李 賀,王書航,車霏霏,姜 霞,牛 勇

巢湖、洞庭湖、鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物重金屬污染及來(lái)源的Meta分析

李 賀,王書航,車霏霏,姜 霞,牛 勇*

(中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,湖泊水污染治理與生態(tài)修復(fù)技術(shù)國(guó)家工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)湖泊污染控制重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100012)

對(duì)2004～2021年關(guān)于巢湖、洞庭湖、鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物中重金屬濃度的研究進(jìn)行了分析,并對(duì)3個(gè)湖泊沉積物的重金屬地質(zhì)累積、潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和毒性進(jìn)行了蒙特卡洛分析,以清晰、客觀、全面地描述3個(gè)湖泊沉積物的重金屬污染情況.結(jié)果表明,3個(gè)湖泊均存在不同程度的Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr和Cd污染,總體污染程度上,鄱陽(yáng)湖>洞庭湖>巢湖.地累積指數(shù)表明,Cd是3個(gè)湖泊中最主要的污染元素,巢湖沉積物中Cd處于偏中度污染水平占比為84.76%,洞庭湖沉積物中Cd處于偏重度污染水平占比為32.64%,鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物中Cd偏重度污染水平占比達(dá)到46.64%.巢湖、洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖RI值中Cd元素為主要貢獻(xiàn)者,占比分別為80.26%、91.04%和90.03%.巢湖整體處于中低風(fēng)險(xiǎn),洞庭湖RI值高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)概率為60.74%;鄱陽(yáng)湖重金屬RI值高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)概率68.95%,生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高.毒性結(jié)果表明,三個(gè)湖泊沉積物毒性較高的是Pb和Cr,巢湖沉積物中的重金屬毒性處于低度毒性水平,洞庭湖沉積物中度毒性水平的累積概率為69.03%,鄱陽(yáng)湖中度毒性水平的累積概率為7.18%.巢湖、洞庭湖、鄱陽(yáng)湖重金屬污染情況各不相同,重金屬大體上存在3～4個(gè)不同來(lái)源:工業(yè)源、交通源、農(nóng)業(yè)源和自然源,巢湖交通源為主要影響,污染較輕;洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖主要污染源為工業(yè)活動(dòng),污染較重.

巢湖；洞庭湖；鄱陽(yáng)湖；重金屬；污染評(píng)價(jià)

重金屬是湖泊沉積物的主要污染物,具有致毒性、累積性、放大性等特征,嚴(yán)重威脅水生生物安全以及人類健康[1-2].作為水體底棲環(huán)境的主要固相介質(zhì),沉積物與上覆水體存在密切聯(lián)系[3].沉積物還是水體中各種污染物的儲(chǔ)存庫(kù),進(jìn)入到水體的重金屬會(huì)在各種作用下蓄積在沉積物中,但蓄積的重金屬會(huì)在環(huán)境條件變化時(shí)再次釋放出來(lái),破壞上覆水體環(huán)境質(zhì)量、危害水生生物[4-5].因此,研究沉積物中重金屬含量變化是水體污染評(píng)價(jià)和調(diào)控的重要基礎(chǔ)[6-8].

隨著長(zhǎng)江流域經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展,生態(tài)資源透支嚴(yán)重,環(huán)境污染問題日益凸顯,長(zhǎng)江流域湖泊也面臨多種污染問題,尤其是長(zhǎng)效污染物重金屬的污染問題[9].國(guó)家長(zhǎng)江保護(hù)修復(fù)攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃開始后,長(zhǎng)江流域內(nèi)巢湖、洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖等湖泊重金屬污染研究也在同步進(jìn)行,已開展許多關(guān)于巢湖、洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物中重金屬含量調(diào)查,但在不同的研究中出現(xiàn)了不同的重金屬含量水平.巢湖2020年沉積物重金屬Cr含量是2018年研究中Cr含量的4倍[10-11];有研究表明巢湖底泥處于清潔狀態(tài),還有研究表明巢湖仍然存在偏重度的 Hg 污染和偏中度的 Cd 污染[12].洞庭湖沉積物中Cd含量調(diào)查也存在較大差異[13-15].在已經(jīng)開展的很多鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物重金屬研究中Cu 和 Cd 為主要污染元素,但在2017年的研究中Pb、Cr對(duì)總毒性的貢獻(xiàn)較大[16-17],我們認(rèn)為這種差異主要由于重金屬在沉積物中濃度分布不均勻所致,空間部分的不均勻受到pH值、溫度等多因素的影響[18],這種差異結(jié)論存在,不利于管理者對(duì)于湖泊沉積物重金屬污染情況的了解,同時(shí)也增加了污染防治策略制定的難度,因此,需要更好的一種評(píng)價(jià)方式去描述湖泊沉積物的污染狀態(tài).

