畢湘利

(上海申通地鐵集團(tuán)有限公司董事長(zhǎng),正高級(jí)工程師)

中國(guó)城市軌道交通五十余年的發(fā)展歷程,特別是近二十年的高速發(fā)展歷程證明:高質(zhì)量建設(shè)是城市軌道交通高水平運(yùn)營(yíng)的基礎(chǔ)和前提。必須從人民群眾對(duì)美好生活的向往這一需求出發(fā),堅(jiān)持高起點(diǎn)、高水平,創(chuàng)新機(jī)制,突破束縛,構(gòu)建規(guī)劃起點(diǎn)高、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合理適用、過(guò)程可靠受控、結(jié)果可核查可驗(yàn)證的城市軌道交通系統(tǒng)。

高質(zhì)量建設(shè)重在加強(qiáng)對(duì)城市軌道交通關(guān)鍵設(shè)施設(shè)備的過(guò)程管理。城市軌道交通裝備市場(chǎng)處于開(kāi)放競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的狀態(tài),產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最終由運(yùn)營(yíng)單位承擔(dān)。新線試運(yùn)營(yíng)基本條件評(píng)審由于時(shí)間短、覆蓋范圍有限,難以對(duì)城市軌道交通系統(tǒng)功能進(jìn)行全過(guò)程控制和全范圍驗(yàn)證,難免遺留一些問(wèn)題,危害運(yùn)營(yíng)安全。因此在城市軌道交通關(guān)鍵設(shè)施設(shè)備過(guò)程管理中要全面引入產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證和功能驗(yàn)證的管理理念。實(shí)施全面產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證和功能驗(yàn)證是與國(guó)際接軌的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入方式,也是促進(jìn)裝備產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展的有效措施。全面產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證和功能驗(yàn)證在確保系統(tǒng)安全、確證系統(tǒng)功能、確立系統(tǒng)品質(zhì)方面具有不可替代的作用。因此,一要加大力度,完善行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系,優(yōu)化檢驗(yàn)檢測(cè)規(guī)程,促進(jìn)第三方數(shù)據(jù)的有效應(yīng)用;二要強(qiáng)化檢測(cè)認(rèn)證力量,提升認(rèn)證、驗(yàn)證結(jié)果質(zhì)量,推動(dòng)認(rèn)證采信應(yīng)用,切實(shí)發(fā)揮認(rèn)證、驗(yàn)證在提高城市軌道交通關(guān)鍵設(shè)施設(shè)備安全質(zhì)量水平方面的作用,規(guī)范城市軌道交通裝備產(chǎn)業(yè)市場(chǎng)的良性發(fā)展。

高質(zhì)量建設(shè)重在發(fā)揮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的引領(lǐng)作用。沒(méi)有規(guī)劃建設(shè)源頭的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn),就沒(méi)有運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)終端的高質(zhì)量。要做到既高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建設(shè),滿足功能需求,又兼顧城市軌道交通行業(yè)的公益性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性和可持續(xù)性,就必須處理好標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提升和成本控制之間的平衡關(guān)系。因此,在建設(shè)實(shí)踐中,既要堅(jiān)持標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的引領(lǐng)作用,又要堅(jiān)持有破有立,統(tǒng)籌兼顧,以充分發(fā)揮城市軌道交通系統(tǒng)的整體效能。例如,上海地鐵將高速鐵路無(wú)砟軌道建設(shè)中的軌道控制網(wǎng)測(cè)量和無(wú)砟軌道精調(diào)相關(guān)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)引入城市軌道交通的建設(shè)與運(yùn)營(yíng)維護(hù)中,大大提高了建設(shè)階段軌道鋪設(shè)的技術(shù)水平,實(shí)現(xiàn)了軌道鋪設(shè)的高精度和高平順,有效提升了列車運(yùn)行的平穩(wěn)度和乘客的舒適度,同時(shí)也降低了車內(nèi)外的噪聲和振動(dòng)以及車輛的故障率。又如,旅行速度體現(xiàn)城市軌道交通的運(yùn)營(yíng)效率,但由于車輛、信號(hào)、軌道、結(jié)構(gòu)等各個(gè)專業(yè)對(duì)速度限制及控制的概念和定義在理解上存在差異,導(dǎo)致實(shí)際ATO(列車自動(dòng)運(yùn)行)模式下旅行速度低于線路等級(jí)速度。上海地鐵把各專業(yè)的速度限制及控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)放在一個(gè)系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)行研究,使各專業(yè)之間的需求合理銜接,使旅行速度達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)要求,實(shí)現(xiàn)了線路等級(jí)速度。相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已作為團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)布并在行業(yè)內(nèi)推廣應(yīng)用。再如,對(duì)于暗挖車站,從既有工程案例看,日本的多數(shù)盾構(gòu)法施工車站,其盾構(gòu)段長(zhǎng)度均超過(guò)100 m,盾構(gòu)段最長(zhǎng)的車站是飯?zhí)飿蛘?達(dá)到275 m。但國(guó)內(nèi)地下工程因受消防疏散規(guī)范的限制,中間不設(shè)開(kāi)口的盾構(gòu)暗挖段最長(zhǎng)不超過(guò)100 m,若考慮疏散路徑因素,暗挖段距離更小,極大地限制了暗挖車站施工技術(shù)的推廣應(yīng)用。對(duì)于該類相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),就要有所突破,結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外工程案例及相關(guān)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)完善國(guó)內(nèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),建立符合高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

