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        主題1:完形填空考點(diǎn)預(yù)測(cè)與考法預(yù)判

        2023-07-14 06:32:35昝亞娟
        瘋狂英語(yǔ)·新策略 2023年2期
        關(guān)鍵詞:考點(diǎn)議論文觀點(diǎn)

        昝亞娟

        四層考點(diǎn)預(yù)測(cè)

        考點(diǎn)1 考查詞匯在語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境中的運(yùn)用完形填空題要求考生在整體理解語(yǔ)篇意義的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)具體語(yǔ)境選擇一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~填入設(shè)空處。選項(xiàng)具有以下特征:1. 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有近義詞,意義相差很大;2. 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)詞性相同,語(yǔ)法形式一致;3. 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)在語(yǔ)法上都是正確的,都可填入設(shè)空處,只是意義不同,或與語(yǔ)境不符,或邏輯不通,或不符合文章的主題。因此,我們必須依據(jù)具體的語(yǔ)境來(lái)選擇最佳答案。

        真題鏈接

        Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which be?came his second 21 . He learned the value and beauty of 22 there from a veryyoung age.

        When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23 happening around hishome. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24 it caused had driven away anumber of birds. 25 , the number of snakes had declined as well. He 26 that itwas because there werent enough trees to protect them from the 27 .

        21. A. dream B. job C. home D. choice

        22. A. nature B. youth C. culture D. knowledge

        23. A. precious B. interesting C. disturbing D. awkward

        24. A. waste B. tension C. pain D. damage

        25. A. Besides B. However C. Therefore D. Otherwise

        26. A. agreed B. realized C. remembered D. predicted

        27. A. noise B. heat C. disease D. dust

        備考點(diǎn)睛

        本文講述了一個(gè)名叫Molai的印度男子植樹(shù)造林的故事。文章的主題語(yǔ)境為人與自然,話題為保護(hù)環(huán)境。在解題時(shí),我們應(yīng)關(guān)注設(shè)空句的具體語(yǔ)境,來(lái)選擇最佳答案。

        Molai住的村子附近的濕地是他的第二個(gè)家(home),故第21題的答案為C。經(jīng)常在濕地玩耍,所以他從小就知道了大自然(nature)的價(jià)值和美麗,故第22題的答案為A。他16歲時(shí)開(kāi)始注意到令人不安的(disturbing)事情在他的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生,故第23題的答案為C。洪澇災(zāi)害發(fā)生了,它帶來(lái)的破壞(damage)導(dǎo)致一些小鳥(niǎo)飛走了,故第24題的答案為D。蛇的數(shù)量也減少了,此句與前文構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系,故第25題的答案為A。他意識(shí)到(realized)這是因?yàn)闆](méi)有足夠的樹(shù)來(lái)保護(hù)它們免受高溫(heat)的影響,故第26題的答案為B,第27題的答案為B。

        考點(diǎn)2 考查對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的整體理解

        完形填空題的設(shè)題技巧性非常強(qiáng),邏輯非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。正確選項(xiàng)通常與整體語(yǔ)篇存在著千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系,關(guān)注整體語(yǔ)篇對(duì)解題至關(guān)重要。

        真題鏈接

        Over the past 38 years, Mr. Wang has pretended to be someone else many times, andhas even learned to 41 different dialects (方言), leading to him being described as an“Oscar?winning actor”

        The 60?year?old is not an actor, but a 42 . However, he is more devoted to his“ 43 ”than any real actor.

        In the 1990s, a group of thieves often sold stolen goods with the help of some beg?gars. To look into the 44 , Wang disguised (偽裝) himself and 45 the beggars.Dirty shorts and old shoes gave him the 46 of a real beggar and his convincing dialectsoon won him the 47 of the beggars.