近年來(lái),Meta分析逐步在環(huán)境污染現(xiàn)狀分析中使用,主要用于彌補(bǔ)研究區(qū)域內(nèi)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)缺失問題,例如,使用Meta分析評(píng)估了長(zhǎng)江三角洲農(nóng)田表土重金屬污染的時(shí)間趨勢(shì);還有研究人員整合了2450份出版物中的數(shù)據(jù),繪制了中國(guó)農(nóng)田土壤中重金屬的空間分布圖,還有對(duì)中國(guó)耕地As污染情況的分析[19-21].在缺乏監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的情況下,對(duì)已公布的數(shù)據(jù)開展Meta分析用于研究各種環(huán)境介質(zhì)污染情況具有重要價(jià)值.目前,Meta分析還沒有發(fā)展成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的分析過(guò)程來(lái)進(jìn)行環(huán)境污染評(píng)估,現(xiàn)在可用的方法通常是從相關(guān)出版物收集污染物數(shù)據(jù)并重新分析,以描述研究區(qū)域的污染狀態(tài).

因此,本文以長(zhǎng)江中下游巢湖、洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物重金屬調(diào)查研究為基礎(chǔ),基于Meta分析的基本原理系統(tǒng)性分析沉積物重金屬污染水平,并采用蒙特卡洛方法對(duì)重金屬地累積特征和潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)展開不確定性分析[22],從而更加清晰、客觀的呈現(xiàn)湖泊沉積物重金屬污染水平、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)以及湖泊之間污染的差異.研究結(jié)果可為長(zhǎng)江中下游湖泊重金屬污染防治提供參考,研究方法可為世界其他湖泊污染狀況診斷提供借鑒.

1 材料和方法

1.1 研究方法

1.1.1 Meta分析 Meta分析是一種統(tǒng)計(jì)方法,用于綜合分析眾多研究中的大量數(shù)據(jù)并整合結(jié)果,其本質(zhì)是將多個(gè)研究結(jié)果中的子效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),從而得到感興趣的總效應(yīng)量[23-24],其主要步驟是使用正式的方法進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)檢索、研究篩選(包括根據(jù)預(yù)定義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)合格的研究進(jìn)行批判性評(píng)估)、數(shù)據(jù)提取、編碼和通常的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,以及每個(gè)步驟的詳細(xì)、透明的文檔記錄,在開展巢湖、洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物重金屬積累特征時(shí)遵循了Meta分析基本原理及步驟.

1.1.2 蒙特卡洛模擬 蒙特卡洛模擬法是以統(tǒng)計(jì)抽樣理論為基礎(chǔ),利用隨機(jī)數(shù),經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)隨機(jī)變量已有數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)進(jìn)行抽樣實(shí)驗(yàn)或隨機(jī)模擬,以求得統(tǒng)計(jì)量的某個(gè)數(shù)字特征并將其作為待解決問題的數(shù)值解[22].在分析巢湖、洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物重金屬積累特征時(shí),通過(guò)經(jīng)典蒙特卡洛模擬方法來(lái)處理評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果的不確定性,采用CrystalBall工具軟件分別對(duì)地質(zhì)累積指數(shù)(簡(jiǎn)稱geo)、潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)(簡(jiǎn)稱RI)和毒性(簡(jiǎn)稱TU)進(jìn)行了1000次模擬計(jì)算來(lái)反映3個(gè)湖泊重金屬污染情況.

