付社崗,任亞利,徐凌飛
摘要:陜西關(guān)中地區(qū)秋季普遍降雨會形成秋淋天氣,長時(shí)間的陰雨會使根系長時(shí)間缺氧壞死,葉片染病早落,果面雨蝕病變,從而造成果品外觀著色差、果面不光潔、口感質(zhì)量變差等,為此,需采取相應(yīng)措施,做好果樹管理工作。可采取如下措施:1)排水防澇,積水果園應(yīng)盡快抽排果園的積水,覆草覆膜的果園要盡快揭除覆蓋物;2)加強(qiáng)中耕松土,,以保持土壤疏松,通氣良好;3)及時(shí)修剪,疏除密生枝、徒長枝、直立枝、外圍多頭枝等,以改善果樹光照條件;4)充分供給養(yǎng)分,增施生物有機(jī)肥,適量施用化肥、補(bǔ)充微肥,提倡采果前根外補(bǔ)肥,以促發(fā)新根,促進(jìn)樹勢恢復(fù);5)抓好病蟲防治,及時(shí)將病蟲枝、病葉爛果等清理出園,減少病蟲源,同時(shí)全園噴優(yōu)質(zhì)殺菌劑消毒,有效控制病蟲害。
關(guān)鍵詞:降雨;果樹;影響;對策
文章編號:2096-8108(2022)02-0058-02中圖分類號:S66文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:B
Influence and Countermeasure of Autumn Rainy Weather on Fruit Trees
FU Shegang1, REN Yali1, XU Lingfei2
(1.Fruit Industry Development Center of Pucheng County, Pucheng 715500, China;
2.College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China)
Abstract: The autumn rainfall in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi province will form the autumn rain weather, the long time of overcast rain will make the root system for a long time anoxic necrosis, leaf disease early fall, fruit surface rain erosion lesions, resulting in the appearance of the fruit color difference fruit surface is not smooth taste quality change, etc., therefore, it is necessary to take corresponding measures to do a good job in fruit tree management The following measures can be taken :1) drainage and waterlogging prevention. The water in the stagnant orchard should be drained as soon as possible, and the mulch should be removed as soon as possible in the orchard covered with grass and film; 2) Strengthen the middle tillage to loosen the soil, so as to keep the soil loose and good ventilation; 3) Timely pruning, sparse removal of dense branches, long branches, upright branches and peripheral multiple branches, to improve the light conditions of fruit trees; 4) Fully supply nutrients, increase the application of bio-organic fertilizer, appropriate application of chemical fertilizer to supplement micro-fertilizer, promote the root before fruit picking fertilizer, in order to promote the new roots, promote the recovery of tree potential; 5) Do a good job of disease and insect prevention and control, timely clean up the leaves and fruits of disease and insect branches, reduce the source of disease and insect, and spray high quality fungicide disinfection throughout the garden, effectively control diseases and insect pests.
