(jìn)程調(diào)控技術(shù)及其機(jī)制,以尋求處理效率高、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益好且環(huán)境友好的快速堆肥技術(shù),為建立堆肥腐殖酸穩(wěn)定化機(jī)制、提高堆肥效率和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量提供重要的理論基礎(chǔ),促進(jìn)有機(jī)廢棄物資源化利用快速發(fā)展.

1 堆肥腐殖酸及其形成機(jī)制

腐殖酸作為堆肥的重要次生產(chǎn)物,其主要包括胡敏酸(HA,堿溶酸不溶)和富里酸(FA,酸溶堿不溶)兩種組分.胡敏酸分子量大且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜縝密,主要以芳香化合物為主,芳香化程度高而解離程度小;富里酸分子量小且結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單松散,主要以烷烴類化合物為主,含有較多的羥基和羧基.完整的腐殖酸大分子主要通過(guò)這兩種化合物結(jié)合而成,基本結(jié)構(gòu)以芳環(huán)和脂環(huán)為主,環(huán)上連有羧基、酚羥基、醇羥基、羰基、醌和甲氧基等多種基團(tuán)[16],同時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)表面還存在糖類、木質(zhì)素單體、酚酸和脂肪酸以及大量的非木質(zhì)素來(lái)源的芳香族化合物,豐富的結(jié)構(gòu)表面賦予了腐殖酸生物活性[17].在堆肥過(guò)程中,微生物通過(guò)分解有機(jī)質(zhì)或自身合成釋放出含有上述基團(tuán)的小分子有機(jī)化合物,這些多功能有機(jī)化合物通過(guò)隨機(jī)氧化、疏水作用、電荷轉(zhuǎn)移、氫鍵等方式聚合或縮合形成腐殖酸[16].

堆肥腐殖酸形成機(jī)制的研究起源于土壤腐殖質(zhì)的研究,堆肥類似于土壤腐殖化的一個(gè)快速過(guò)程[18].堆肥中有機(jī)組分(蛋白質(zhì)、多糖、脂質(zhì)和木質(zhì)素)轉(zhuǎn)化與降解過(guò)程中形成的小分子化合物(多酚、羧基、脂肪酸、糖類以及氨基酸等化合物)被稱為腐殖酸前體[19].不同前體分子對(duì)腐殖質(zhì)形成具有不同的影響:芳香族結(jié)構(gòu)的多酚和羧基化合物對(duì)HA的形成有明顯的促進(jìn)作用,而氨基酸、多糖和還原糖等烷烴類化合物則主要影響FA的形成[20].因此腐殖酸形成并不是前體生物分子單體間的簡(jiǎn)單加和,多種不同來(lái)源的前體物彼此間需通過(guò)一定機(jī)制才能最終聚合成腐殖酸大分子.

1.1 以非生物途徑為主的形成機(jī)制

經(jīng)過(guò)多年腐殖酸合成途徑研究逐漸形成了多種腐殖酸形成機(jī)制假說(shuō)(圖1),其中以非生物途徑為主的形成機(jī)制假說(shuō)包括木質(zhì)素-蛋白學(xué)說(shuō)、多酚-蛋白假說(shuō)、多酚自縮合以及美拉德反應(yīng)[21-23].木質(zhì)素-蛋白學(xué)說(shuō)強(qiáng)調(diào)不完全分解的木質(zhì)素轉(zhuǎn)化形成具有酚羥基和羧基基團(tuán)的分子,進(jìn)而作為腐殖酸核心骨架與含氮化合物聚合形成腐殖酸.由于這類含氮化合物存在形式主要是蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸,故又有學(xué)者提出類似的多酚-蛋白質(zhì)假說(shuō),認(rèn)為酚、醌以及氨基酸等是構(gòu)成腐殖酸骨架的核心物質(zhì)[24].多酚-蛋白假說(shuō)與木質(zhì)素-蛋白學(xué)說(shuō)高度相似,但多酚-蛋白假說(shuō)涵蓋范圍更廣、適用性更強(qiáng)[11].多酚除了和含氮化合物聚合形成腐殖酸外,其還可通過(guò)環(huán)斷裂與其他酚類化合物縮合形成腐殖酸,即所謂的多酚自縮合[25].美拉德反應(yīng)則與上述機(jī)制不同,主要強(qiáng)調(diào)糖和氨基的作用,還原糖和氨基酸之間的縮合被認(rèn)為是堆肥初期腐殖酸形成的主要原因,且此過(guò)程沒(méi)有酶和酚的參與[26].由此看出腐殖酸形成途徑相互獨(dú)立,但多種腐殖酸前體相互作用又使得各腐殖酸形成途徑在堆肥環(huán)境中彼此聯(lián)系,因此往往多種非生物途徑共同作用于腐殖酸形成.

