Ali Raza,Emad E.Mahmoud,A.M.Al-Bugami,Dumitru Baleanu,Muhammad Rafiq,Muhammad Mohsin and Muneerah Al Nuwairan

1Department of Mathematics,Govt.Maulana Zafar Ali Khan Graduate College Wazirabad,Punjab Higher Education Department(PHED),Lahore,54000,Pakistan

2Department of Mathematics,College of Science,Taif University,Taif,21944,Saudi Arabia

3Department of Mathematics,Cankaya University,Balgat,Ankara,06530,Turkey

4Department of Medical Research,China Medical University,Taichung,40402,Taiwan

5Department of Mathematics,Faculty of Sciences,University of Central Punjab,Lahore,54600,Pakistan

6Department of Mathematics,Technische Universitat Chemnitz,6209111,Germany

7Department of Mathematics and Statistics,King Faisal University,Al Ahsa,31982,Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Pine wilt is a dramatic disease that kills infected trees within a few weeks to a few months.The cause is the pathogen Pinewood Nematode.Most plant-parasitic nematodes are attached to plant roots, but pinewood nematodes are found in the tops of trees.Nematodes kill the tree by feeding the cells around the resin ducts.The modeling of a pine wilt disease is based on six compartments, including three for plants (susceptible trees,exposed trees, and infected trees) and the other for the beetles (susceptible beetles, exposed beetles, and infected beetles).The deterministic modeling,along with subpopulations, is based on Law of mass action.The stability of the model along with equilibria is studied rigorously.The authentication of analytical results is examined through well-known computer methods like Non-standard finite difference (NSFD) and the model’s feasible properties(positivity,boundedness,and dynamical consistency).In the end,comparison analysis shows the effectiveness of the NSFD algorithm.

Keywords: Pine wilt disease; modeling; NSFD algorithm; linearization of NSFD algorithm;results