Keywords:rainfall; the fruit trees; influence; countermeasures
近期,陜西關(guān)中地區(qū)普遍降雨,持續(xù)時(shí)間較長,對果樹生長、果實(shí)品質(zhì)和采收造成一定影響,尤其是果品外觀質(zhì)量影響最大,引起果品著色難、著色慢、硬度差、糖度小及果面不潔凈等問題。持續(xù)的的陰雨、寡照、低溫天氣對果樹正常生長造成很大的影響,因此,必須做好秋淋天氣果樹管理工作。
1秋淋對果樹的影響
1.1根系長時(shí)間缺氧壞死
大量的降水導(dǎo)致果園積水過多,造成根系呼吸困難,在缺氧的條件下,根呼吸產(chǎn)生的中間產(chǎn)物(如乙醇)及微生物活動(dòng)而生成的有機(jī)酸(如乙酸)和還原性物質(zhì)(如甲烷、硫化氫),就會導(dǎo)致根系中毒變褐壞死,輕則造成根功能吸收輸送受阻,重則造成生長根和吸收根大量死亡。
1.2葉片染病早落
蘋果褐斑病、梨黑星病等主要靠雨水傳播,雨前未噴殺菌劑的果園輕者出現(xiàn)初侵染的病葉,重者前期感病的老葉片大量脫落。同時(shí),在持續(xù)降雨的情況下,天晴后氣溫回升,葉片呼吸蒸騰作用加強(qiáng),由于根系不能及時(shí)向葉片輸送葉蒸騰所需的水分,天氣驟晴后,葉正面還會出現(xiàn)由葉緣向內(nèi)褐變枯死的“黑葉”。
1.3果面雨蝕病變
果實(shí)成熟前由于長時(shí)間受到雨水侵蝕,加上7月中旬至8月上旬持續(xù)20多天30 ℃以上的高溫天氣灼傷果實(shí)皮孔,進(jìn)一步加重了果面裂紋、氣孔木栓、水銹形成和脫袋后紅點(diǎn)病侵染。同時(shí),果樹在土壤水分飽和的情況下,根葉功能受阻,果實(shí)還會出現(xiàn)早熟個(gè)小、萎蔫腐壞等現(xiàn)象。
2采取的對策
2.1重視排水防澇
積水果園長時(shí)間處于悶根狀態(tài),嚴(yán)重影響根系的呼吸甚至染病死亡,造成根腐病或爛根病的發(fā)生,從而影響根系吸收營養(yǎng)的功能,所以排澇放墑是當(dāng)前工作的重點(diǎn)。積水果園應(yīng)盡快抽排果園的積水,防止根死葉枯;覆草覆膜的果園,要盡快揭除覆蓋物,增加土壤透氣性;清耕果園,分墑后可割草留根或淺翻晾曬,加速土壤水分蒸發(fā),增加透氣性,促進(jìn)土壤有益微生物活動(dòng),從而恢復(fù)根系發(fā)育,促進(jìn)新根生長。同時(shí)及時(shí)檢查果袋,及時(shí)排掉袋內(nèi)積水,否則容易導(dǎo)致果實(shí)黑點(diǎn)病、紅點(diǎn)病發(fā)生嚴(yán)重。
2.2加強(qiáng)中耕松土
近期雨水較多,土壤濕度過大,通氣性差,吸收根窒息死亡現(xiàn)象較嚴(yán)重,往往導(dǎo)致葉片褐變死亡。應(yīng)加強(qiáng)果園的中耕松土,以保持土壤疏松,通氣良好,為根系生長發(fā)育創(chuàng)造良好的土壤環(huán)境。
2.3及時(shí)修剪調(diào)光
及時(shí)疏除密生枝、徒長枝、直立枝、外圍多頭枝等,同時(shí)采取拉枝變向的方法改善果樹光照條件,減少養(yǎng)分無效消耗,促進(jìn)營養(yǎng)積累。
2.4抓好養(yǎng)分供給
目前,秋施基肥正當(dāng)時(shí),基肥以有機(jī)肥為主,增施生物有機(jī)肥,適量施用化肥、補(bǔ)充微肥。施肥深度在20~40 cm(根系集中分布層);提倡采果前根外補(bǔ)肥,補(bǔ)充因雨水過多、土壤養(yǎng)分流失過重而造成的養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)不足的問題,促發(fā)新根,促進(jìn)樹勢恢復(fù)。
2.5病蟲防治不放松
雨后果園濕度大,利于病菌傳播和害蟲滋生,應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行病蟲害防治。一是清園,及時(shí)將病蟲枝、病葉爛果等清理出園,減少病蟲源;二是全園噴優(yōu)質(zhì)殺菌劑,最好選擇水乳劑,如腈菌唑、多抗霉素等,同時(shí)加入補(bǔ)鈣劑,提高果實(shí)硬度。噴藥時(shí)要求霧化程度要好,噴布均勻細(xì)致。對于發(fā)生爛根的果園,及時(shí)挖除爛根或死株,在樹盤周圍撒施石灰或淋施殺菌藥消毒。