1.2 以生物途徑為主的形成機(jī)制

堆肥腐殖化是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的微生物主導(dǎo)的生物生化過(guò)程,有機(jī)質(zhì)分解和腐殖酸形成是微生物活動(dòng)的結(jié)果[27].堆肥中微生物活動(dòng)主要存在分解(有機(jī)物礦化)和合成(腐殖酸形成)兩種代謝路徑[28].兩種路徑共同作用,相輔相成,確保腐殖化過(guò)程的順利進(jìn)行.堆肥中微生物合成腐殖酸強(qiáng)調(diào)以生物途徑為主(圖1),主要涉及微生物合成假說(shuō)、微生物多酚學(xué)說(shuō)、細(xì)胞自溶學(xué)說(shuō)及活性氧(ROS)理論.微生物合成假說(shuō)認(rèn)為微生物利用植物物質(zhì)作碳源和能源在細(xì)胞內(nèi)合成高分子腐殖質(zhì)物質(zhì),微生物死亡后再釋放到土壤中,在細(xì)胞外再降解為HA和FA[25].微生物多酚學(xué)說(shuō)強(qiáng)調(diào)微生物合成的多酚在微生物分泌的酚氧化酶作用下氧化成醌,最終與含氮化合物縮合形成腐殖酸.細(xì)胞自溶假說(shuō)則認(rèn)為腐殖物質(zhì)是植物和微生物死亡之后的自溶產(chǎn)物,原先的細(xì)胞成分,如糖、氨基酸、酚和其他芳香族化合物通過(guò)自由基進(jìn)行縮合和聚合而成.此外,最近的研究表明,ROS在堆肥腐殖酸形成過(guò)程中起到關(guān)鍵作用,微生物通過(guò)在交替有氧和厭氧條件下介導(dǎo)鐵或腐殖質(zhì)氧化還原循環(huán)的耦合過(guò)程,產(chǎn)生的羥基自由基(·OH)、超氧陰離子自由基(·O2?)、過(guò)氧化氫(H2O2)等活性氧物質(zhì)可以將木質(zhì)纖維素分解成小分子前體有機(jī)物,進(jìn)而聚合縮合形成腐殖酸[29].

圖1 堆肥腐殖酸形成機(jī)制

有機(jī)廢棄物來(lái)源廣泛、結(jié)構(gòu)組成復(fù)雜,不同物料因其結(jié)構(gòu)組成上的差異使得其在堆肥過(guò)程中被不同的功能微生物類群分解轉(zhuǎn)化,進(jìn)而形成多種腐殖酸前體物質(zhì),使得堆肥過(guò)程中腐殖酸形成的主要途徑存在區(qū)別.目前對(duì)于秸稈、園林枯枝落葉等植物源有機(jī)固體廢棄物堆肥腐殖化過(guò)程研究較多,一般認(rèn)為富含木質(zhì)素的有機(jī)廢棄物堆肥腐殖化過(guò)程主要依賴于以木質(zhì)素-蛋白質(zhì)復(fù)合體為核心的木質(zhì)素-蛋白學(xué)說(shuō),對(duì)于富含結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的纖維素類有機(jī)固體廢棄物如雜草、尾菜等,其堆肥腐殖化過(guò)程中,多酚學(xué)說(shuō)和微生物多酚學(xué)說(shuō)更為主導(dǎo),同時(shí)美拉德反應(yīng)也發(fā)揮一定作用.然而動(dòng)物源等高蛋白類有機(jī)廢棄物由于有機(jī)碳組分在堆肥中直接合成腐殖酸的比例相對(duì)較小,無(wú)法像植物源有機(jī)廢棄物一樣提供充足的典型腐殖酸核心骨架,易降解有機(jī)組分相對(duì)較高,微生物代謝更為活躍,有機(jī)物在堆肥過(guò)程中易以氣體形式排放實(shí)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定化,不利于腐殖酸前體物的積累和聚合,但在堆肥過(guò)程中仍可發(fā)生明顯的腐殖化過(guò)程[30].因此,微生物介導(dǎo)的動(dòng)物源高蛋白類堆肥腐殖化過(guò)程更為復(fù)雜,其堆肥腐殖酸形成機(jī)制可能更多是以生物途徑為主.

綜上所述,非生物途徑和生物途徑組成了堆肥腐殖酸形成的基本機(jī)理.但無(wú)論是非生物途徑還是生物途徑,都離不開(kāi)腐殖酸前體物質(zhì).在堆肥進(jìn)程中,微生物主導(dǎo)的生物途徑會(huì)與非生物途徑競(jìng)爭(zhēng)底物,大量腐殖酸前體被微生物作為生長(zhǎng)活動(dòng)所需營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)利用消耗,致使堆肥腐殖化進(jìn)程緩慢[25].因此,為了加速堆肥腐殖化進(jìn)程,優(yōu)化工藝參數(shù)、添加功能添加劑等多種快速腐熟技術(shù)普遍應(yīng)用于促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖酸形成,縮短堆肥周期,提升堆肥產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,使得快速腐熟技術(shù)在堆肥領(lǐng)域越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注.

2 堆肥快速腐熟調(diào)控技術(shù)

堆肥存在堆肥周期長(zhǎng)、氮素?fù)p失、腐熟度低等缺點(diǎn).腐殖酸是堆肥腐熟的重要指標(biāo),未腐熟的堆肥可能缺乏腐殖酸或腐殖酸不穩(wěn)定[4].腐殖酸形成受堆肥基本參數(shù)、原料特性、微生物活性、外源添加劑等因素影響[31].