        41. A. teach B. compare C. assess D. speak

        42. A. lawyer B. doctor C. policeman D. businessman

        43. A. role B. study C. family D. audience

        44. A. mirror B. case C. future D. question

        45. A. interviewed B. joined C. arrested D. assisted

        46. A. challenge B. experience C. appearance D. freedom

        47. A. vote B. sympathy C. permission D. trust

        備考點(diǎn)睛

        本文是一篇記敘文,講述了警察王先生多次喬裝打扮,學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)不同的方言,冒險(xiǎn)潛伏在犯罪團(tuán)伙中,最終成功破案的故事。文章的主題語(yǔ)境為人與社會(huì)。我們?cè)诮忸}時(shí),應(yīng)關(guān)注整體語(yǔ)篇,從文中找到解題的線索。

        在過(guò)去的38年里,王先生多次喬裝打扮,甚至學(xué)會(huì)了說(shuō)(speak)不同的方言,因此他被稱(chēng)為“奧斯卡獲獎(jiǎng)演員”,故第41題的答案為D。這位60歲的老人不是演員,而是一名警察(policeman),故第42題的答案為C。然而,他比任何真正的演員都更專(zhuān)注于他的“角色(role)”,故第43題的答案為A。為了調(diào)查這個(gè)案子(case),王先生偽裝自己,并加入(joined)到一幫乞丐中,故第44題的答案為B,第45題的答案為B。骯臟的短褲和舊鞋子使他的外表(appearance)看起來(lái)像一個(gè)真正的乞丐,并且他那令人信服的方言很快贏得了乞丐們的信任(trust),故第46題的答案為C,第47題的答案為D。

        考點(diǎn)3 考查對(duì)語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)和主題的把握

        有的完形填空題的素材并非完全采用敘述的手法,而是在敘事的同時(shí),融入一些議論,此類(lèi)文章往往采用敘議結(jié)合的寫(xiě)作方法。遇到此類(lèi)素材的完形填空題,我們要認(rèn)真分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu),從議論中歸納出文章的主題。此類(lèi)文章通常采用以下三種模式:

        1. 事件—觀點(diǎn)

        作者首先敘述一個(gè)典型事件,然后針對(duì)這一事件發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)和看法。

        2. 觀點(diǎn)—事件

        作者先提出一種觀點(diǎn)或看法,然后圍繞這一觀點(diǎn)或看法用具體的事件作為例證。

        3. 觀點(diǎn)—事件—觀點(diǎn)

        作者先提出一種觀點(diǎn)或看法,然后用事件進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,最后再總結(jié)、歸納自己的觀點(diǎn)或表明自己的態(tài)度。

        真題鏈接

        During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education departmentwas offering a“free”course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I 41 the idea oftaking the class because, after all, who doesnt want to 42 a few dollars? More thanthat, Id always wanted to learn chess. And, even if I werent 43 enough about freecredits, news about our 44 was appealing enough to me. He was an international grand?master, which 45 I would be learning from one of the games 46 . I could hardlywait to 47 him.

        41. A. put forward B. jumped at C. tried out D. turned down

        42. A. waste B. earn C. save D. pay

        43. A. excited B. worried C. moved D. tired

        44. A. title B. competitor C. textbook D. instructor

        45. A. urged B. demanded C. held D. meant

        46. A. fastest B. easiest C. best D. rarest

        47. A. interview B. meet C. challenge D. beat

        備考點(diǎn)睛

        本文的原文敘議結(jié)合,前兩段敘事,最后一段發(fā)表議論,議論部分升華了主題。

        我們只有通過(guò)分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu),才能準(zhǔn)確把握文章的主題,從而精準(zhǔn)解題。

        “我”急切地接受了(jumped at)選修Thinking Chess課的想法,故第41題的答案為B。根據(jù)第一句中的the education department was offering a“free”course可知,第42空所在處指的是“誰(shuí)不想?。╯ave)幾美元呢?”,故第42題的答案為C。即便免費(fèi)的學(xué)分不能讓“我”足夠興奮(excited),關(guān)于這門(mén)課的講師(instructor)的消息對(duì)“我”也是非常有吸引力的,故第43題的答案為A,第44題的答案為D。他是一位國(guó)際特級(jí)大師,這就意味著(meant“) 我”可以向該領(lǐng)域最優(yōu)秀的(best)人學(xué)習(xí)。所以“我”迫不及待地想見(jiàn)到(meet)他。故第45、46、47題的答案分別為D、C、B。

        考點(diǎn)4 考查對(duì)行文邏輯的推斷

        完形填空題的文章體裁多樣,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語(yǔ)言邏輯性強(qiáng)。解題時(shí),我們首先應(yīng)快讀原文,抓住文章大意,然后分析段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,再依據(jù)行文邏輯,進(jìn)行合理的推斷。

        真題鏈接

        In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one.The 36 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 37 becausepeople are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.