當(dāng)前是我國(guó)城市軌道交通從高速發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)向高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。通過(guò)做好關(guān)鍵設(shè)施設(shè)備的產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證和功能驗(yàn)證,提高裝備的安全質(zhì)量水平;通過(guò)有破有立,完善既有標(biāo)準(zhǔn),建立新標(biāo)準(zhǔn),發(fā)揮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的引領(lǐng)作用,通過(guò)構(gòu)建高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工程來(lái)全面夯實(shí)城市軌道交通高水平運(yùn)營(yíng)的保障基礎(chǔ)。

Commentary

High-quality Construction as Guaranteed Foundation for Urban Rail Transit High-level Operation

BIXiangli

(Chairman of Shanghai Shentong Metro Group Co., Ltd., Senior Engineer)

The development process of URT (urban rail transit) in China over the past fifty years, especially the rapid development in the last two decades, has proven that high-quality construction is the foundation and prerequisite for URT high-level operation. It is unnegotiable to actuate from the standpoint of people′s aspiration for a better life. By adhering to high starting points and high standards, innovatively devising new mechanisms, and breaking through constraints, an URT system with high planning standards, reasonable and applicable norms, reliable and controllable processes, and verifiable and validated outcomes is constructed.

The key to high-quality construction lies in strengthening the process management of URT key facilities and equipment. The URT equipment market is in a state of open competition, and the risks of product quality and safety are ultimately imposed onto operation units. Due to the short duration and limited coverage of new line trial operation basic condition assessment, full-process control and full-coverage verification of URT system functionality can hardly be enacted, which inevitably leaves some issues behind, undermining operational safety. Therefore, the management concept of product certification and functionality verification must be comprehensively introduced into the process management of URT key facilities and equipment. Implementing comprehensive product certification and functionality verification is a market access approach that aligns with international standards as well as an effective measure to promote healthy development for equipment industry. Comprehensive product certification and functionality verification play an irreplaceable role in ensuring system safety, verifying system functionality, and establishing system quality. Consequently, first, efforts should be further exerted on completing industry standard system, optimizing inspection and testing procedures, and promoting the effective application of third-party data; secondly, the purpose of certification and verification in elevating safety and quality level of URT key facilities and equipment should be practically fulfilled, by reinforcing detection and certification capabilities, improving the quality of certification and verification results, advancing the adoption and application of certification and verification, thus regulating the healthy development of URT equipment industry market.

The key to high-quality construction lies in inciting the leading role of standards. Without high standards at the planning and construction stage, high-quality services on operation service end are nowhere to be found. To achieve high-standard construction that both meets functionality requirements and accommodates the public welfare, economy, and sustainability of URT industry, it is essential to strike a balance between standard improvement and cost control. Therefore, in construction practice, it is indispensable to uphold the guiding role of standards while persisting in breaking grounds and extensively considering various aspects to fully leverage the overall efficiency of URT systems. For example, Shanghai Metro has introduced technical standards related to track control network measurement and precision adjustment of ballastless track from high-speed railway construction into URT construction and operation maintenance, which has greatly improved the technical level of track laying during construction phase, achieving high precision and regularity in track laying. It effectively enhances the smoothness of train operation and passenger comfort while reducing noise, vibration, and vehicle failure rates. Another example is about how travel speed reflects URT operational efficiency. However, due to differences in concepts and definitions of speed restrictions and control among various disciplines such as rolling stock, signaling, track, and structures, the actual travel speed in ATO (automatic train operation) mode may be lower than the line grade speed. Shanghai Metro has studied the speed restrictions and control standards of each discipline within a unified system, ensuring reasonable coordination of requirements between disciplines and achieving the designed travel speed, thus meeting the line grade speed requirements. These relevant standards have been published as group standards and promoted within the industry. Additionally, for underground-excavated stations, among the existing engineering cases, many Japanese shield tunneling construction stations have shield segments of length exceeding 100 meters, with the longest being 275 meters at Iidabashi Station. However, in China, due to limitations imposed by fire evacuation regulations, the maximum length of underground-excavated shield segments without openings is not allowed to exceed 100 meters. Considering evacuation path factors, the allowable length becomes even less, greatly restricting the advocate and application of construction techniques for underground-excavated stations. For such related standards, breakthroughs are needed by combining engineering cases in China and abroad as well as relevant international standards to improve domestic standards and establish new standards that align with high-quality development.

China is currently in a critical period of transition from rapid development to high-quality development for URT industry. By conducting product certification and functionality verification of key facilities and equipment, the equipment safety and quality level can be enhanced. Through a process of revising and improving existing standards and establishing new standards, the leading role of standards shall be harnessed. By constructing high-standard projects, the foundation for ensuring URT high-level operation will be comprehensively strengthened.

(TranslatedbyZHANGLiman)