2.1 堆肥參數(shù)優(yōu)化

2.1.1 堆肥過(guò)程基本工藝參數(shù)調(diào)節(jié) 溫度是影響堆肥微生物代謝及種群動(dòng)態(tài)的重要環(huán)境變量[32].根據(jù)溫度,堆肥過(guò)程分為升溫期、高溫期、降溫期(腐熟期)三個(gè)時(shí)期,每個(gè)時(shí)期微生物群落影響堆肥腐殖化的機(jī)理不同.升溫和高溫期中嗜熱微生物占主導(dǎo)地位,優(yōu)勢(shì)嗜熱微生物對(duì)HA前體產(chǎn)生起決定性作用[33],且對(duì)多糖、木質(zhì)素、蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪的降解與高溫有關(guān)[34].溫度過(guò)高不利于HA前體形成[32].此外,堆肥進(jìn)入高溫期越早,有機(jī)質(zhì)降解越徹底,越有利于縮短堆肥腐殖化周期[35].堆肥降溫腐熟階段是HA形成的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,此時(shí)嗜溫微生物發(fā)揮主要作用,促進(jìn)前體物縮合聚合形成HA[36].

微生物在堆肥過(guò)程中活動(dòng)的最佳pH值范圍為5.5～8.0[37],可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)pH值來(lái)提高堆肥微生物活性及其豐度,以促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化進(jìn)程[34].低pH(3.0～7.5)會(huì)使得超分子腐殖酸失穩(wěn),并與小分子富集[38];而pH小于2.0會(huì)使腐殖物質(zhì)聚合形成大分子[39].此外, pH對(duì)于控制氨揮發(fā)造成的氮損失至關(guān)重要[9].

碳氮比是評(píng)價(jià)堆肥啟動(dòng)、影響堆肥產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)工藝和質(zhì)量的重要指標(biāo)[9].最佳碳氮比的確定決定了堆肥的穩(wěn)定性和腐熟度,初始C/N較低時(shí),碳源少,氮源相對(duì)過(guò)量,過(guò)量的氮轉(zhuǎn)化成氨氣揮發(fā)導(dǎo)致氮損失;C/N過(guò)高時(shí),微生物的活性會(huì)降低,有機(jī)物分解速度會(huì)變慢[40].過(guò)高或過(guò)低的C/N均不利于堆肥腐熟,被認(rèn)為最適合堆肥的C/N為25～30[20].

合適的含水率是堆肥成功的關(guān)鍵條件,水分對(duì)堆肥物理結(jié)構(gòu)、生物活性以及腐熟程度等均產(chǎn)生影響[41].堆體含水率過(guò)高或過(guò)低都不利于堆肥腐殖化進(jìn)程,含水量過(guò)高,會(huì)形成厭氧發(fā)酵,影響堆體升溫;含水量過(guò)低,不利于微生物生長(zhǎng)繁殖,延緩堆肥腐熟效率[42].堆肥含水率可以通過(guò)添加膨脹劑調(diào)節(jié), 40%～60%被廣泛認(rèn)為是堆肥的最佳含水率范圍[43],不同的堆肥反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)及堆肥原料最佳含水率可能有所差異.隨著堆肥的進(jìn)行,水分會(huì)通過(guò)蒸發(fā)、滲濾流失,需對(duì)含水率進(jìn)行合理調(diào)控,以營(yíng)造適宜微生物生長(zhǎng)繁殖的環(huán)境.

多種參數(shù)共同調(diào)控了影響堆肥中腐殖酸快速形成的直接或間接因子(表1),各個(gè)參數(shù)之間并不是獨(dú)立作用,而是彼此之間相互聯(lián)系、共同協(xié)調(diào)促進(jìn)腐殖化進(jìn)程.因此在實(shí)際調(diào)控堆肥參數(shù)時(shí),往往不能只關(guān)注某個(gè)參數(shù),應(yīng)聯(lián)系多參數(shù)之間的連鎖效應(yīng)展開(kāi)進(jìn)一步研究.

2.1.2 原料配比 堆肥原料的類型是影響腐殖化過(guò)程中的一個(gè)重要參數(shù).單一物料堆肥時(shí)會(huì)受到自身理化性質(zhì)及組成的限制,而多種物料按照合適比例進(jìn)行堆肥時(shí)可以加速腐熟的進(jìn)程[45].秸稈、園林廢棄物等這類含水率低、碳氮比、孔隙度和木質(zhì)化程度高的堆肥原料,雖然其木質(zhì)素分解產(chǎn)生的酚類物質(zhì)是腐殖酸形成的重要前體,但單一秸稈等物料的堆肥腐殖化程度低[3].而畜禽糞便含水率高、碳氮比和孔隙度低,并含有大量的微生物,作為調(diào)節(jié)劑與秸稈等合理配比混合堆肥,可以促進(jìn)腐殖物質(zhì)形成,加快腐殖化進(jìn)程[46].因此提出了原料組分配比堆肥:不同類型的農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物配比堆肥具有更高的效率,并且成分豐富能生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量的堆肥產(chǎn)品[47].配比堆肥是基于原材料的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì),按照一定比例組合將含水率和碳氮比調(diào)整到能夠有利于微生物生長(zhǎng)繁殖的最佳條件,以加快升溫速度、縮短堆肥腐熟進(jìn)程[48].在配比堆肥過(guò)程中,不同材料的組合可能會(huì)加速或減緩堆肥速度,選擇合適的原料對(duì)腐殖質(zhì)的形成至關(guān)重要,各種原料腐殖質(zhì)化的途徑機(jī)制值得進(jìn)一步研究.

