魏歡歡，雷天奇，鄭東東，關曉迪，李濤，萬亮婷

重大工程裝備

銹蝕鋼結構連接節(jié)點抗震性能研究進展

魏歡歡1,2，雷天奇3，鄭東東2，關曉迪2，李濤4，萬亮婷1

（1.楊凌職業(yè)技術學院 建筑工程學院，陜西 咸陽 712100；2.西安理工大學 西北旱區(qū)生態(tài)水利國家重點實驗室，西安 710048；3.陜西鐵路工程職業(yè)技術學院 道橋與建筑學院，陜西 渭南 714099；4.商洛市人民防空辦公室，商洛 726000）

基于材料與連接構件層面，總結了近年來國內外既有試驗研究及理論分析成果，主要包括腐蝕后的標準試件的單調拉伸、滯回性能退化分析，以及梁柱節(jié)點、框架結構的抗震性能研究，并給出了相應的力學性能退化模型，通過進行總結及對比分析后，為復雜環(huán)境下工程鋼結構給出研究方向，同時也對我國工程結構的設計方法提供理論指導和參考依據。

鋼結構；腐蝕；連接節(jié)點；單調拉伸；抗震性能；退化模型

隨著社會經濟的快速發(fā)展，人們對結構的功能使用要求明顯提高，鋼材憑借其自身優(yōu)勢，在水利水電工程、橋梁工程、港口航道和海岸工程等領域取得廣泛應用[1-2]。迄今為止，針對工程用鋼的安全可靠性，學者們已經展開了大量的研究工作。由于在役承重構件不僅要承擔外部荷載作用，還要遭受環(huán)境腐蝕性介質的影響，導致有效截面尺寸削減，腐蝕坑處產生應力集中，材料屈服平臺減小，力學性能及疲勞壽命降低，最終呈脆性破壞現象[3-5]。從20世紀初期，相關領域的學者對腐蝕環(huán)境下的工程鋼結構開展了試驗研究和理論分析[6]。我國學者通過模擬不同環(huán)境下鋼材的失效行為，建立了腐蝕損傷演化模型，給出了失效機理及變化規(guī)律[7-9]。此外，除了基于極限承載性能失效外，還可能是由于載荷與環(huán)境耦合引起的失效[10-11]，諸如海洋采油平臺傾覆[12]、飛機運行墜落[13]、橋梁連接節(jié)點傳荷能力喪失[14]、輸送管道破裂等[15]，腐蝕介質能夠降低構件的力學性能，加快裂紋的擴展速率，縮短結構的使用壽命，失效過程具有普遍性和瞬時性[16]。

根據上述存在不足[17]，在實際工程中進行了涂層防腐保護措施?，F行GB 50017[18]、AISC 360[19]等規(guī)范已給出鋼結構設計準則，若擬建工程選址在復雜惡劣環(huán)境下，此時不再適用。因此，銹蝕鋼結構耐久性分析備受各國學者關注，目前為研究領域內亟需解決的工程難題，也是完善結構設計方法的重要選題方向。本文通過介紹相關研究成果，進行梳理、對比及分析后，評估了銹蝕鋼結構連接節(jié)點的抗震性能，為國產鋼材應用及研究提供科學依據。

1 腐蝕研究進展

1.1 腐蝕行為

腐蝕損傷現象涉及土木工程各領域、各方向，在復雜惡劣的環(huán)境下，材料表面容易生成不均勻銹坑，形貌發(fā)生變化，構件的力學性能退化[20]。一般腐蝕損傷較為嚴重的主要有海洋環(huán)境、工業(yè)大氣環(huán)境及酸雨環(huán)境下的在役結構。以海洋環(huán)境為例[21]，根據腐蝕速率不同，將其劃分為5類，分別為大氣區(qū)、浪濺區(qū)、潮差區(qū)、全浸區(qū)、泥土區(qū)。研究結果表明，海洋浪濺區(qū)材料的損傷速率最大，為0.3～0.5 mm/a。其中，海洋環(huán)境下鋼材的腐蝕微觀機理如圖1所示，腐蝕速率匯總見表1，相關研究成果匯總見表2。

圖1 腐蝕機理示意

表1 海洋環(huán)境下的鋼材腐蝕速率[21]

Tab.1 Corrosion rate of steel in marine environment[21]

