李璐璐 明 博 高 尚 謝瑞芝 王克如 侯 鵬 薛 軍 李少昆

不同熟期玉米品種籽粒田間脫水特征差異性分析

李璐璐1,2,3明 博1,*高 尚1謝瑞芝1王克如1侯 鵬1薛 軍1李少昆1,*

1中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物科學(xué)研究所 / 農(nóng)業(yè)部作物生理生態(tài)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 北京 100081;2海南省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院三亞研究院, 海南三亞 572025;3海南省崖州灣種子實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 海南三亞 572025

玉米收獲期籽粒含水率是影響機(jī)械粒收質(zhì)量和籽粒品質(zhì)的重要因素, 不同熟期品種收獲期籽粒含水率有差異, 同時品種間熟期的差異也使其田間脫水的環(huán)境不同, 造成其脫水特征難以精準(zhǔn)比較。本研究于2018—2019年, 以不同熟期玉米品種為研究對象, 設(shè)置間隔約10 d的8個播期處理, 播期覆蓋自早春播至晚夏播, 創(chuàng)制籽粒田間脫水的環(huán)境差異, 觀測籽粒含水率動態(tài)過程, 分析品種之間籽粒田間脫水特征差異。結(jié)果表明, 收獲期籽粒含水率與品種生育期長短呈顯著正相關(guān)(= 0.810*, 2018;= 0.912**, 2019), 早熟品種收獲時含水率低、晚熟品種高; 生理成熟期籽粒含水率與灌漿期長短呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(= –0.484**), 早熟品種生理成熟期籽粒含水率高、晚熟品種低; 籽粒生理成熟前脫水速率(= –0.655**)和生理成熟后脫水速率(= –0.492**)均與生育期長短呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 表現(xiàn)出早熟品種籽粒脫水速率快、晚熟品種脫水速率慢的特征; 籽粒生理成熟前脫水速率與生理成熟后脫水速率之間呈顯著正相關(guān)(= 0.466**), 一般而言生理成熟前籽粒脫水速率較快的品種, 生理成熟后脫水速率也較快, 但是存在生理成熟前脫水速率快、生理成熟后脫水速率慢的特例品種。本研究認(rèn)為生育期影響籽粒脫水速率, 通常早熟品種生理成熟前、后籽粒脫水速率均較快, 收獲期含水率較低; 晚熟品種生理成熟前、后籽粒脫水速率均較慢, 收獲期含水率較高; 但是存在特例品種, 在進(jìn)行籽?？焖倜撍贩N的選育和篩選時應(yīng)引起關(guān)注。

玉米; 生育期; 籽粒; 含水率; 脫水速率

玉米收獲期籽粒含水率與生理成熟前脫水速率和生理成熟后脫水速率有關(guān), 這兩個階段脫水速率大小決定了收獲期籽粒含水率高低, 以往有不少研究將關(guān)注點(diǎn)放在生理成熟至收獲這一段時間籽粒脫水快慢與否, 即生理成熟后脫水速率[19,30-34], 弱化了生理成熟前脫水速率對收獲期籽粒含水率的影響,以及生理成熟前脫水速率與生理成熟后脫水速率的關(guān)系, 同一品種生理成熟前、后脫水速率大小是否一致尚未定論。本研究選用生育期和籽粒脫水速率有較大差異的不同玉米品種, 剖析籽粒脫水速率的品種差異, 為快速脫水品種的選育和篩選提供理論指導(dǎo)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

于2018年和2019年在中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物科學(xué)研究所新鄉(xiāng)綜合試驗(yàn)站(河南省新鄉(xiāng)市, 35°18'N, 113°54'E)進(jìn)行, 設(shè)置品種和播期處理。選用生育進(jìn)程和脫水速率差異較大的8個品種, 包括早熟品種: 禾田1號(Hetian 1, HT1)和豐墾139 (Fengken 139, FK139); 中熟品種: 澤玉8911 (Zeyu 8911, ZY8911)、京農(nóng)科728 (Jingnongke 728, JNK728)和迪卡517 (Dika 517, DK517); 晚熟品種: 先玉335 (Xianyu 335, XY335)、鄭單958 (Zhengdan 958, ZD958)和迪卡653 (Dika 653, DK653)。采用早春播至晚夏播的大跨度分期播種處理, 每年8個播期(表1), 各播期之間的間隔大約為10 d。除了ZY8911在2018年的第1播期未種植外, 其他品種2年均種植8個播期。試驗(yàn)采用大區(qū)種植, 各處理種植面積約為158.4 m2(寬約7.2 m, 長約22 m), 等行距種植, 行距為0.6 m, 種植密度為75,000株 hm–2。播前撒施底肥, 選用控釋肥(N-P2O5-K2O: 30-5-5), 每公頃約750 kg, 旋耕整地。各小區(qū)機(jī)械開溝, 人工點(diǎn)播, 每點(diǎn)位放置2粒種子, 點(diǎn)位之間的距離約為22 cm, 人工覆土。播種后澆蒙頭水, 保證出苗, 四葉期間苗。玉米生育期內(nèi)的灌水和病蟲草害管理措施同當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn), 未發(fā)生逆境脅迫。試驗(yàn)田安裝了小型氣象站(WatchDog 2900 Weather Station), 試驗(yàn)期間的氣溫、降水、風(fēng)速和相對濕度情況見圖1。