表1 堆肥基本工藝參數(shù)對(duì)腐殖酸形成的影響

2.1.3 新興物化輔助策略 近年來(lái)為克服傳統(tǒng)堆肥的缺點(diǎn),開(kāi)發(fā)了多種物化輔助策略(圖2).超高溫預(yù)處理堆肥(HPC)是基于物化輔助策略優(yōu)化堆肥工藝從而衍生出的一種新型堆肥工藝,利用超高溫反應(yīng)器對(duì)堆肥物料進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,再進(jìn)行傳統(tǒng)堆肥(TC)[49]. Yamada等[50]所研發(fā)的超高溫反應(yīng)器保持在100℃,持續(xù)2個(gè)小時(shí).已有研究表明,HPC可加劇腐殖酸形成,使有機(jī)質(zhì)演化指數(shù)提高30%～50%[50];并且HPC 可有效減少總氮損失,氮保留較TC增加49%[51]; HPC還可通過(guò)調(diào)控前體產(chǎn)生來(lái)促進(jìn)HA的形成, Huang等[52]表明,HPC中腐殖酸形成前體的濃度增加了44%～92%.此外,細(xì)菌群落的變化被認(rèn)為是HPC過(guò)程中腐殖化率和HA產(chǎn)生增加的主要原因,從而導(dǎo)致成熟期縮短[53].Cao等[49]通過(guò)13C NMR波譜發(fā)現(xiàn)HPC中提取的腐殖質(zhì)物質(zhì)中的芳烴百分比更高,芳結(jié)構(gòu)富集更早.因此,HPC通過(guò)加速堆肥腐殖化和縮短成熟期,在堆肥質(zhì)量和效率上均具有優(yōu)越性.

超高溫堆肥(HTC)同樣被提出作為另一種新型堆肥工藝,通過(guò)接種超嗜熱微生物提高好氧發(fā)酵的溫度,無(wú)需外源加熱[54].HTC工藝的最高溫度可超過(guò)90甚至100°C,明顯高于TC的溫度,從而提高了有機(jī)質(zhì)生物轉(zhuǎn)化效率[55].HTC通過(guò)發(fā)展超嗜熱微生物群落,形成超高溫階段,加速有機(jī)質(zhì)降解[56].在HTC中,HA前體的氧化水平是決定聚合度和腐殖化程度的關(guān)鍵因素.有研究表明HTC中類蛋白物質(zhì)在超高溫條件下通過(guò)強(qiáng)烈生物氧化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生高濃度含氮前體物,在酶的作用下形成穩(wěn)定的腐殖質(zhì)物質(zhì)[57].由此可見(jiàn),HTC的快速腐殖化過(guò)程歸因于超嗜熱菌驅(qū)動(dòng)有機(jī)質(zhì)快速降解和轉(zhuǎn)化形成前體,前體深度氧化進(jìn)而加速HA形成.與傳統(tǒng)堆肥相比,超高溫堆肥依靠其獨(dú)特的嗜熱微生物群落在提高堆肥效率和減少氣體排放上具有潛力性[58].HTC系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題是缺乏合適的超嗜熱菌持續(xù)降解有機(jī)質(zhì),評(píng)估其他超嗜熱菌在HTC系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用可行性值得研究.

電場(chǎng)輔助好氧堆肥(EAC)是一種新穎且有效的促腐工藝.好氧堆肥在本質(zhì)上是微生物驅(qū)動(dòng)下的氧化還原過(guò)程,該過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的電子可被電活性細(xì)菌轉(zhuǎn)移到細(xì)胞外電子受體,EAC可以增加電活性細(xì)菌的相對(duì)豐度,從而加速有機(jī)物的生物降解,提高堆肥腐熟度[59].Cao等[60]研究證明施加直流電場(chǎng)豐富了堆肥中細(xì)菌豐度及其代謝,促進(jìn)腐殖酸形成.直流電場(chǎng)可將TC的溫度提高到70～75℃,但直流電場(chǎng)作用下的梯度水分分布影響了微生物代謝熱,限制了堆肥溫度的升高[61].與直流電場(chǎng)不同,交流電場(chǎng)(AEF)可促進(jìn)堆肥堆體中水分的均勻分布,進(jìn)一步將溫度提高到90℃,促進(jìn)有機(jī)質(zhì)的生物降解和腐殖化過(guò)程[62].此外,AEF還可富集嗜熱菌,其代表了一種新穎且適用于HTC快速腐殖化調(diào)控的可行策略.但堆肥材料導(dǎo)電性差、電子傳遞效率低等影響了EAC的效率和適用性[63].因此,提高堆肥系統(tǒng)的電導(dǎo)率對(duì)于確保EAC系統(tǒng)快速腐殖化調(diào)控的有效性非常重要.