表2 腐蝕試驗研究匯總

Tab.2 Summary of corrosion test research

1.2 形貌掃描分析

鋼結構具有良好的承載性能，在復雜環(huán)境下的耐久性較差，目前除了基于材料宏觀腐蝕形貌的分析外，更多將借助形貌掃描儀對微觀機理進行研究。其中，微面形貌測試方法經過長期發(fā)展，由初始的定性測量逐步上升到現階段的高精度定量測定[28]，通過提取材料表面的蝕坑尺寸和分布范圍，對腐蝕損傷展開討論分析，建立腐蝕周期與粗糙度參數的定量關系，為腐蝕機理研究提供依據。

Kacimi等[29]通過SEM掃描結果，得到了鍍鋅鋼材腐蝕損傷的影響因素。Zhang等[30]模擬了海洋環(huán)境下EH47高強鋼的磨損與腐蝕損傷行為，當溶液含砂量為0.3%（質量分數）時，腐蝕速率受環(huán)境的影響最大。劉鵬洋等[31]和張建兵等[32]通過鹽霧加速腐蝕試驗，模擬了海洋環(huán)境下B340LA、WHT1300HF鋼材的腐蝕損傷行為，基于XRD儀掃描結果，得到了基體表面微觀形貌分布范圍、腐蝕速率變化規(guī)律與產物化學成分。關于碳鋼、低合金鋼及高強鋼材的腐蝕形貌分析取得了較多成果，但是未能建立各自的腐蝕損傷模型，缺乏可靠的理論指導及科學依據。

2 力學性能研究進展

2.1 材料單調拉伸

國內外學者對腐蝕試件進行了單調拉伸試驗研究，得到了力學性能退化規(guī)律，主要研究內容見表3。結果表明：隨著腐蝕周期的增加，力學性能快速退化；腐蝕損傷導致試件實測數據偏于離散，同一周期各參數存在差異性；不同加速腐蝕方案對鋼材力學性能的影響極為明顯。

2.2 材料滯回性能

通過對不同強度等級、連接方式和幾何參數的研究與對比分析（見表4），得出結論：循環(huán)荷載與腐蝕耦合的影響作用大于兩者單一行為的損傷累積；隨著應力幅值的增加，材料力學性能的退化速率加快；當試件循環(huán)受壓時，不同腐蝕周期的骨架曲線差異較小，失效行為與腐蝕損傷累積量、分布范圍及作用方式等因素相關。

2.3 梁柱節(jié)點與框架結構抗震性能

在工程鋼結構承重骨架中，梁柱節(jié)點作為體系受力和傳荷關鍵區(qū)域，通過進行節(jié)點梁翼緣削弱，以及局部采用蓋板加強的方式，對其抗震性能展開了研究工作[46-47]。但是在役結構體系均與外界腐蝕介質發(fā)生接觸，節(jié)點區(qū)域腐蝕剝離損傷相比梁柱構件更為嚴重，在強震作用時，極易發(fā)生整體坍塌?；谏鲜鰡栴}，西安建筑科技大學的研究者們[48-54]對鋼材牌號為Q235的銹蝕鋼結構梁柱節(jié)點的力學性能進行了分析，部分成果見表5。根據研究結果表明：隨著節(jié)點區(qū)域暴露周期增加，滯回曲線逐漸趨于捏縮，抗震性能變弱；若選取不同循環(huán)加載方式，對同一腐蝕周期下梁柱節(jié)點耗能能力的影響存在較大差異；由于銹蝕率提高，延性退化速率逐漸增大。因此，在研究銹蝕鋼結構力學性能的退化規(guī)律時，需綜合考慮外界環(huán)境多因素耦合作用的影響，選擇更為適應梁柱連接節(jié)點的損傷演化模型。

表3 單調拉伸試驗研究匯總

Tab.3 Summary of monotonic tensile test research

表4 循環(huán)加載試驗研究匯總

Tab.4 Summary of cyclic loading test research

表5 梁柱節(jié)點抗震性能試驗研究匯總

Tab.5 Summary of experimental research on seismic performance of beam-column joints