1.2 數(shù)據(jù)收集

本文通過(guò)中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)和Web of Science收集了2002～2021年巢湖、洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物中重金屬的監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中使用的搜索詞是SU=(’巢湖‘+’洞庭湖‘+’鄱陽(yáng)湖‘)*’沉積物‘*’重金屬‘和ts=(chaohu lake) or ts=(dongting lake) or ts= (poyang lake) and ts=sediment and ts=(heavy metal),符合篩選條件的文章主要集中在2004～2021年.最后,如圖所示,篩選獲得了其中52份文獻(xiàn)資料,370多份數(shù)據(jù)記錄[7,11-17,25-68].首先,本文選擇的文章種應(yīng)包括巢湖、洞庭湖、鄱陽(yáng)湖全湖表層沉積物(頂部5cm)的調(diào)查.其次,還應(yīng)包括調(diào)查點(diǎn)的明確數(shù)量、重金屬含量.在所有已收集的研究中,沉積物中重金屬的總含量基本上通過(guò)單酸或混合酸消化進(jìn)行分析,并采用了嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量控制和保證,圖2為篩選文獻(xiàn)中3個(gè)湖泊的采樣點(diǎn)位置.

圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選過(guò)程與結(jié)果

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

1.3.1 樣本數(shù)加權(quán)平均(SNWM)在實(shí)際調(diào)查中,調(diào)查點(diǎn)的數(shù)量越多,獲得的濃度水平的代表性就越大.因此,本研究使用調(diào)查點(diǎn)的數(shù)量進(jìn)行樣本數(shù)加權(quán)平均.

式中:N是數(shù)據(jù)記錄中的采樣數(shù),C是數(shù)據(jù)記錄中的重金屬濃度,是數(shù)據(jù)記錄的數(shù)量.N和C是從原始研究中獲得的.

1.3.2 地累積指數(shù)法 地累積指數(shù)法常被用于定量研究沉積物中重金屬的污染程度,該方法能夠直觀反映外源重金屬在沉積物中的富集程度[69].本研究將對(duì)全國(guó)重要湖泊重金屬累積程度進(jìn)行評(píng)估,具體計(jì)算過(guò)程如下:

式中:B為沉積巖(普通頁(yè)巖)中該元素的地球化學(xué)背景值;C為元素在沉積物中的含量;為考慮各地巖石差異可能會(huì)引起背景值的變動(dòng)而取的系數(shù)(一般取值為1.5);geo為地累積指數(shù),依據(jù)地累積指數(shù)大小將重金屬污染程度劃分為5個(gè)等級(jí),geo<0,清潔狀態(tài);05,嚴(yán)重污染.

1.3.3 潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)法 Hakanson提出的將重金屬含量、生態(tài)、環(huán)境與毒理性綜合的潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)法[70],既簡(jiǎn)單快速又標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地對(duì)生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了等級(jí)劃分.具體計(jì)算公式如下:

表1 潛在生態(tài)危害與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)

1.3.4 毒性 毒性用于評(píng)估沉積物中重金屬對(duì)水環(huán)境的影響[72],以使各種重金屬引起的毒性正?；?從而比較它們的相對(duì)效應(yīng),定義為測(cè)定濃度(C)與可能效應(yīng)水平值(PEL)(P)的比率[73-74].總毒性(STU)是TU的總和.

2 結(jié)果和討論

2.1 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

表2 文獻(xiàn)信息和沉積物指導(dǎo)值統(tǒng)計(jì)描述

注:a:安徽省江淮流域土壤地球化學(xué)背景值,b: 洞庭湖區(qū)土壤地球化學(xué)背景值,c: 江西?。脤油寥赖母髟乇尘爸?