2.2 常規(guī)堆肥添加劑強(qiáng)化

添加劑被認(rèn)為是促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化的一種高效且易于掌握的策略.添加劑可以促進(jìn)有機(jī)質(zhì)的分解,保留堆體營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),從而獲得腐殖物質(zhì)和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)豐富的堆肥產(chǎn)品[65].

2.2.1 微生物菌劑 微生物作為堆肥腐殖化過(guò)程中物質(zhì)循環(huán)和能量流動(dòng)的主要推動(dòng)者,有機(jī)物在其作用下聚合或縮合形成腐殖酸[66].堆肥中,土著微生物菌群主導(dǎo)有機(jī)物的分解轉(zhuǎn)化;土著微生物菌群多樣性不足或受到某些環(huán)境參數(shù)和原料特性的不利影響,則會(huì)導(dǎo)致分解能力差、堆肥周期長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量低[67].因此,接種微生物菌劑是一種有效的促腐策略,通過(guò)改變微生物群落及其代謝功能,可加速簡(jiǎn)單化合物的降解和復(fù)雜化合物的形成,促進(jìn)腐殖化程度,提升堆肥產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量[68].

堆肥中主要微生物種類是細(xì)菌(包括放線菌)和真菌,在不同時(shí)期中都有其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)菌群,共同促進(jìn)物料的分解和腐熟[69].在堆肥過(guò)程中細(xì)菌群落多樣性越高,對(duì)有機(jī)物的降解越有利[70].有研究表明細(xì)菌接種可增加細(xì)菌群落多樣性,產(chǎn)生更多功能性細(xì)菌,促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化[71].細(xì)菌作為主導(dǎo)升溫期的菌群,對(duì)發(fā)酵升溫起主要作用.Li等[72]證明接種微生物菌劑可加速溫度上升,縮短堆肥周期.事實(shí)上,堆肥產(chǎn)生的熱量主要來(lái)自微生物分泌的降解有機(jī)物的酶[70]. Duan等[73]報(bào)道,堆肥中接種枯草芽孢桿菌可增強(qiáng)纖維素酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶的分泌,促進(jìn)纖維素和蛋白質(zhì)的生物降解,從而形成穩(wěn)定的腐殖質(zhì).真菌接種加強(qiáng)堆肥進(jìn)程也尤其顯著,堆肥中重要且廣泛使用的真菌之一是白腐真菌.它產(chǎn)生由錳過(guò)氧化物酶、木質(zhì)素過(guò)氧化物酶和漆酶組成的細(xì)胞外酶系統(tǒng),可用于降解木質(zhì)纖維素[74].研究發(fā)現(xiàn),接種白腐真菌是增強(qiáng)最終堆肥產(chǎn)品特性的有用策略,有機(jī)物降解和堆肥成熟的有效性取決于真菌類型[75].Zhang等[76]研究證明接種黃孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium對(duì)木質(zhì)素等穩(wěn)定性有機(jī)質(zhì)的分解有積極作用.此外,放線菌在堆肥微生物群落中起著重要的作用,不僅可生產(chǎn)木質(zhì)纖維素水解酶,還可在高溫下形成孢子以抵抗堆肥過(guò)程中的惡劣環(huán)境[77]. Zhao等[69]發(fā)現(xiàn),多階段接種從堆肥樣品中篩選出的纖維素降解嗜熱放線菌可提高纖維素酶活性,在加速纖維素降解、提高腐殖酸含量的同時(shí)降低了CO2排放量.

綜上所述,接種微生物菌劑是提高堆肥腐殖化和效率的有效措施之一,其機(jī)理主要包括:1)豐富微生物群落及其功能多樣性,共同參與腐殖質(zhì)合成.2)增加核心菌落豐度,合成大量酶促進(jìn)有機(jī)物降解.3)改善礦化,保留碳氮,增強(qiáng)有機(jī)物轉(zhuǎn)化為腐殖質(zhì).盡管如此,微生物接種的有效性仍受微生物種類、接種時(shí)間、堆肥具體操作條件、原料特性等因素影響[78],調(diào)控堆肥快速腐殖化的最適微生物接種技術(shù)是什么的問(wèn)題仍然存在.在未來(lái),需要確定最佳接種微生物濃度;需要考慮堆肥過(guò)程中微生物的接種劑種類、功能、生理、適應(yīng)性和穩(wěn)定性;需要針對(duì)堆肥過(guò)程中的微生物作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究,以期找到堆肥過(guò)程中最適宜添加的微生物菌劑.