1.2 籽粒干重和含水率變化動態(tài)的觀測

記錄各處理的播種、出苗和吐絲日期。在吐絲期, 每個處理選擇至少200株吐絲一致、無病蟲害的代表性植株, 作為樣株, 掛牌標(biāo)記。取樣日期從吐絲后7 d起, 持續(xù)至生理成熟后, 在12月底截止, 取樣間隔大約為7 d, 如果遇到降水天氣, 取樣日期順延1 d, 試驗(yàn)期間各處理的取樣次數(shù)在17～34次之間。取樣時每個處理從標(biāo)記好的樣株中選擇5個果穗, 連帶苞葉取下, 帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室。5個果穗分別手工脫粒, 取果穗中部的100粒測試, 分別稱取鮮重, 然后在恒溫鼓風(fēng)干燥箱中以85℃、48 h烘干, 稱量干重。根據(jù)籽粒鮮重和干重計(jì)算含水率, 5個果穗的籽粒含水率均值作為本次測試的含水率:

籽粒含水率(%)=(鮮重–干重)/鮮重×100(1)

1.3 灌漿期的計(jì)算

玉米粒重隨著吐絲后天數(shù)的增加, 呈現(xiàn)先增長后穩(wěn)定的趨勢。參考GAMBíN等[35]的方法, 用雙線性模型擬合粒重的動態(tài)過程(圖2-A), 擬合方程為:

圖A和圖B上的實(shí)線表示平均氣溫, 陰影表示最低氣溫和最高氣溫。

The solid lines represent the mean air temperature and the shading represents the lowest and highest air temperature on panels A and B.

表1 試驗(yàn)的播種日期

圖2 粒重動態(tài)過程的雙線性模型(A)和籽粒含水率動態(tài)過程的分階段線性擬合(B)

式中, KW為百粒干重(g),為吐絲后天數(shù)(d),為方程在縱坐標(biāo)軸上的截距,代表灌漿速率(g d–1),代表灌漿期(d),代表最大百粒干重(g)。本試驗(yàn)共測試127組粒重積累動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù), 粒重與吐絲后天數(shù)雙線性模型的Adjusted2在0.957～0.997之間。

1.4 生理成熟期粒含水率的計(jì)算

生理成熟日期: 灌漿的截止日期為生理成熟期, 本文用式(2)中的值判定。

生理成熟期籽粒含水率: 由于存在取樣間隔, 當(dāng)取樣日期與生理成熟日期在同一天時, 以取樣當(dāng)天的實(shí)測籽粒含水率為生理成熟期籽粒含水率; 當(dāng)取樣日期與生理成熟日期不在同一天時, 將生理成熟期前一次和后一次取樣時的實(shí)測含水率數(shù)據(jù)線性插值, 以此獲取生理成熟期籽粒含水率。

1.5 籽粒生理成熟前、后脫水速率的計(jì)算

玉米籽粒含水率隨著吐絲后天數(shù)的增加, 呈現(xiàn)出單調(diào)遞減的趨勢, 直到降至穩(wěn)定。籽粒含水率的動態(tài)過程可以劃分為3個階段: 吐絲至生理成熟(生理成熟前)、生理成熟至含水率最低(生理成熟后)和含水率穩(wěn)定在最低水平。對籽粒含水率生理成熟前、后的下降過程分別進(jìn)行線性擬合, 以線性方程斜率的絕對值作為生理成熟前、后的脫水速率(圖2-B)。此處, 各組觀測數(shù)據(jù)生理成熟前、后的分段點(diǎn)以式(2)中的值為參考; 生理成熟后的截止點(diǎn)以籽粒含水率降至最低值, 且此后維持穩(wěn)定的日期為參考, 該日期的判定以各組含水率動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)多重比較結(jié)果為準(zhǔn)。本試驗(yàn)共測試127組籽粒含水率動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù), 含水率與吐絲后天數(shù)分段線性擬合的Adjusted2生理成熟前在0.931～0.998之間, 生理成熟后在0.838～ 0.996之間。