1 Introduction

Pine wilt disease(PWD),a severe disease produced by the pinewood worm that affects regularly planted pines, disrupts ecosystems and destroys biodiversity.Symptoms of PWD usually seem in late spring or early summer.The lack of resin exudation from bark wounds is the most evident indication.At this time, the tree succumbs to the disease and dies.The trees that are affected lose all of their resin,and their wood turns dry.From both an economic and an environmental(landscape)standpoint, it poses a significant threat to forest ecosystems worldwide.Pine trees get infected with PWD, which causes them to wilt, and the tree goes to the death phase within a few months.The absence of resin exudation from bark wounds is the first apparent symptom.Long-horned pine sawyer beetles transport pinewood nematodes from diseased trees to healthy or infected pines.The disease is spread from one pine tree to another by the pine sawyer, a bark beetle that feeds on the bark and phloem of susceptible live tree twigs,or female beetles laying eggs in newly cut timber or dead trees.If conditions are suitable for disease development,nematodes during“primary transmission”can spread quickly in the sapwood.If the beetle carries the pinewood nematode, it might apply to new trees.Pines are growing well in sharp muds,and some are also growing well enough in calcareous soils.The pine wilt disease has gradually spread to warm, modest places, and the average annual temperature has topped 10?C.For pine wilt to grow and blow out, several months of warm, dry conditions are required.The roundworm was first discovered in longleaf pine wood in Louisiana, United States.Infection and nematode completion of pines begin in June or July,but no visible symptoms develop until late summer or fall.While the discase growths needles go from deadly green to dark and finally brunet due to a lack of water due to the critical water plan being squashed, the spines first and foremost discolor sea green.Still, they do not wait or become loose as is combined for broadleaf trees affected by wilt diseases.More than the cold,the tree’s unmoving needles remain attached to it.Many gums are frequently associated with physical wounds or injuries caused by cockroaches.Pine wilt virus is a severe disease caused by roundworms that pine sawyer beetles spread.Any condition that disrupts the vascular structure of floras is referred to as a wit disease.Fungi, bacteria, and nematodes can quickly kill plant life,including massive branches and entire trees.Pine wilt kills trees and leaves a blue stain on the wood.The only technique for recognizing pine wit is sending a wood representation to an experimental laboratory for worm removal and approval.Pathologists usually require a wood replica from the stalk or a loose branch.The speculum is compacted into a roundshaped at the landfill, the observable vulvar boundary is lap-like, and the concluding phases of the feminine are rounded in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.The pine wilt roundworm has a complex life cycle,with quarter-developed stages and an older location that reproduces sexually by reciprocal male and female reproduction.The microphagous phase of the life cycle occurs in decaying or dead wood when roundworms live and feed on mushrooms rather than the wood itself.In the past,the roundworm pathogen was known as Monochamus alternates sawyer insect,and it was one of the experimental pests due to the widespread death of pine trees.Infection with pine wilt is a disease that affects poisonous pine plants.More or less diseased trees serve as inactive transporters that have been dormant for a year or more and cannot detect observable symbols.While vector-borne diseases are more well-known in humans, they are also prevalent in floras.Some of the most severe flaccid conditions of trees,including pine wilt and palm red ring disease, are caused by roundworms, which have a fascinating relationship with insect vectors.Pesticides applied to foliar are ineffective in preventing pine wilt.On the other hand,preventive nematicide systemic inoculations are a successful but costly control method.Pathogens that cause wilting diseases target vascular vessels and cause the xylem to flop to carry water to the foliage,causing stalks and greeneries to wilt.Plant nematicide and pesticide management have been determined to be economically impossible,if not unsuccessful,in the United States.Therapeutic supporters after indications have appeared, in distinction, to be ineffective.Pesticides applied to foliar are ineffective in preventing pine wilt.However,universal preventative boosters of nematicides constitute an active but costly control strategy.The best approach to avoiding pine wilt is to keep your trees healthy and strong by watering them during dry seasons.Stress trees are attracting the attention of beetles.Pine is useful for swelling (redness) in the upper and lower respiratory areas,a runny nose, roughness, a common cold, coughing or bronchitis, high temperatures, a contagious inclination, and blood pressure issues.For mild muscle and nerve discomfort, some people apply pine directly to the skin.Pine needle drink also contains a lot of vitamin A,which is helpful for your eyesight, hair and skin regrowth, and red blood cell production.It can be used as a cough syrup to treat coughs and rib congestion and for sore throats.Mathematical modeling is a powerful tool for describing how the disease spreads.We can regulate those components that substantially impact the disease’s transmission,and we can prepare several control measures to limit contamination’s spread.Haq et al.[1] in 2017, presented a fractional-order wide-ranging model designed for the blowout of pine wilt disease using the Laplace Adomian decomposition method.Ozair et al.[2] in 2020,proposed a vector-swarm scientific model for the pine wilt disease taking local sensitivity analysis of parameters and numerical experiments to illustrate the theoretical bases for the anticipation and governor of the disease.Khan et al.[3]in 2017,suggested a mathematical classification of calculations for the pine wilt disease in two ways.Abodayeh et al.[4] in 2020, established a mathematical model to explore the result of an asymptomatic carrier to identify critical parameters to examine several intervention options.Lee investigated the best controller approach for anticipating pine wilt disease using analytical and numerical techniques acceptable to do;we put on two control approaches;treeinjecting of nematicides and the destruction of adult beetles through floating pesticide spraying [5].Khan et al.[6] in 2018, presented the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional-order mathematical model of pine wilt disease to investigate elementary properties of the model also check numerical simulation by taking a particular parameter.Agarwal et al.in 2019, recommended a stochastic pine wilt disease model taking the primary reproductive number, and an adequate condition is provided to study the extinction and permanence of the disease.Underlying the stochastic differential equation system is analyzed, and proper Lyapunov functionals are formulated to show the stability analysis [7].Awan et al.[8]in 2018,recommended qualitative research and sensitivity-based model taking reproduction numbers in the specific form to check the result of three control measures.Tamura et al.in 2019,proposed spatiotemporal analysis of pine wilt disease using the quantified number of PWNs and face levels of supposed pathogenesis-related(PR)genes in different positions of Japanese black pine seedling over time cured by Taqman quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)assay.As a result,PWNs and PR levels increased drastically,leading to plant death[9].Hirata et al.in 2017,explored the potential distribution of PWD under climate change scenarios.Pinus forests are at risk of serious harm due to environmental shifts and the spread of PWD[10].Lee et al.[11]in 2013,studied a disease transmission model based on primary reproduction number Ro.If Ro is a smaller amount than one than disease-free equilibrium state obtained if Ro more than one then endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable condition obtained.Shah et al.[12] in 2018, suggested swarm vector dynamics of pine wilt disease model taking worldwide asymptotic constancy investigation at changed equilibrium points and exposed that disease vanishes when beginning quantity falls less unity.Awan et al.[13]in 2016,studied the qualitative behavior of pine wilt disease by considering indirect and direct transmission using primary reproduction numbers.Gao et al.in 2015,studied pine wilt disease attacks happening earth possessions and pine woodland groups in the three valleys region of China.This study shows that the PWD has stuck Masson pine forest soil properties and altered forest communal structure.The disease is negatively related to Masson pine and positively associated with broad-leaved trees[14].Shi et al.in 2013,proposed a scientific model for the spread of pine wilt disease.Primary reproduction numbers determine the global dynamics[15].Nguyan et al.in 2016,recommended a spatially explicit model of pine wilt disease taking dispersal pattern(direction and area)of Asia such as infested neighborhoods,short-and long-distance dispersal,asymptomatic carriers,and typhoon(incorporating biological and environmental events).Using receiver operating characteristics and pair-correlation functions shows that disease occurs in both local and global aspects[16].Khan et al.[17]in 2018,studied the changing elements of pine wilt disease is stable happening local and globally.Hussain et al.[18]investigated the dynamics of pine wilt disease with the sensitivity of parameters.Raza et al.[19]studied the structurepreserving analysis of the epidemic model with necessary properties.Some more techniques related to epidemic models are presented in[20,21].The well-known results with different techniques are studied in[22,23].For the best presentation,more work on the epidemiology and efficiency of the techniques are studied in[24–32].In this paper,we study the dynamics of pine wilt disease via algorithms.We can observe that computational methods in literature have many problems like negativity,unboundedness,and inconsistency of solutions.These issues will resolve by our proposed idea that is a non-standard finite difference method (NSFD).Also, NSFD fulfills the properties of the biological problem.The rest of the paper is styled as follows: In Section 2, the modeling of pine wilt disease is defined.In Section 3, the construction ways of the epidemic model, equilibrium points, and computational methods and their convergence.In the last section conclusion and future problems are discussed.