2.2.2 外源腐殖酸前體物 前體在腐殖酸形成過(guò)程中起著關(guān)鍵作用.堆肥腐殖酸前體可通過(guò)有機(jī)物分解和微生物合成兩種途徑形成[22].在生物和非生物腐殖化途徑下通過(guò)氧化和親核反應(yīng)聚合形成腐殖酸[79].多酚作為腐殖酸的芳香族骨架,促進(jìn)腐殖酸的芳香性以確保其結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性[80].羧基對(duì)增加腐殖酸的脂肪族化合物和不飽和度起著重要作用[24].氨基酸是含氮有機(jī)物的水解產(chǎn)物,被還原可作微生物的氮源,為HA的形成提供氮素[81].還原糖和多糖作為微生物的主要能量和碳源,可促進(jìn)FA轉(zhuǎn)化成HA[23].因此,前體作為促進(jìn)腐殖酸形成的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子,通過(guò)添加外源前體物是促進(jìn)堆肥快速腐殖化的有效方法.

外源前體物促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化主要是通過(guò)以下幾方面(圖3):1)直接參與腐殖酸的形成[82];2)提高FA向HA的轉(zhuǎn)化速率,增加HA的不飽和度[83];3)促進(jìn)木質(zhì)纖維素降解[4],并改變細(xì)菌群落功能以調(diào)節(jié)前體數(shù)量[82];4)作為微生物的能源物質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分來(lái)源,提高微生物代謝能力以產(chǎn)生腐殖酸前體[84];5)減弱微生物對(duì)前體的利用,使得更多前體形成腐殖酸[11].外源前體物促進(jìn)HA形成的多種途徑并不是單獨(dú)存在的,而是多途徑相互聯(lián)系、共同作用[85],因此未來(lái)研究應(yīng)探究各前體在堆肥不同時(shí)期下多途徑之間的相互關(guān)系,精準(zhǔn)定位不同外源前體物的添加時(shí)期,提高促腐效率.

圖3 外源腐殖酸前體促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化機(jī)制

2.2.3 腐熟堆肥回流 腐熟堆肥(MC)作為堆肥穩(wěn)定發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品,具有低含水率、低碳氮比、高孔隙及富含微生物的特點(diǎn)[86].MC屬于常用的堆肥添加劑,并兼具調(diào)理劑、膨脹劑與接種劑的功能[12].添加MC可以有效促進(jìn)堆肥快速腐殖化,縮短堆肥周期.

MC通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)堆肥物理結(jié)構(gòu)和微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)方面來(lái)影響堆肥的礦化和腐殖化進(jìn)程.一方面,MC用作調(diào)理劑,可提高堆肥孔隙度并降低堆肥含水率[87].另一方面,MC用作膨脹劑和接種劑,可為堆體接種內(nèi)源微生物,加速微生物演替,縮短堆肥周期[88].因此,MC理論上是一種促進(jìn)快速腐殖化的堆肥輔料調(diào)節(jié)劑和微生物接種劑綜合體.腐熟堆肥回流有利于腐殖酸前體的形成與積累,有效降低腐殖質(zhì)損失率,顯著提高腐殖質(zhì)含量[12].在經(jīng)濟(jì)效益上,腐熟堆肥可代替商業(yè)微生物接種物,降低堆肥成本[89].此外,MC可回收利用,價(jià)格低廉且易于獲得.但利用腐熟堆肥作為堆肥添加劑需要很高的添加比例,但過(guò)高的添加量會(huì)抑制堆肥過(guò)程中腐殖質(zhì)聚合度和芳構(gòu)化程度的增長(zhǎng),因此在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中要注意控制腐熟堆肥的添加用量,以確保堆肥效果.

2.3 新型功能添加劑

在研究外源添加劑提高堆肥快速腐熟的同時(shí),還應(yīng)盡可能考慮產(chǎn)品的多功能性.為提升堆肥產(chǎn)品附加值,新型功能添加劑如生物炭、礦物質(zhì)等被發(fā)掘應(yīng)用.新型添加劑施加在堆肥中不僅可穩(wěn)定形成腐殖酸,還可增強(qiáng)堆肥產(chǎn)品的農(nóng)藝功能[5].

2.3.1 生物炭 生物炭是一類碳含量極高、活性官能團(tuán)豐富、離子交換能力強(qiáng)、芳構(gòu)化程度高、性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定的碳基物質(zhì)[90].大量研究表明,生物炭在促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化中發(fā)揮積極作用.

生物炭直接促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化通過(guò)以下機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn):1)生物炭自身部分被氧化降解釋放可溶性有機(jī)化合物和芳香化合物摻入腐殖質(zhì)類物質(zhì),促進(jìn)HA的形成及其穩(wěn)定[91].有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)木材生物炭的水萃取部分含有更高水平的類富里酸和類胡敏酸物質(zhì),可直接用于形成類腐殖質(zhì)樣物質(zhì)[13].2)堆肥形成的HA及其前體等物質(zhì)通過(guò)配體交換和疏水作用在生物炭活性表面吸附保留[39].生物炭表面豐富的官能團(tuán)(如羧基、羥基、羰基、?；?可作為吸附位點(diǎn)[92],將腐殖質(zhì)吸附到其表面并保護(hù)它們免受微生物分解來(lái)促進(jìn)腐殖化過(guò)程[91].