1.6 數(shù)據(jù)處理

粒重動態(tài)變化的雙線性模型擬合、多重比較、簡單相關(guān)分析、偏相關(guān)分析等通過IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0完成; 籽粒含水率動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)的分段線性擬合和線性插值在Microsoft Excel 2013中進(jìn)行; 圖形繪制在IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0和Microsoft Excel 2013中完成。多重比較采用Duncan的SSR檢驗(yàn)法; 相關(guān)分析采用Pearson相關(guān)系數(shù), 雙尾檢驗(yàn)。

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2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 不同熟期玉米品種收獲期籽粒含水率差異

參試的玉米品種生育進(jìn)程存在較大差異。以第5播期(大田生產(chǎn)常規(guī)播期)為例, 出苗至成熟的天數(shù), 2018年(圖3-A)早熟品種(HT1和FK139)為76～ 77 d, 中熟品種(JNK728、ZY8911和DK517)為79～ 84 d, 晚熟品種(XY335、ZD958和DK653)為87～89 d;2019年(圖3-D)早熟、中熟和晚熟品種分別為81～ 82 d、87～89 d和97～104 d。

不同熟期玉米品種在收獲期的籽粒含水率存在較大差別, 熟期短的品種收獲期籽粒含水率相對較低, 熟期長的品種相對較高。在10月1日當(dāng)天, 第5播期的8個品種籽粒含水率2018年在12.34%～ 23.41%之間(圖3-B), 2019年在11.55%～29.00%之間(圖3-E), 含水率與生育期長短顯著正相關(guān)(圖3-C, F)。

圖3 不同玉米品種在第5播期的生育進(jìn)程(左)、10月1日籽粒含水率(中)以及含水率與生育期的相關(guān)性(右)

*和**分別表示在0.05和0.01概率水平差異顯著。禾田1號(Hetian 1, HT1)、豐墾139 (Fengken 139, FK139)、澤玉8911 (Zeyu 8911, ZY8911)、京農(nóng)科728 (Jingnongke 728, JNK728)、迪卡517 (Dika 517, DK517)、先玉335 (Xianyu 335, XY335)、鄭單958 (Zhengdan 958, ZD958)、迪卡653 (Dika 653, DK653)。

*and**indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. HT1: Hetian 1; FK139: Fengken 139; ZY8911: Zeyu 8911; JNK728: Jingnongke 728; DK517: Dika 517; XY335: Xianyu 335; ZD958: Zhengdan 958; DK653: Dika 653.

2.2 不同熟期玉米品種生理成熟期籽粒含水率差異

生理成熟期籽粒含水率在不同熟期品種之間具有顯著差異(圖4-A, C), 表現(xiàn)出越早熟品種生理成熟期含水率越高的特征; 生理成熟期籽粒含水率與灌漿期長短呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(圖4-B, D)。

2.3 不同熟期玉米品種籽粒脫水速率差異

不同玉米品種之間生理成熟前、后的籽粒脫水速率均具有顯著差異。8個品種生理成熟前籽粒平均脫水速率, 2018年在1.60%～1.87% d–1之間(圖5-A), 2019年在1.25%～1.74% d–1之間(圖5-C), 隨著品種生育期延長, 生理成熟前籽粒脫水速率降低, 二者呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(= –0.655**, 表2)。8個品種生理成熟后籽粒平均脫水速率, 2018年在0.39%～ 0.88% d–1之間(圖5-B), 2019年在0.31%～0.78% d–1之間(圖5-D), 隨著生育期延長, 生理成熟后籽粒脫水速率也呈降低趨勢, 二者極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(= –0.492**, 表2)。

在早春播至晚夏播的環(huán)境影響下, 同一品種籽粒脫水速率在不同播期之間具有較大變動, 但是所有播期下HT1的生理成熟前籽粒脫水速率基本上均大于ZD958和DK653, 所有播期下HT1的生理成熟后籽粒脫水速率基本上均大于ZD958、DK653和ZY8911。

生理成熟前脫水速率與生理成熟后脫水速率之間表現(xiàn)為極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系, 簡單相關(guān)系數(shù)= 0.466**, 偏相關(guān)系數(shù)= 0.218*(生理成熟前、后脫水速率均與生育期顯著相關(guān), 剔除生育期影響), 即生理成熟前籽粒脫水速率較快的品種, 生理成熟后脫水速率也較快, 但是品種ZY8911為特例, 屬于生理成熟前籽粒脫水速率較快, 而生理成熟后籽粒脫水速率較慢的品種(圖6)。

圖4 生理成熟期籽粒含水率及其與灌漿期的關(guān)系

圖中小寫字母表示在0.05概率水平差異顯著,**表示在0.01概率水平差異顯著, × 為樣本均值, 縮略詞同圖3。

Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 probability level.**indicate significant differences at the 0.01 probability level. × represents the sample mean. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3.