在銹蝕梁柱節(jié)點抗震性能研究的基礎上，研究者們對框架結構展開了試驗及理論分析[6,55-57]，并給出了剛度退化規(guī)律，為實際工程應用提供了設計依據。目前主要以碳鋼結構分析為主，考慮材料類別可知，針對高強度鋼材、低合金鋼材梁柱節(jié)點的研究較少。此外，國內學者對全焊剛性節(jié)點進行了大量的試驗研究及理論分析，而關于栓焊連接、全螺栓連接節(jié)點滯回性能的研究成果尚處空白，后續(xù)應當開展更多類型節(jié)點（材料、連接方式、環(huán)境介質等）的抗震性能研究，分析其失效機理。

3 結語

1）根據鋼結構耐久性研究成果可知，在試驗研究分析時，考慮腐蝕因素偏少，加之材料本身存在初始缺陷，對構件及連接節(jié)點機理研究的可靠性欠缺，有待更多數據作為支撐保證。

2）隨著腐蝕損傷的加劇，材料的力學性能逐漸衰減，后期逐漸趨于平緩。同一周期下，試件實測數據的離散性較大，腐蝕損傷行為存在隨機性與不確定性。

3）目前對梁柱全焊節(jié)點抗震性能的研究較多，在既有研究基礎上，應開展更多連接類型的腐蝕鋼結構節(jié)點抗震性能分析，為復雜環(huán)境工程應用提供理論依據。

4）國內外對各類金屬材料、連接構件仍然處于基礎研究階段，尚未取得完備的損傷分析理論。其次，大多主要分析材料層面上力學性能的退化規(guī)律，關于鋼結構連接節(jié)點的成果較少。鑒于目前存在的局限性與不足，通過后續(xù)研究工作，給出更為可靠的計算方法。

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Research Progress on Seismic Performance of Corroded Steel Structure Connection Joints

WEI Huan-huan1,2, LEI Tian-qi3, ZHENG Dong-dong2, GUAN Xiao-di2, Li Tao4, WAN Liang-ting1

(1. School of Architectural Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Shaanxi Xianyang 712100, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; 3. School of Road, Bridge & Architecture, Shaanxi Railway Institute, Shaanxi Weinan, 714099, China; 4. Shangluo Civil Air Defense Office, Shaanxi Shangluo 726000, China)

Based on the level of materials and connecting components, the results of existing experimental research and theoretical analysis at home and abroad in recent years were summarized. It mainly included the monotonic tensile and hysteretic performance degradation analysis of corroded standard specimen, as well as the seismic performance research of beam-column structural joints and frame structure, and the corresponding mechanical performance degradation model was given. After summarizing and comparative analysis, it gives the research direction for engineering steel structure in complex environment, and at the same time, it also provides theoretical guidance and reference basis for the design method of domestic engineering structure.

steel structure; corrosion; connection joint; monotonic extension; seismic performance; degradation model

TU391；TU511.3

A

1672-9242(2023)01-0097-07

10.7643/ issn.1672-9242.2023.01.014

2021–09–14；

2021-09-14；

2021–11–08

2021-11-08

國家自然科學基金項目（51978571）；楊凌職業(yè)技術學院2021年自然科學基金項目（ZK21-28）

The National Natural Science Foundation of China (51978571); Yangling Vocational & Technical College 2021 Natural Science Foundation Project (ZK21-28)

魏歡歡（1996—），男，碩士，主要研究方向為高強度鋼材鋼結構、金屬材料疲勞與斷裂、耐久性、鋼結構高等分析及設計理論。

WEI Huan-huan (1996-), Male, Master, Research focus: high strength steel structure, metal materials fatigue and fracture, durability, steel structure advanced analysis and design theory.

鄭東東（1995—），男，博士研究生，主要研究方向為鋼結構穩(wěn)定與疲勞、組合結構、工程結構抗震與加固。

ZHENG Dong-dong (1995-), Male, Doctoral candidate, Research focus: steel structure stability and fatigue, combined structure, engineering structures seismic resistance and reinforcement.

魏歡歡, 雷天奇, 鄭東東, 等. 銹蝕鋼結構連接節(jié)點抗震性能研究進展[J]. 裝備環(huán)境工程, 2023, 20(1): 097-103.

WEI Huan-huan, LEI Tian-qi, ZHENG Dong-dong, et al. Research Progress on Seismic Performance of Corroded Steel Structure Connection Joints[J]. Equipment Environmental Engineering, 2023, 20(1): 097-103.

責任編輯：劉世忠