生物炭間接促進(jìn)腐殖化則通過(guò)影響堆肥微生物群落實(shí)現(xiàn)[93].高比表面積可為微生物生長(zhǎng)繁殖提供適宜的棲息環(huán)境.豐富的孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)可加速氧氣快速流通和能量傳輸,促進(jìn)微生物的好氧代謝[94].生物炭表面能吸附堆肥中產(chǎn)生的水溶性碳和酚類等物質(zhì),作為底物為微生物生長(zhǎng)代謝提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)[95].生物炭可通過(guò)中和氫離子或促進(jìn)有機(jī)酸的降解來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)堆肥體系的酸堿環(huán)境,增強(qiáng)微生物活性[13].此外,生物炭還可提高產(chǎn)品附加值.可通過(guò)靜電吸引作用減少氣體揮發(fā)和養(yǎng)分損失;依賴表面高陽(yáng)離子交換能力及含氧官能團(tuán)降低堆肥中重金屬生物有效性;通過(guò)表面的電子供體受體吸附削減有機(jī)污染物的毒性[96].

綜上所述,生物炭在促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化、改善堆肥產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上展現(xiàn)出巨大的優(yōu)勢(shì).過(guò)往研究討論了不同生物炭添加量對(duì)腐殖化的影響,建議添加約10%的生物炭以最大限度促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化[2].盡管如此,超過(guò)20%的添加量會(huì)抑制微生物的活性并干擾有機(jī)物的降解,同時(shí)生物炭較高的成本限制了其大劑量的使用.另外不能忽略的一個(gè)問(wèn)題便是內(nèi)源污染問(wèn)題,如何有效避免因內(nèi)源污染產(chǎn)生環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在未來(lái)值得進(jìn)一步研究.

2.3.2 礦物質(zhì) 堆肥作為一個(gè)快速、易變化的體系,堆肥所形成的類腐殖質(zhì)物質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定易被降解,外源礦物質(zhì)的添加可以緩解堆肥過(guò)程中類腐殖質(zhì)物質(zhì)的降解,提高堆肥腐殖酸形成穩(wěn)定性[65].

礦物質(zhì)通過(guò)以下四種主要機(jī)制促進(jìn)腐殖化(圖4):首先,直接催化美拉德反應(yīng)[97].其次,通過(guò)改變微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)和多樣性并產(chǎn)生協(xié)同作用.一方面,多孔特性和高比表面積為微生物活動(dòng)或表面官能團(tuán)催化腐殖化提供位點(diǎn)和空間[98].另一方面,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)堆肥理化性質(zhì)來(lái)為微生物降解創(chuàng)造適宜的環(huán)境.其獨(dú)特的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)部納米孔道的吸附性,保證了良好的保水保肥性和酸堿緩沖性能[99].同時(shí),礦物不同形式的電子能量通過(guò)胞外電子傳遞方式影響微生物生長(zhǎng)代謝,豐富微生物的能量獲取途徑,并且作為直接參與生長(zhǎng)代謝的電子供體/受體,提高電子能量的傳遞效率,促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化[100].再次,可加速前體的形成和積累,從而促進(jìn)堆肥腐殖化.最后,通過(guò)各種吸附機(jī)制與腐殖質(zhì)相互作用形成有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)復(fù)合體,保障腐殖酸穩(wěn)定形成[101-102].在礦物質(zhì)基底表面,腐殖酸通過(guò)疏水相互作用和陽(yáng)離子橋鍵吸附形成有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)復(fù)合體[103].在礦物質(zhì)邊緣表面,腐殖酸通過(guò)配體交換和靜電吸引吸附形成有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)復(fù)合體[101].

近年來(lái),很多具有促腐殖化能力的礦物質(zhì)添加劑被廣泛研究, Pan等[104]發(fā)現(xiàn)蒙脫石和伊利石的添加主要促進(jìn)了HA的非生物途徑的形成.蒙脫石和沸石可用作路易斯酸,以非生物方式催化氨基酸和還原糖縮合以產(chǎn)生腐殖酸[19,105].蒙脫石基底表面的Si-O、Si-O-Al基團(tuán)也參與了礦物邊緣對(duì)HA的吸附,促進(jìn)了HA的形成[36].膨潤(rùn)土可為微生物提供棲息地,還可吸附酶并增強(qiáng)酶活性和穩(wěn)定性,從而促進(jìn)微生物降解有機(jī)物,提高堆肥的穩(wěn)定性和成熟度[106].堿性石灰可促進(jìn)木質(zhì)纖維素水解產(chǎn)生前體,還可調(diào)節(jié)堆肥的初始酸性pH值[14].黑電氣石可延長(zhǎng)高溫期,改善腐殖化并減少氮損失[107].麥飯石可加速木質(zhì)纖維素降解,促進(jìn)HA形成[108].海泡石可增加堆體中高芳香組分占比,提高堆肥穩(wěn)定性從而促進(jìn)堆肥腐熟[109].凹凸棒土可加速有機(jī)物降解并促進(jìn)動(dòng)物糞便堆肥腐殖化[110].