圖5 不同玉米品種生理成熟前、后籽粒脫水速率

圖中小寫字母表示在0.05概率水平差異顯著, ×為樣本均值, 虛線為HT1樣本值的下端線, 縮略詞同圖3。

Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 probability level. × represents the sample mean, and the dotted lines indicate the lower sample borders of cultivar HT1. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3.

表2 脫水速率與生育期的相關(guān)分析

*和**分別表示在0.05和0.01概率水平差異顯著。

*and**represent significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.

圖6 生理成熟前、后籽粒平均脫水速率的關(guān)系

實(shí)線為線性擬合方程及95%置信區(qū)間, 垂直虛線為生理成熟前脫水速率的平均值, 水平虛線為生理成熟后脫水速率的平均值, 縮略詞同圖3。

The solid lines are the linear fitting equation and the 95% confidence interval, the vertical dotted line is the average of the moisture loss rate before physiological maturity, and the horizontal dotted line is the average of the moisture loss after physiological maturity. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3.

3 討論

當(dāng)前, 中國玉米產(chǎn)業(yè)正在以機(jī)械籽粒收獲為突破, 建立適應(yīng)規(guī)?；a(chǎn)的栽培技術(shù)體系, 實(shí)現(xiàn)由傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)向現(xiàn)代化方式的轉(zhuǎn)變。玉米收獲期籽粒含水率影響著機(jī)械粒收質(zhì)量、籽粒品質(zhì)、收獲后的管理技術(shù)以及烘干成本等, 篩選和選育籽粒脫水快的品種成為當(dāng)前玉米產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展和遺傳育種研究的熱點(diǎn)問題。

在相同的生產(chǎn)條件下, 早熟品種收獲期籽粒含水率低而晚熟品種含水率高, 這可能與早熟品種生育進(jìn)程相對較短、籽粒田間干燥過程處于相對更高的溫度條件有關(guān)。品種間生長發(fā)育進(jìn)程的差異使籽粒處于不同的氣象環(huán)境條件之下, 難以準(zhǔn)確評價品種的脫水特征。本研究利用播期處理, 自早春播至晚夏播, 創(chuàng)造了籽粒干燥脫水的不同氣象環(huán)境。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 所有播期下早熟品種HT1的籽粒脫水速率基本上均大于晚熟品種ZD958和DK653, 即使HT1籽粒在晚夏播的相對低溫條件下, 脫水速率依然快于在早春播高溫條件的ZD958和DK653。分析表明, 生育期與籽粒脫水速率呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 生育期短的品種生理成熟前、后籽粒脫水速率均較快, 收獲期籽粒含水率較低。基因型特別是熟期性狀的差異是決定品種籽粒脫水速率的重要因素。以往在以產(chǎn)量為首要目標(biāo)的生產(chǎn)管理下, 延長品種生育期成為增產(chǎn)的有效途徑, 忽視了籽粒脫水過程, 造成我國玉米收獲期籽粒含水率較高的現(xiàn)狀[36]。然而, 在機(jī)械粒收技術(shù)模式下, 收獲期籽粒含水率過高不僅影響收獲質(zhì)量, 還會造成收獲后籽粒存儲困難、增加烘干成本, 處理不當(dāng)還會引起籽粒霉變率升高、籽粒品質(zhì)下降。因此, 機(jī)械粒收技術(shù)條件下的栽培模式構(gòu)建, 應(yīng)選擇適宜熟期的品種, 依據(jù)種植區(qū)氣候條件分配籽粒成熟和脫水的時間, 使其能夠在合理的收獲期內(nèi)達(dá)到適宜機(jī)械粒收的籽粒含水率水平。