        How did we 38 a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to 39 anobject than to spend time and money to repair it. 40 modern manufacturing (制造業(yè))and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively.

        36. A. key B. reason C. project D. problem

        37. A. gifts B. rubbish C. debt D. products

        38. A. face B. become C. observe D. change

        39. A. hide B. control C. replace D. withdraw

        40. A. Thanks to B. As to C. Except for D. Regardless of

        備考點(diǎn)睛

        本文是一篇議論文。文章第一段指出垃圾帶來(lái)越來(lái)越多的問(wèn)題,第二段分析了地球上垃圾與日俱增的原因。我們厘清了作者的寫(xiě)作思路,明確了行文邏輯,再來(lái)解題,答案就會(huì)一目了然。

        在現(xiàn)代社會(huì),當(dāng)一件東西用壞了,我們就會(huì)把它扔掉,再買(mǎi)一個(gè)新的。問(wèn)題(prob?lem)是世界各國(guó)的垃圾(rubbish)都堆積如山,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在人們?nèi)拥舻睦纫酝魏螘r(shí)候都多。故第36題選D,第37題選B。我們的社會(huì)是如何變成(become)一個(gè)充斥著垃圾的社會(huì)的?故第38題選B。首先,現(xiàn)在更換(replace)一個(gè)物品比花時(shí)間和金錢(qián)去修理它更容易,故第39題選C。多虧了(Thanks to)當(dāng)代的制造業(yè)和技術(shù),公司能夠更快地生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品,成本也降低很多,故第40題選A。

        考點(diǎn)5 考查思辨能力

        議論文是完形填空常用的文體之一。議論文具體的結(jié)構(gòu)模式有以下三種:

        模式一:引言段(提出個(gè)人觀點(diǎn))—主體段(論證部分)—結(jié)論段。

        模式二:引言段(提出反方觀點(diǎn))—主體段(反駁反方觀點(diǎn))—結(jié)論段。

        模式三:引言段(提出個(gè)人觀點(diǎn))—主體段(正方觀點(diǎn)、反方觀點(diǎn))—結(jié)論段。

        在做議論文類(lèi)的完形填空題時(shí),我們首先要快速找到作者的主要論點(diǎn),進(jìn)而抓住全文的主旨大意。其次,我們要認(rèn)真思考文章謀篇布局的手段,了解各個(gè)段落的功能,感受作者論證的過(guò)程。最后,我們要循著作者的思路重讀全文,推敲各空的答案。

        真題鏈接

        Over the past few decades, more and more countries have opened up the markets, in?creasingly transforming the world economy into one free?flowing global market. The ques?tion is: Is economic globalization 50 for all?

        According to the World Bank, one of its chief supporters, economic globalization hashelped reduce 51 in a large number of developing countries. It quotes one study thatshows increased wealth 52 to improved education and longer life in twenty?four de?veloping countries as a result of integration ( 融合) of local economies into the worldeconomy. Home to some three billion people, these twenty?four countries have seen in?comes 53 at an average rate of five percent—compared to two percent in developedcountries.

        Those who 54 globalization claim that economies in developing countries willbenefit from new opportunities for small and home?based businesses. 55 , smallfarmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in 56 open?airmarkets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.

        Critics take a different view, believing that economic globalization is actually 57the gap between the rich and poor. A study carried out by the U.N.?sponsored World Com?mission on the Social Dimension of Globalization shows that only a few developing coun?tries have actually 58 from integration into the world economy and that the poor, theuneducated, unskilled workers, and native peoples have been left behind. 59 , theymaintain that globalization may eventually threaten emerging businesses. For example, In?dian craftsmen who currently seem to benefit from globalization because they are able to60 their products may soon face fierce competition that could put them out of 61 .When large?scale manufacturers start to produce the same goods, or when superstores likeWal?Mart move in, these small businesses will not be able to 62 and will be crowdedout.

        One thing is certain about globalization—there is no 63 . Advances in technologycombined with more open policies have already created an interconnected world. The64 now is finding a way to create a kind of globalization that works for the benefit of all.