2 Modelling of Pine Wilt Disease

These are the various symbols.Six-of them are used as variables, and the remaining are all parameters.Both types of notations describe the given epidemic model.NH(t): represents the total inhabitants of pinewood trees at any time,SH(t):Represents susceptible pine trees at any time,EH(t):represents the already exposed pine trees at any time,IH(t):represents the infected pine trees at any time,NV:represents the total population of vector(beetles)at any time t,SV(t):represents the susceptible beetles at any time,EV(t):represents the exposed vector beetles at any time and IV(t):means the infected vector beetles at any time.Thus, a continuous model for populations regarding pine wilt disease is described in Fig.1.

Figure 1:Flow map of pine wilt disease

The fixed values of the model is defined as follows:ΛH: represents the rate of recruitment of susceptible pine trees,κ1:represents the rate of contact during maturation,ψ:represents the average number of connections with vector beetles during development,κ1ψSHIV: represents the incidence rate,κ2:represents the probability of transmission of a nematode by an infected beetle,φ:represents the average number of contacts per day when adult beetles oviposit,α:represents the susceptible pine trees without being infected by the nematode,κ2φα:represents the transmission through oviposition,κ2φαSHIV:represents the number of new infections,δ:represents progression rate from exposed pine trees to infected trees, d1: represents the natural death rate,Λv: represents the vector pine beetle’s emergence rate,η:represents the measured rate,ηSVIV:represents the adult beetles escaping from dead trees carry the PWN,μ:represents the transfer rate from of infectivity,d2:represents the demise rate andγ:represents the disease-induced death rate.The system of differential equations can be derived from the above flow chart of the population as follows:

With nonnegative conditionsSH(0)≥0,EH(0)≥0,IH(0)≥0,SV(0)≥0,EV(0)≥0,IV(0)≥0.The total population of pinewood trees is=∧H-d1NH.The feasible region of the system(1–6)is as follows:

2.1 Model Equilibria

The system(1–6)has two types of equilibria in the feasible regionD*is as follows:

2.2 Reproduction Number

In this section, we find the reproduction number Roby using the next-generation method.We introduce two types of matrices:the transition matrix and the second is transmission matrix.

2.3 Stability Results

Theorem 1:(Local stability)Forgivent ＞0,the disease-free equilibriumis locally asymptotically stable ifR0＜1.

Proof:Let us consider,

Therefore,model(1–6)will be converted into a new form

The general Jacobian matrix is defined as

By substituting the values,we obtained

At the disease-free pointK0=(SH,EH,IH,SV,EV,IV)=above matrix will become:

Here we let

Clearly,Trace(J(K0))=T1+T2+T3+T4+T5+T6＜0 and det(J(K0))＞0

This implies that disease-free point K0is locally Asymptotically stable.

