張楓茹

2023年4月23日下午，在歐洲漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)（簡(jiǎn)稱“歐漢會(huì)”）的會(huì)場(chǎng)上，一位身形頎長(zhǎng)、氣質(zhì)儒雅的教授用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而流利的漢語(yǔ)滿懷熱情地介紹著意大利的漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)情況和成果。他，就是來(lái)自意大利的世界漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)、著名漢學(xué)家，曾任羅馬大學(xué)副校長(zhǎng)、羅馬大學(xué)東方學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)，現(xiàn)任羅馬大學(xué)孔子學(xué)院外方院長(zhǎng)的費(fèi)德里科· 馬西尼教授（Federico Masini）。

On the afternoon of April 23rd， 2023， atthe International Symposium of the EuropeanAssociation of Chinese Teaching （EACT），participants were captivated by a tall， poisedprofessor， who presented the progress andachievements of Chinese language educationin Italy in impeccable Chinese. He wasProfessor Federico Masini， Vice President ofthe International Society for Chinese LanguageTeaching. Hailing from Italy， Professor Masini isa celebrated sinologist， having held positions asVice Rector for Academic A airs at the SapienzaUniversity of Rome and Dean of its Departmentof Oriental Studies. Presently， he serves as ItalianDirector of the Confucius Institute at the SapienzaUniversity of Rome.

馬西尼教授學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)40余年，從事漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)近30年，致力于漢學(xué)研究與中西交流。2010年，為嘉獎(jiǎng)他在文化傳播領(lǐng)域作出的卓越貢獻(xiàn)，中國(guó)政府為其頒發(fā)了“中意友好貢獻(xiàn)獎(jiǎng)”。

Professor Masini has dedicated over fourdecades to studying Chinese and has spentnearly three decades teaching the language. Heis committed to Chinese studies and exchangebetween China and the West. In acknowledgmentof his remarkable contributions to culturalexchange， he was honored with the “Sino-ItalyFriendship Award” by the Chinese government in2010.

作為第四屆歐漢會(huì)的承辦方，南安普頓孔院有幸邀請(qǐng)到馬西尼教授進(jìn)行個(gè)人專(zhuān)訪，讓我們有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)一步了解這位擁有傳奇經(jīng)歷的漢學(xué)家的成長(zhǎng)之路。

As the host of the 4th International EACTSymposium， the Confucius Institute of the Universityof Southampton had the honor of interviewingProfessor Masini. The conversation provided deeperinsights into the journey of this legendary sinologist.

1976年，羅馬意中友好協(xié)會(huì)開(kāi)設(shè)漢語(yǔ)課程，16歲的馬西尼第一次接觸到漢語(yǔ)?！爱?dāng)時(shí)，意中友好協(xié)會(huì)是唯一可以學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)的地方。我們不能去中國(guó)留學(xué)，只能參加協(xié)會(huì)每周兩次的漢語(yǔ)課。”作為中意建交后最早的一批漢語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者，馬西尼遇到的第一個(gè)困難是語(yǔ)境和教學(xué)資源匱乏。當(dāng)時(shí)的意大利基本沒(méi)有華人，為了創(chuàng)造語(yǔ)境，馬西尼和他的同學(xué)絞盡腦汁地尋找與中國(guó)人交流的機(jī)會(huì)?！拔液鸵粋€(gè)同學(xué)到離大學(xué)不遠(yuǎn)的中國(guó)駐意大利使館門(mén)外，等里面的人出來(lái)，跟他們打個(gè)招呼。這些從使館大門(mén)內(nèi)出來(lái)的中國(guó)人是我最早看到的中國(guó)人?！闭f(shuō)起這段“求學(xué)”經(jīng)歷，馬西尼教授不禁莞爾。

Back in 1976， when the Italy-China FriendshipAssociation in Rome began offering Chinese languagecourses， the 16-year-old Professor Masini had his firstencounter with Chinese. “During that period， theassociation was the sole avenue for Chinese learningin Italy. Given that studying in China wasn’t an option，we attended the classes twice a week.” Being among thepioneering group of students learning Chinese a er theestablishment of Italy-China diplomatic ties， he grappledwith the scarcity of contextual reference and teachingresources. The absence of a Chinese community inItaly at the time posed another challenge. To immersethemselves in the language， he and his classmates soughtvarious ways to create a Chinese-speaking environment.“One day， a classmate and I stood outside the ChineseEmbassy in Italy， which was not far from the university.Our goal was simple： as people exited， we’d greet themand strike up a conversation. e individuals who cameoutside were， in fact， the rst Chinese people I had everseen.” Professor Masini recalled this learning adventurewith a smile.