        50. A. possible B. smooth C. good D. easy

        51. A. crime B. poverty C. conflict D. population

        52. A. contributing B. responding C. turning D. owing

        53. A. remain B. drop C. shift D. increase

        備考點(diǎn)睛

        本文的話題是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的利弊問(wèn)題,故第50題的答案為C。根據(jù)第二段可知,經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的好處是可以幫助減少貧困(poverty),故第51題的答案為B。一項(xiàng)研究表明,財(cái)富增加有助于(contributing)改善教育,故第52題的答案為A。第二段陳述了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的好處,故第53題的答案為D。在弄懂大意、厘清思路的基礎(chǔ)上,我們?cè)俳Y(jié)合語(yǔ)境認(rèn)真思考,縝密推理,就能順利解答剩下的問(wèn)題。

        四翼考法預(yù)判

        創(chuàng)新路徑1 命題情境的創(chuàng)新

        情境是實(shí)現(xiàn)考查內(nèi)容和考查要求的載體,英語(yǔ)學(xué)科的考查情境主要通過(guò)主題語(yǔ)境來(lái)構(gòu)建和體現(xiàn)?!镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》提出三大主題語(yǔ)境,包括人與自我、人與社會(huì)和人與自然,其下又包含若干個(gè)主題群,同時(shí)列出主題語(yǔ)境的內(nèi)容要求。英語(yǔ)學(xué)科命題以此為依據(jù),選取篇章材料,設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)情境,搭建貼近生活實(shí)際和教學(xué)內(nèi)容的考查載體。近年的高考命題情境涉及學(xué)生的生活實(shí)踐與學(xué)習(xí)探索情境,包括住院治療、子女教育、名勝游覽、助人為樂(lè)等,由此,我們可以預(yù)測(cè),完形填空題的命題情境將會(huì)更加豐富,例如:個(gè)人體驗(yàn)情境、學(xué)科認(rèn)知情境和社會(huì)生活情境,尤其是包括家庭生活、學(xué)校生活等的社會(huì)生活情境。

        創(chuàng)新路徑2 主題語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)篇的創(chuàng)新

        主題語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)篇類(lèi)型、語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、文化知識(shí)、語(yǔ)言技能和學(xué)習(xí)策略是構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)課程的六個(gè)要素。主題語(yǔ)境涵蓋人與自我、人與社會(huì)和人與自然,涉及人文社會(huì)科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的內(nèi)容,為學(xué)科育人提供話題和語(yǔ)境。語(yǔ)篇類(lèi)型包括記敘文、說(shuō)明文和議論文,為語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)提供文體素材。

        為了更好地落實(shí)“立德樹(shù)人”的根本任務(wù),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生正確的人生觀和價(jià)值觀,完形填空題的命題必將繼續(xù)采用更多的傳遞正能量的素材,語(yǔ)篇的話題更加多元化,內(nèi)容更加豐富。父母做出的好榜樣、身邊的平民英雄、最崇拜的偶像和個(gè)人的成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷等例子,都能體現(xiàn)對(duì)學(xué)生的思想的教育,我們應(yīng)高度關(guān)注這方面的素材。

        創(chuàng)新路徑3 試題體裁的創(chuàng)新

        雖然近兩年新高考的完形填空題都是記敘文,講述某個(gè)人的勵(lì)志故事,對(duì)學(xué)生的人生觀和價(jià)值觀進(jìn)行引領(lǐng),但全國(guó)卷的高考完形填空題曾選用過(guò)說(shuō)明文,上海市的高考完形填空題曾選用過(guò)議論文。2018~2021全國(guó)卷的完形填空題素材分析表如下:

        由上表可知,全國(guó)卷的完形填空題大多以記敘文作為命題素材,但是也不止一次用過(guò)說(shuō)明文類(lèi)的文章。為了更好地考查學(xué)生的思辨能力,把議論文作為考查素材也存在較大的可能。因此,我們也應(yīng)練習(xí)一些說(shuō)明文和議論文體裁的完形填空題。

        一核考題預(yù)演

        見(jiàn)P58~P69《學(xué)習(xí)妙測(cè)》欄目《2023年高考熱點(diǎn)命題1:完形填空》對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容。

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