收獲期籽粒含水率與生理成熟前脫水速率和生理成熟后脫水速率有關(guān), 不同基因型之間生理成熟前、后籽粒脫水速率均有顯著差異[15-21], 本文的研究結(jié)果與此一致。以往研究更關(guān)注不同品種在生理成熟至收獲這一時期內(nèi)籽粒脫水速率的快慢[19,30-34], 忽視了生理成熟前與生理成熟后兩個階段內(nèi)籽粒脫水速率的聯(lián)系。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 籽粒生理成熟前脫水速率與生理成熟后脫水速率之間具有正相關(guān)關(guān)系, 即生理成熟前脫水快的品種生理成熟后脫水也快。但中熟品種ZY8911的表現(xiàn)與其他品種差異明顯, 其生理成熟前脫水速率相對較快而生理成熟后脫水速率較其他品種慢。ZY8911的苞葉包裹緊實(shí)、果穗較粗; 前人研究認(rèn)為, 苞葉長短和層數(shù)[37]、果穗粗細(xì)和長度[38-39]、粒型和組分[31,33-34]等穗部性狀[30,40-49]對籽粒脫水都會產(chǎn)生影響, 這可能與ZY8911生理成熟后脫水速率慢有關(guān)。因此, 在機(jī)械粒收品種篩選和選育過程中, 應(yīng)關(guān)注品種的熟期和脫水特征, 依據(jù)不同生態(tài)區(qū)的熱量資源, 選擇熟期適宜的品種, 并兼顧生理成熟前和生理成熟后籽粒脫水速率, 在保障產(chǎn)量的前提下降低玉米收獲期籽粒含水率。

4 結(jié)論

不同熟期玉米品種之間, 收獲期籽粒含水率、生理成熟期籽粒含水率、籽粒生理成熟前脫水速率和生理成熟后脫水速率均具有顯著差異。生育期與籽粒脫水速率呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 早熟品種生理成熟前、后籽粒脫水速率均較快, 收獲期含水率較低; 晚熟品種生理成熟前、后籽粒脫水速率均較慢, 收獲期含水率較高。籽粒生理成熟前脫水速率與生理成熟后脫水速率之間顯著正相關(guān), 即生理成熟前籽粒脫水速率較快的品種, 生理成熟后脫水速率也較快, 但是存在特例品種, 在進(jìn)行籽粒快速脫水品種的選育和篩選時應(yīng)引起關(guān)注。

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Characteristic difference in grain in-field drydown between maize cultivars with various maturation

LI Lu-Lu1,2,3, MING Bo1,*, GAO Shang1, XIE Rui-Zhi1, WANG Ke-Ru1, HOU Peng1, XUE Jun1, and LI Shao-Kun1,*

1Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China;2Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572025, Hainan, China;3Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, Hainan, China

The grain moisture concentration at harvest stage varies vastly among maize cultivars with various maturities, which is an important factor affecting mechanical grain harvesting and grain quality. Differences in maturation result in various environmental conditions for grain drying in the field, thus increasing the difficulty of comparing the characteristics of grain dehydration between cultivars. Maize cultivars with different maturities were seeded eight times at 10-day intervals from early spring to late summer in 2018 and 2019, supplying the different environmental conditions for grain in-field drying. The dynamics of grain moisture concentration were measured for all cultivars to analyze varietal differences in characterization of grain in-field drydown. Grain moisture concentration at harvest was positively correlated to growth period (= 0.810*, 2018;= 0.912**, 2019). Usually, the early-maturing cultivars had lower moisture concentration at harvest stage than the late-maturing cultivars. Grain moisture concentration at physiological maturity was negatively correlated to grain filling period (= –0.484**). It was higher for early-maturing cultivars than late-maturing cultivars. Grain moisture loss rates of pre- (= –0.655**) and post-maturity (= –0.492**) were both inversely associated with the growth period, and were faster for early- than late-maturing cultivars. Furthermore, there was a significantly positive correlation between the grain moisture loss rate of pre-maturity and post-maturity (= 0.466**). Overall, the cultivars with high moisture loss rate before maturity declined moisture quickly after maturity, while there was the particular cultivar with high moisture loss rate before maturity but low moisture loss rate after maturity. Duration of growth period affected grain dehydration rate. Generally, compared to late-maturing cultivar, grain of early-maturing cultivar had faster drying rates of pre- and post-maturity and lower moisture concentration at harvest stage. However, there was the noticeable case of particular cultivar when breeding and screening maize with rapid grain dehydration.

maize; growth period; grain; moisture concentration; moisture loss rate

10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23043

本研究由國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31971849), 財(cái)政部和農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)(CARS-02-25)和中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新工程項(xiàng)目(CAAS-ZDRW202004)資助。

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971849), the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-02-25), and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (CAAS-ZDRW202004).

李少昆, E-mail: lishaokun@caas.cn; 明博, E-mail: mingbo@caas.cn,Tel: 010-82108891

E-mail: lilulu19910818@163.com

2022-05-19;

2022-10-10;

2022-10-18.

URL: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1809.S.20221017.1606.012.html

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).