Theorem 2:Forgivent ＞0, the endemic equilibrium =is locally asymptotically stable ifRo ＞1.

Proof:The given Jacobean matrix at Endemic equilibrium (EE) =is as follows:

The characteristic polynomial equation attached withJ(K1)is given as follows:

whereU1=-u11-u22-u33-u44-u55-u66

Here,we have

The polynomial Eq.(2.7)has the Routh-Hurwitz criteria presented as follows:

When R0is greater than 1, the characteristic Eq.(7) has eigenvalues with negative real parts ifBi ＞0,?i=1,2,3,4,5,6 alsoHi ＞0,?i=1,2,3,4,5,6.Hence,the Routh-Hurwitz criteria(8)shows that the endemic point K1is locally asymptotically stable if R0＞1.

3 Non-Standard Finite-Difference Algorithm

The NSFD could be developed for the system(1)–(6),the Eq.(1)of the pine wilt epidemic model may be calculated as:

The decomposition of proposed method is as follows:

In the same way, we decompose the remaining system into proposed NSFD method, like (9), as follows:

where the discretization gap is denoted by“h”.

3.1 Linearization Process of NSFD Algorithm

In this section, we shall present the theorem at the equilibrium of the model for the process of linearization of the NSFD algorithm is as follows:

Theorem 3:The NSFD algorithm is stable if the eigenvalues of Eqs.(9)–(14)lie in the same unit circle for anyn≥0.

Proof:Consider the right-hand sides of the equation in(9–3.14)as functions F,G,H,J,K,L

The general from of Jacobian matrix,we have

The given Jacobean matrix at Disease-Free Equilibrium (DFE) K0=is as follows:

Now,for endemic equilibrium(EE)K1=(SH*,EH*,IH*,SV*,EV*,IV*).The given Jacobean matrix is

The proof is straightforward.By using the Mathematica, this is a guarantee to the fact that all values of Jacobian lie in a unit circle,as desired.

3.2 Results

In this section,we used the scientific literature presented in Tab.1 for the simulating behavior of the system(9)–(14)at both equilibria of the model as follows:

Table 1: Value of parameters

4 Results and Concluding Remarks

Fig.2 depicts the transmission map of disease via bar chart.Fig.3 shows that the two-dimensional kernel density between years and its transmission.Fig.4 shows the distribution analysis of illness at the given data.Fig.5 shows the splines connectedness of disease.In Figs.6a–6b,we used the commandbuilt software ODE-45 to simulate the model’s behavior at any time t.In Figs.7a–7b,is the true sense results affected by the non-standard finite difference method at any time step size.This computer method has the advantage over the other two methods like Euler and Runge Kutta.Independent of time step size,low-cost and effective technique.

Figure 2:Transmission map of pine wilt disease

Figure 3:Two-dimensional kernel density

In this article, we investigated the subtleties of the numerical epidemic model with numerical strategies’effective use.We divided the entire tree population into six groups:susceptible trees,exposed trees, infected trees, easy vector beetles, exposed vector beetles, and infected vector beetles.We have calculated the reproduction number for the pine wilt disease numerical epidemic model.We have also presented the local stability at the steady states of the model, that is, at pine wilt free equilibrium and at pine wilt existing compensation,by using well-known mathematics results.We have concluded that we can control the dynamic of the pine wilt by positively using different affected techniques like,vaccination is proved to be the ultimate solution to avoid the spread of this disease.Immunization is much essential and is recommended for trees that fall under this disease.

Figure 4:Distribution analysis of disease

Figure 5:Spline connectivity of disease rates

Moreover, Booster doses are recommended for disease trees to make sure of vaccination.And most importantly, a sound hygiene system is much needed to adapt, which can play a vital role in reducing the spread of pine wilt disease.In the future,we could extend this type of modeling to other complex epidemiological models and their branches.

Figure 6:Combined graphical behavior for the equilibria and converges at time t(a)sub-populations at disease-free equilibrium(b)Sub-populations at endemic equilibrium

Figure 7: Continued

Figure 7: Combined behaviors of NSFD with Euler and Runge Kutta at different step sizes (a)Combine behavior at DFE when h=0.001 (b) (Divergent) Combine behavior at DFE when h=0.3(c)Combine behavior at DFE when h=0.01.(d)(Divergent)Combine behavior at DFE when h=4

Acknowledgement:Thanks,our families and colleagues who supported us morally.

Funding Statement:The authors received no specific funding for this study.

Conflicts of Interest:The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.