高中畢業(yè)后，馬西尼進(jìn)入羅馬大學(xué)文哲學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)，主修語(yǔ)言哲學(xué)，同時(shí)開(kāi)始利用課余時(shí)間到文哲學(xué)院的東方學(xué)部旁聽(tīng)漢語(yǔ)課。他回憶道：“ 剛開(kāi)始在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，我感覺(jué)最大的困難是發(fā)音和寫(xiě)字。發(fā)音的送氣不送氣、聲調(diào)和鼻音，這三個(gè)是最大的困難?！睕](méi)有錄像帶、沒(méi)有中國(guó)老師、沒(méi)有電腦軟件，馬西尼只能靠反復(fù)聽(tīng)、不斷重復(fù)和練習(xí)提升語(yǔ)音技能。學(xué)了一段時(shí)間后，他發(fā)現(xiàn)，詞匯、語(yǔ)法和句型表達(dá)方式才是漢語(yǔ)最難的地方。

Upon completing high school， Professor Masinientered the Department of Philosophy and Lettersat the Sapienza University of Rome， majoring in thephilosophy of language. He also attended Chineselanguage courses at the Department of Oriental Studies.Reflecting on this period， he said， “In the beginningstages， I found pronunciation and writing charactersto be the most daunting. The challenges includedaspiration of sounds， mastering tones， and nasal sounds.”Without video tapes， Chinese instructors， or digitallearning tools， he honed his pronunciation throughdiligent listening， relentless repetition， and practice.As his studies progressed， he realized that masteringvocabulary， grammar， and sentence structure posed thebiggest di culties in the Chinese language.

雖面臨種種困難，但馬西尼從未想過(guò)放棄。1983年，他獲得了國(guó)家獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，第一次踏上中國(guó)的土地，來(lái)到北京語(yǔ)言學(xué)院（現(xiàn)北京語(yǔ)言大學(xué)）進(jìn)修，后又轉(zhuǎn)入北京大學(xué)中文系研修中國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)。在北大期間，馬西尼有幸遇到了很多中文教育乃至中文研究學(xué)界的專(zhuān)家和學(xué)者，如陸儉明、朱德熙、王力等，并向他們學(xué)習(xí)和求教，他們的為人處事和教學(xué)方法對(duì)馬西尼產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。結(jié)束在中國(guó)的學(xué)習(xí)后，馬西尼回到歐洲，開(kāi)始從事漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)和漢學(xué)研究工作。

Undeterred by these challenges， Professor Masiniremained resolute. In 1983， he received a scholarshipfrom the Chinese government and came to Chinafor the first time. He began his studies at the BeijingLanguage Institute （now Beijing Language andCulture University） and later he transferred to PekingUniversity to study Chinese Linguistics. At PekingUniversity， he had the opportunity to interact withand learn from many esteemed experts and scholarsin Chinese language education and linguistic studies，such as Lu Jianming， Zhu Dexi， and Wang Li. Theirpersonality and distinctive teaching styles deeplyinfluenced him. After completing his studies inChina， he returned to Europe， embarking on a careerdedicated to Chinese language education and researchin Sinology.

回顧自己的漢學(xué)研究之路，馬西尼教授說(shuō)，自己最初學(xué)漢語(yǔ)只是對(duì)語(yǔ)言本身感興趣，但隨著語(yǔ)言水平的提高，他開(kāi)始癡迷于中國(guó)語(yǔ)言的歷史、演變和文化等方面的研究。在北大研究中國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的時(shí)候，他的第一項(xiàng)研究課題是“現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)之父——瑞士語(yǔ)言學(xué)家弗迪南· 德· 索緒爾（Ferdinand deSaussure）”，為此，他還專(zhuān)門(mén)去王力教授家請(qǐng)教相關(guān)問(wèn)題。他的第二項(xiàng)研究與詞匯學(xué)有關(guān)，“第二項(xiàng)研究是關(guān)于現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞匯的形成，主要是現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)的醞釀時(shí)期——‘鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)’初期。這本書(shū)（指《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞匯的形成：十九世紀(jì)漢語(yǔ)外來(lái)詞研究》）我是用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)在意大利沒(méi)有出版商愿意出這本書(shū)，所以我是在美國(guó)加利福尼亞大學(xué)出版的英文版。后來(lái)從英語(yǔ)翻譯成漢語(yǔ)，又翻譯成日語(yǔ)和韓語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在，這本書(shū)已經(jīng)在韓國(guó)再版了三次。還有關(guān)于詞匯的形成，我也寫(xiě)了好幾篇文章，研究重點(diǎn)是詞匯交流，主要是中國(guó)、日本、韓國(guó)這三個(gè)國(guó)家的詞匯交流?！痹诖酥?，馬西尼教授開(kāi)始了他的第三項(xiàng)漢學(xué)研究——中西交流研究，他和著名漢學(xué)家白佐良合著的《意大利與中國(guó)》一書(shū)被習(xí)近平主席贊譽(yù)，習(xí)近平主席稱其“為中歐交往架起橋梁”。