表2顯示了所選52篇論文(巢湖20篇、洞庭湖18篇、鄱陽(yáng)湖14篇)中沉積物的重金屬濃度統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果.主要開展了3個(gè)湖泊的Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cd重金屬研究,巢湖、洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖Cd 加權(quán)均值較高為0.43、3.18和1.24mg/kg,分別是其環(huán)境背景值的3.75、10.26、11.50倍,均高于南四湖[75](0.23mg/kg)、艾比湖[76](0.17mg/kg)和烏倫古湖[77](0.33mg/kg).洞庭湖除Cr加權(quán)均值外,其他元素的濃度略高于環(huán)境背景值,鄱陽(yáng)湖Cr 加權(quán)均值為其環(huán)境背景值的1.24倍,巢湖Cr加權(quán)均值相對(duì)為環(huán)境背景值的1.23倍,但3個(gè)湖泊Cr元素加權(quán)均值也高于陽(yáng)澄湖[78]和艾比湖,此外3個(gè)湖泊Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni加權(quán)均值也高于或接近其余4個(gè)湖泊.從變異系數(shù)來(lái)看,巢湖Pb、Cr和Cd的變異系數(shù)分別為46%、51%和44%,洞庭湖Zn和Cd的變異系數(shù)分別為39%和45%,鄱陽(yáng)湖Zn、Cr和Cd的變異系數(shù)為66%、49%和66%,其他元素的變異系數(shù)為10%～37%.結(jié)果表明,3個(gè)湖泊Cr和Cd的濃度在空間上有很大差別,濃度水平存在很大的不確定性.

2.2 Igeo、RI和TU分析

2.2.1geo分析 根據(jù)已收集到的數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)地累積指數(shù)進(jìn)行1000次模擬計(jì)算,計(jì)算3個(gè)湖泊沉積物中6種重金屬元素,得到各重金屬元素的geo指數(shù),如圖3所示.3個(gè)湖泊Cdgeo最高,巢湖沉積物中Cd處于輕度污染水平和偏中度污染水平占比分別為15.24%、84.76%,洞庭湖沉積物中Cd處于中度污染水平占比為58.41%,處于偏重度污染水平占比為32.64%,鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物中Cd中度污染及以上水平占比達(dá)到89.31%;除Cd外,巢湖和洞庭湖沉積物Zn Igeo最高,巢湖處于偏中度污染水平占比為12.72%;洞庭湖處于輕度污染水平占比為55.30%,其余元素均處于清潔或輕度污染水平;鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物Nigeo最高,處于輕度污染水平達(dá)到83.55%,其余元素均處于清潔或輕度污染水平.3個(gè)湖泊地累積指數(shù)顯示的污染程度而言,鄱陽(yáng)湖>洞庭湖>巢湖.

2.2.2 RI分析 根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)3個(gè)湖泊沉積物重金屬潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行1000次模擬計(jì)算,計(jì)算3個(gè)湖泊沉積物中6種重金屬元素,得到RI,如圖4、5所示.巢湖、洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖RI值中Cd元素為主要貢獻(xiàn)者,占比分別為80.26%、91.04%和90.03%,貢獻(xiàn)值最低為Zn元素,分別為1.69%、0.51%和0.55%.其余元素貢獻(xiàn)占比1.59%～4.90%,貢獻(xiàn)值偏低.圖5表明,巢湖重金屬RI低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)概率為47.49%,中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為52.51%,巢湖整體處于中低風(fēng)險(xiǎn);洞庭湖重金屬RI中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)概率為39.26%,高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)概率為60.74%,洞庭湖生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,整體處于中高風(fēng)險(xiǎn);鄱陽(yáng)湖重金屬RI低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)概率分別為3.74%,27.31%和68.95%,鄱陽(yáng)湖生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也較高.總體來(lái)看,鄱陽(yáng)湖生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最高,洞庭湖次之,巢湖生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最低.

