亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        ON THE CHARACTER

        2022-08-08 14:38:26
        漢語世界 2022年4期

        A character with the public interest at heart

        大道之行,天下為公

        Imagine a society where everyone leaves their doors open.Here,people care not only for their own elders and children but also for everybody else’s.Everyone is willing to contribute their labor for the public good,without an agenda or wish for personal gain.As for goods and money,people hate to see them go to waste,but no one sees the point of taking them for their own.

        This is the ideal society that Confucius described to his disciple Yan Yan (言偃),according to theBook of Rites(《禮記》),one of the five classics of Confucianism.According to the sage:“when everyone shares a perfect ideal,the world belongs to the public (大道之行,天下為公 Dàdào zhī xíng,tiānxià wéi gōng).” Here,the character 公(gōng) means “public,communal.”

        Shaped like a container with a handle on top,公,according to one of the earliest Chinese dictionaries theAnalytical Dictionary of Chinese Characters(《說文解字》),means “to divide evenly.” The bottom part of the character,厶,means private,while the八 on top indicates opposition.“That which is the opposite of the private is公,” the dictionary quotes Han Fei(韓非),a philosopher from the Warring States period (475——221 BCE),as saying.

        The idea of “天下為公” is still relevant today.China’s president Xi Jinping has invoked it as a societal ideal in his addresses on many occasions,including at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party in 2017 and at the World Economic Forum in Davos the same year.

        The character 公,meanwhile,has retained “public,communal” as its primary meaning.An object predicated by 公 belongs to the public:A 公園 (gōngyuán,public park) can be enjoyed by all,a 公廁 (gōngcè,public bathroom) is where anyone can go relieve themselves,and 公款(gōngkuǎn,public funds) are not to be embezzled—otherwise it would be against public morality,or 公德 (gōngdé).Crimes,environmental pollutions,or pests can all be referred to as 公害 (gōnghài,public menace),if they threaten public safety or health.

        An individual can also become public if they are,for example,a 公務(wù)員 (gōngwùyuán,civil servant) or 公知 (gōngzhī,public intellectual).They are in a position to provide service to society,but shouldn’t seek personal gain in the name of public deeds,which is called 以公謀私 (yǐgōng móusī) or 假公濟私 (jiǎgōng jìsī);nor should they exact personal revenge by public means,or 公報私仇 (gōngbào sīchóu).

        In modern times,the idea of“public” expanded beyond the borders of a nation,and 公 today sometimes indicates “internationally shared.” Parts of the ocean that do not belong to any country are called公海 (gōnghǎi,international waters),the Gregorian calendar is called 公歷 (gōnglì),and a kilogram is 公斤(gōngjīn).

        公 can also mean “to make public.”If a clandestine affair is 公之于眾(gōng zhī yú zhòng,announced to the public),then it is no longer a secret between two people.If someone 公然作弊 (gōngrán zuòbì,cheats openly)in an exam,they might have little regard for 公共秩序 (gōnggòng zhìxù,public rules and order) or 公共安全 (gōnggòng ānquán,public safety),sometimes abbreviated as 公安(gōng’ān).

        Justice (公正 gōngzhèng) and fairness(公平 gōngpíng)—things that are in the public’s interest—are another common connotation of 公.To 秉公辦理(bǐnggōng bànlǐ) is to act justly,and to公買公賣 (gōngmǎi gōngmài) is to buy and sell at fair prices.

        People sometimes use 公 as a term of respect to address men of age.A venerable Mr.Zhang or Mr.Li could be called 張公 (Zhāng Gōng) or 李公 (Lǐ Gōng).One’s maternal grandfather is sometimes called 外公 (wàigōng).

        The son of a noble person,in ancient times,was called 公子 (gōngzǐ),which is still used to address another person’s son today.For example,to ask where one’s son works,you can say,“令公子在哪兒高就 (Lìng gōngzǐ zài nǎr gāojiù)?”But be careful not to turn it into “公子哥兒 (gōngzǐgēr),” as this used tobe a term for the sons of the rich and powerful who were out of touch with reality,and is now a scornful name for spoiled youngsters.

        In the world of nature,the function of this character is much simpler:to tell the sex of a creature,with 公 as male,and 母 (mǔ) as female.Rooster is 公雞(gōngjī),a ram is 公羊 (gōngyáng),and a bull is 公牛 (gōngniú).The same simple rule applies to the names of many other animals,even aquatic ones like crabs and lobsters.公 has many uses—as befitting its truly public character.

        国产伦精品一区二区三区| 亚洲国产av一区二区不卡| 一区二区三区最新中文字幕| 99热爱久久99热爱九九热爱| 国产亚洲日韩一区二区三区| 激情亚洲的在线观看| 毛片精品一区二区二区三区| 91自国产精品中文字幕| 三级国产自拍在线观看| 亚洲av永久无码天堂网小说区| 成人性生交片无码免费看| 熟妇人妻不卡中文字幕| 乳乱中文字幕熟女熟妇| 亚洲高清乱码午夜电影网| 国产成人无码区免费网站| 91精品国产综合久久青草| 成人国产精品三上悠亚久久| 亚洲av久久久噜噜噜噜| 秋霞午夜无码鲁丝片午夜精品| 激情内射亚洲一区二区| 国产一区二区三区激情视频| 东京热人妻一区二区三区| 精品无码av不卡一区二区三区| 日本熟女视频一区二区三区| 国产精品国产三级国产aⅴ下载| 水蜜桃无码视频在线观看| 人妖另类综合视频网站| 成人水蜜桃视频在线观看| 久久狠狠色噜噜狠狠狠狠97| 欧美做受视频播放| 国产精品国产三级国av在线观看| 中文字幕乱码亚洲无限码| 图片区小说区激情区偷拍区| 精品亚洲少妇一区二区三区| 青青草在线免费观看视频| 韩国三级大全久久网站| 无码中文字幕在线DVD| 一级黄色一区二区三区视频| 亚洲国产精品一区二区成人片国内 | 无码一区二区三区| 国产免费午夜a无码v视频|