Reflecting on his journey in Chinese studies，Professor Massini noted that his initial curiosity wascentered around the Chinese language itself. Yet， as hebecame more pro cient， he was increasingly captivatedby the history， evolution， and culture surroundingthe language. At Peking University， while delving intoChinese linguistics， his rst research centered on Swisslinguist Ferdinand de Saussure， the Father of ModernLinguistics. To gain deeper insights on the topic， heeven visited Professor Wang Li’s home for guidance.His subsequent research shifted to lexicology. “Mysecond research emphasized the evolution of modernChinese vocabulary， particularly during the nascentperiod of Modern Chinese in the early phases ofthe Opium War. This work， titled ‘The Formation ofModern Chinese Lexicon and Its Evolution Towarda National Language： The Period from 1840 to 1898’，was initially written in English， because， at that time，there were no publishers in Italy willing to take it on. us， it was published in English at the University ofCalifornia in the United States. Later， it was translatedinto Chinese， Japanese， and Korean. Notably， it hasbeen reprinted three times in South Korea. I alsowrote several articles on vocabulary formation， witha focus on vocabulary exchange， primarily amongChina， Japan， and South Korea.” A erward， ProfessorMassini embarked on his third area of Chinese studieson China-West exchange. His book， Italy and China，co-authored with the renowned sinologist GiulianoBertuccioli （Bai Zuoliang）， was praised by President XiJinping as “a bridge for China-Europe exchange”.

馬西尼教授在研究語(yǔ)言的過(guò)程中反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)，“將語(yǔ)言當(dāng)作一把鑰匙，打開(kāi)了解中國(guó)文化之門(mén)”。除了在研究“西學(xué)東漸”的過(guò)程中深入了解中國(guó)的歷史文化，馬西尼教授還孜孜不倦地閱讀中國(guó)古代文學(xué)作品，如《三國(guó)演義》《金瓶梅》以及“三言二拍”等，還把一些作品部分翻譯成意大利語(yǔ)——“我主要就是靠閱讀這些著作來(lái)體會(huì)和理解中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的?！?/p>

Throughout his linguistic research， ProfessorMassini has always underscored the notion that“l(fā)anguage is a key to unlock Chinese culture”. Beyondhis exploration of Chinese history and culture throughthe process of “Eastward Expansion of WesternLearning”， he has immersed himself in ancient Chineseliterature， delving into classics like Romance of the ree Kingdoms， e Plum in the Golden Vase， and “SanYan Er Pai” （a collection of the ancient short storiesin vernacular from Song and Ming dynasties）. Hehas even translated some of these seminal works intoItalian. “Immersing myself in these literary treasureso ers a direct route to experiencing and grasping thenuances of traditional Chinese culture.”

從1976年開(kāi)始直到今天，馬西尼教授學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)、研究漢語(yǔ)、教授漢語(yǔ)已有將近50年。在這條漫長(zhǎng)的“漢語(yǔ)之路”上，他從未感到厭倦，也從未想過(guò)放棄?；仡欁约旱臐h語(yǔ)研學(xué)之路，馬西尼教授總結(jié)道：“沒(méi)有好奇，任何語(yǔ)言都學(xué)不好，而學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言也是開(kāi)發(fā)大腦最好的辦法?！彼Ｍ性絹?lái)越多的外國(guó)人學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)，并能在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中感受到好奇與快樂(lè)；他也希望漢語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者們能像他一樣，在這條路上越來(lái)越自信、越來(lái)越樂(lè)觀，握緊語(yǔ)言的鑰匙，走向更廣闊的世界。

Since 1976 and up to the present， Professor Massinihas been learning， researching， and teaching Chinesefor nearly ve decades. roughout this long journeywith the Chinese language， he has never felt fatiguedor considered giving up. Reflecting on his journeyof learning Chinese， Professor Massini believes， “Agenuine curiosity is pivotal to mastering any language.Moreover， learning a language is one of the nest exercisesfor the mind.” He hopes that more non-Chinese individualswill be drawn to learn the language， finding the samecuriosity and joy he has experienced. Furthermore， hewishes for every Chinese language enthusiast to hold ontothis linguistic key with growing con dence and optimism，and to use it to unlock wider horizons.