2.2.3 TU分析 針對(duì)3個(gè)湖泊沉積物中重金屬的毒性特征,進(jìn)行了1000次模擬計(jì)算,統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果如圖6、7所示.圖6顯示了不同金屬元素的毒性對(duì)總毒性貢獻(xiàn),巢湖沉積物中重金屬的總毒性依次為Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni、Cu和Cd;洞庭湖沉積物中重金屬總毒性最高為Pb,其次為Cr,最低為Cu;鄱陽(yáng)湖中重金屬總毒性最高也為Pb,3個(gè)湖泊中Pb和Cr總毒性較高,表明3個(gè)湖泊Pb和Cr元素毒性較高.圖7顯示了3個(gè)湖泊沉積物總毒性的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分布特征,巢湖沉積物中的重金屬毒性低度毒性水平的累積概率為100%,處于低毒性水平,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低;洞庭湖沉積物中的重金屬毒性低度毒性水平的累積概為30.97%,中度毒性水平的累積概率為69.03%,整體處于中低度毒性水平;鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物中的重金屬毒性低度毒性水平的累積概率為92.82%,中度毒性水平的累積概率為7.18%,整體處于低度毒性水平.3個(gè)湖泊毒性水平:洞庭湖>鄱陽(yáng)湖>巢湖.

3 湖泊重金屬污染來(lái)源分析

3.1 巢湖重金屬污染來(lái)源分析

巢湖處于位于安徽省江淮丘陵與長(zhǎng)江之間,是“引江濟(jì)淮”工程重要的鏈接點(diǎn),與安徽主要城市合肥、巢湖等相接,其周邊人類活動(dòng)頻繁,重金屬污染情況復(fù)雜,來(lái)源多樣.根據(jù)2.3結(jié)果分析可知,巢湖表層沉積物Igeo和RI分析中,Cd污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最高,其次是Zn;表層沉積物重金屬TU分析中,Pb毒性最高,其次是Cr.研究表明[10],巢湖流域產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與水污染程度聯(lián)系十分緊密,如合肥市電力、熱力的生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)業(yè)、食品制造、有色金屬冶煉及壓延加工業(yè)、文教體育用品制造業(yè)、家具制造業(yè)、農(nóng)林牧漁業(yè)等造成巢湖表層沉積物重金屬污染問題.其中 Cd污染原因可能是流域內(nèi)電鍍工業(yè)企業(yè)污水未進(jìn)入污水處理廠,直接進(jìn)入南淝河,最終匯入巢湖[11];其次巢湖周邊農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)生產(chǎn)中商品有機(jī)肥、農(nóng)藥以及農(nóng)家肥大量投入產(chǎn)生Cd 排放,圍湖造田等不良耕作更加劇了這一過(guò)程[83],水溶性肥料的使用也會(huì)帶來(lái)超標(biāo)的 Cd、As[84].巢湖周邊交通干道密布,汽車潤(rùn)滑油的使用及金屬分解會(huì)帶來(lái)大量 Zn[85],造成巢湖Zn污染;汽車制動(dòng)過(guò)程的器械摩擦、設(shè)備磨損均會(huì)產(chǎn)生Pb、Cr[86-87],造成巢湖Pb、Cr污染.巢湖重金屬來(lái)源主要包括自然源、農(nóng)業(yè)源、交通源、工業(yè)源,其中交通源占主體,其次為自然源,工業(yè)源整體貢獻(xiàn)較小,主要是因?yàn)橹苓叧鞘谐鞘谢瘎倓偟诌_(dá)巢湖湖濱,濱湖工業(yè)體系構(gòu)建不完全,但周邊基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)已展開,路網(wǎng)縱橫、交通繁忙,進(jìn)而成為主要污染貢獻(xiàn)源[11].巢湖整體處于受人類活動(dòng)影響的初步階段,污染較輕,但仍要開展重金屬的預(yù)防工作.