礦物質(zhì)作為一種廉價(jià)易得、操作性強(qiáng)、時(shí)效長(zhǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)成本低的材料,礦物質(zhì)改性能夠進(jìn)一步提升快速堆肥腐殖化效果,如Pan等[104]發(fā)現(xiàn)熱改性礦物較普通礦物促進(jìn)堆肥腐熟效果更好.未來(lái)可進(jìn)一步研究開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用于堆肥促腐的礦物質(zhì)改性方法,同時(shí)還需結(jié)合土壤礦物學(xué)理論和微生物學(xué)進(jìn)一步剖析有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)復(fù)合體在堆肥體系中穩(wěn)定形成腐殖酸的機(jī)制.最后,從堆肥實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用角度出發(fā),應(yīng)該進(jìn)行更多的大規(guī)模試驗(yàn),驗(yàn)證從小試或中試規(guī)模研究中獲得的結(jié)果.

3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

快速堆肥是為了在短時(shí)間內(nèi)獲得完全腐熟的終端產(chǎn)物,腐殖酸含量是堆肥產(chǎn)品的重要評(píng)判指標(biāo),快速腐熟調(diào)控技術(shù)(圖5)都是以促進(jìn)腐殖酸穩(wěn)定形成為目的.優(yōu)化工藝參數(shù)是調(diào)控各種堆肥理化性質(zhì),為堆肥各階段關(guān)鍵微生物提供最適宜的棲息環(huán)境,提高微生物多樣性及其代謝活性,通過(guò)微生物間接促進(jìn)腐殖質(zhì)穩(wěn)定生成.物化輔助策略是從原料預(yù)處理、接種超嗜熱微生物、加速電子傳遞的角度來(lái)提高酶活性、增殖超嗜熱微生物、加強(qiáng)微生物代謝活性,以實(shí)現(xiàn)快速腐殖化.常規(guī)強(qiáng)化添加劑是通過(guò)強(qiáng)化腐殖酸形成途徑中的某一環(huán)節(jié),如生物腐殖化途徑、前體形成和積累等,以提高腐殖化效率,縮短堆肥周期.新型功能添加劑則是依靠其豐富的孔隙空間和表面官能團(tuán)通過(guò)多種吸附作用吸附氨基酸、糖和酚等低分子量化合物,促進(jìn)腐殖酸前體形成和積累,還可形成有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)復(fù)合體以保護(hù)腐殖酸并促進(jìn)腐殖酸穩(wěn)定化,同時(shí)由于其穩(wěn)定的性質(zhì)還能保留在堆肥產(chǎn)品中,從碳固存、降低重金屬有效性、削弱有機(jī)污染物毒性等多個(gè)方面提高堆肥附加價(jià)值.此外,本文針對(duì)各調(diào)控手段分別給予了一定研究展望.總的來(lái)說(shuō),由于堆肥環(huán)境的波動(dòng)變化和微生物群落的演化,不論是調(diào)控參數(shù)還是外源添加劑對(duì)腐殖化的影響相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)都是難以控制,而且大多數(shù)促腐殖化研究都是在實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下展開(kāi),并未投入到實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用中,對(duì)于這些手段促腐效果并沒(méi)有一個(gè)綜合的評(píng)價(jià).因此,針對(duì)不同有機(jī)固廢原料性質(zhì)的差異性,選擇合適的添加劑種類、添加量對(duì)于精細(xì)化控制堆肥進(jìn)程是有意義的,未來(lái)還需深入研究.

圖5 堆肥促腐調(diào)控技術(shù)

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Mechanism and regulation method of humic acid formation in composting-a review.

CHANG Yuan1,2, LI Ruo-qi1,2, LI Jun1,2, ZHAN Ya-bin3, WEI Yu-quan1,2*, XU Ting1,2, LI Ji1,2

(1.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China；2.Organic RecyclingResearch Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou 215100, China；3.Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China).2023,43(10)：5291～5302

The aim of this study was to review the mechanism of humic acid formation and the regulation method for improving the humification degree by process parameter optimization, the exogenous additives, and so on, in composting. The mechanisms of various regulation methods for accelerating humic acid formation process were also discussed, which provided theoretical basis for the development of fast composting technologies. Various regulatory methods may be interacted in applications due to the complex dynamic physiochemical environment factors in composting. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an integrated relationship among more factors related to humic acid formation based on practical compost production process. The future regulating methods will help to improve the quality of composting products.

humification；humic acid formation；rapid maturation；process parameters；new additives

X705

A

1000-6923(2023)10-5291-12

2023-03-05

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(32071552);國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)食品鏈污染防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開(kāi)放課題基金(FC2022YB01);蘇州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(SS20200);安徽省科技重大專項(xiàng)(202003a06020003)

* 責(zé)任作者, 副教授, weiyq2019@cau.edu.cn

常 遠(yuǎn)(1999-),男,安徽馬鞍山人,中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)碩士研究生,主要從事生態(tài)工程與有機(jī)廢棄物資源化處理研究.發(fā)表論文3篇. chy491@cau.edu.cn.

常 遠(yuǎn),李若琪,李 珺,等.好氧堆肥腐殖酸形成機(jī)制及促腐調(diào)控技術(shù)概述 [J]. 中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué), 2023,43(10):5291-5302.

Chang Y,LI R Q, LI J, et al. Mechanism and regulation method of humic acid formation in composting-a review [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(10):5291-5302.