3.2 洞庭湖重金屬污染來(lái)源分析

洞庭湖位于湖南省東北部,長(zhǎng)江中游荊江南岸,是我國(guó)第二大淡水湖,受人類活動(dòng)的影響,已經(jīng)明顯分化為東、西、南的3個(gè)湖區(qū)[51],是長(zhǎng)江至關(guān)重要且擁有調(diào)蓄作用的湖泊.2.3的結(jié)果表明洞庭湖表層沉積物中Cdgeo和RI指數(shù)最高,污染較重;TU分析中Pb、Cr占比較高.研究表明[53]洞庭湖重金屬污染主要來(lái)自與“四水”流域的人類活動(dòng).Cd含量較高的原因是有色金屬采礦與冶煉工業(yè),大量富含重金屬的工業(yè)廢水排放有關(guān)[88-89],其次洞庭湖流域處于南方喀斯特地貌區(qū)域,碳酸鹽巖風(fēng)化成土的巨大的巖/土體積變化以及Cd的地球化學(xué)性質(zhì),很容易導(dǎo)致Cd的相對(duì)富集,并在地表徑流等自然搬運(yùn)過(guò)程進(jìn)入湖泊,此外圍湖造田造成的水土流失等也增加了Cd的入湖通量[90].Pb除來(lái)自巖石風(fēng)化外,流域上游Pb-Zn礦床礦石、煤和柴油燃燒等人為源也占一定比例,大氣沉降也越來(lái)越成為沉積物中活動(dòng)Pb的重要潛在來(lái)源[91].Cr和Ni受自然因素影響較大,主要與巖石的自然風(fēng)化和侵蝕有關(guān);但在一定程度上也受到了人為活動(dòng)的影響,可能與沿岸生活污水以及湖區(qū)周邊畜禽養(yǎng)殖廢水和農(nóng)業(yè)徑流有關(guān)[89].洞庭湖重金屬污染主要受人為活動(dòng)影響,其主要來(lái)源包括工業(yè)源、自然源、農(nóng)業(yè)和生活污水源,洞庭湖重金屬污染的空間特征與洞庭湖輸入河流和周邊城市的特征密切相關(guān),尤其是湘江沿岸大量的有色金屬采礦和冶煉和岳陽(yáng)市化工企業(yè)的發(fā)展[45].洞庭湖重金屬整體處于中重度污染.因此,要綜合考慮整個(gè)流域,制定污染控制和管理戰(zhàn)略,優(yōu)化相應(yīng)城市的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),逐步恢復(fù)洞庭湖水生系統(tǒng).

3.3 鄱陽(yáng)湖重金屬污染來(lái)源分析

鄱陽(yáng)湖流域廣闊,遍布江西全省,主要的河流有修水、贛江、撫河、信江和饒河,又由湖口與長(zhǎng)江接壤,是長(zhǎng)江中下游平原重要的湖泊之一[92].根據(jù)2.3結(jié)果可知,鄱陽(yáng)湖表層沉積物中Cd Igeo指數(shù)和RI指數(shù)占比最高,TU分析同樣是Pb、Cr占比較高.研究表明[93]“五河”輸入是入湖污染負(fù)荷的主要來(lái)源,其占污染負(fù)荷總量的80%左右,樂安河(饒河南支)中、下游的德興銅礦、信江中游的永平銅礦、信江流經(jīng)貴溪市大型有色金屬冶煉廠、撫河上游的鈾礦、贛南有色金屬采礦區(qū)等攜帶大量工業(yè)廢水進(jìn)入鄱陽(yáng)湖.湖區(qū)東南部德興礦區(qū)已探明鉛鋅礦有數(shù)百萬(wàn)噸,在銅礦、鉛鋅礦開采和冶煉過(guò)程中會(huì)釋放出Pb、Hg、Zn、Cu、As和Cd進(jìn)入環(huán)境[94];其次鄱陽(yáng)湖周邊為江西傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)大縣南昌縣和余干縣,大量農(nóng)藥化肥的施用導(dǎo)致了Cd等重金屬殘留于土壤,通過(guò)降水、地表徑流帶入湖泊河流[56],流域內(nèi)水土流失嚴(yán)重,土壤中肥料極易隨地表徑流進(jìn)入鄱陽(yáng)湖,也導(dǎo)致面源污染負(fù)荷增加[93].鄱陽(yáng)湖重金屬污染主要來(lái)自與工業(yè)源,農(nóng)業(yè)源和自然源,其有大量有色金屬采礦和冶煉廢水對(duì)湖泊重金屬貢獻(xiàn)最高,其次為農(nóng)藥化肥的使用,自然源也對(duì)其有一定影響[16].當(dāng)前鄱陽(yáng)湖存在較大的重金屬污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn),應(yīng)減少采礦冶煉等工業(yè)活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的污染物,提高開采冶煉水平,保護(hù)鄱陽(yáng)湖生態(tài)環(huán)境.

4 結(jié)論

4.1 3個(gè)湖泊沉積物均存在不同程度的Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr和Cd污染,總體污染程度上,鄱陽(yáng)湖>洞庭湖>巢湖.三個(gè)湖泊Cd Igeo最高;除Cd外,巢湖和洞庭湖沉積物Zn Igeo最高,鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物Ni Igeo最高.

4.2 巢湖、洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖RI值中Cd元素為主要貢獻(xiàn)者,占比分別為80.26%、91.04%和90.03%.巢湖RI整體處于中低風(fēng)險(xiǎn),洞庭湖、鄱陽(yáng)湖RI值高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)概率分別為60.74%、68.59%,生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高.

4.3 三個(gè)湖泊沉積物毒性較高的是Pb和Cr,巢湖沉積物中的重金屬毒性處于低毒性水平,洞庭湖沉積物重金屬毒性低度、中度毒性水平的累積概分別為30.97%、69.03%,整體處于中度毒性水平,鄱陽(yáng)湖沉積物中的重金屬毒性低度、中度毒性水平的累積概率為92.82%、7.18%,整體處于低度毒性水平.

4.4 巢湖、洞庭湖、鄱陽(yáng)湖重金屬污染情況各不相同,重金屬大體上存在3～4個(gè)不同來(lái)源工業(yè)源、交通源、農(nóng)業(yè)源和自然源,巢湖交通源為主要影響,整體污染輕,應(yīng)開展預(yù)防工作;洞庭湖和鄱陽(yáng)湖主要污染源為工業(yè)活動(dòng),包括有色金屬采礦和冶煉,化工企業(yè)生產(chǎn)等,污染較重,應(yīng)綜合考慮流域情況,提高有色金屬開采和冶煉技術(shù),逐步恢復(fù)流域生態(tài)環(huán)境.

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Mate analysis of heavy metal pollution in sediments of Chaohu Lake, Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake.

LI He, WANG Shu- hang, CHE Fei-fei, JIANG Xia, NIU Yong*

(National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Eeological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China)., 2023,43(2)：831～842

The study analyzed the heavy metal concentrations of Chaohu Lake,Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake sediment from 2004 to 2021, and conduct the Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis of geoaccumulation, potential ecological risk and toxicity heavy metal of the three lakes to objectively and comprehensively describe the contamination degree. The results showed that,the three lakes were polluted by Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd in different degrees and followed with the order: Poyang Lake > Dongting Lake > Chaohu Lake. The geoaccumulation indices showed that Cd is the dominant pollutant in all three lakes, and the probabilities were 84.76% for moderatesediment contamination, in Chaohu Lake, 32.64% for heavy sediment contamination in Dongting Lake and 46.64% for heavy sediment contamination in Poyang Lake respectively. Cd contribute most to the potential ecological risks index (RI), and its proportion in the Chaohu lake, Dongting lake and Poyang lake were 80.26%、91.04% and 90.03%, respectively. Chaohu lake were at low-moderate risk, Dongting lake take the 60.74% possibility of high risk and Poyang lake take 68.95% possibility of high risk. Toxicity unit evaluation results indicated that Pb and Cr were the main contributor of toxicity in three Lakes sediment. The toxicity of heavy metals was observed the low level in the Chaohu lake and Dongting lake, but the moderate leve in Poyang lake with a 69.03% cumulative probability. The heavy metals of surface sediments in Chaohu lake, Dongting lake and Poyang Lake mainly derived from industry, transportation, agriculture and natural sources. The heavy metal contaminatio of Chaohu Lake mainly came from transportation, while Dongting lake and Poyang Lake mainly came from industry.

Chaohu lake；Dongting lake；Poyang lake；heavy metal；pollution assessment

X524

A

1000-6923(2023)02-0831-12

李 賀(1998-),男,山東聊城人,中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院碩士研究生,主要研究方向?yàn)楹闯练e物重金屬.

2022-06-27

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(41807494)

* 責(zé)任作者, 副研究員, niu.yong@craes.org.cn