文 /韓 兢

瀚為與他的藏書。Hans and his library.

德國漢學家許瀚為博士（這是他根據自己德文名字Hans Wilm Schütte 而取的中文名字）居住在漢堡易北河南部，一個叫Neugraben (新溝渠）的小鎮(zhèn)上，小區(qū)名叫鳥巢。

瀚為博士的家在周邊居民看來就是“豪宅”，不僅因為房子大，還因為他的院子。他在院子中間挖了一個約28平方米左右的水池，水池清澈見底，底部鋪滿了鵝卵石，還修了一座形似江南小橋的石頭橋，水池里小小的金鯉魚在游動，池邊搭建了一個中國式的白色小亭子。

每當他的中國鄰居吳朝陽走進這個院子時，熟悉的中國文化氣息撲面而來：一個中國江南小園林！

吳朝陽說，瀚為博士對中國的了解著實比她這個地道的中國人要深刻得多。如今70多歲的他，依然在中國和德國之間奔走，依然在寫書，他是德國人，但又命運般神奇地浸染了很多中國的色彩。

此前，他將其撰寫的8本德語版有關中國文化的書籍捐贈給了杭州國家版本館，其中有一本是他在走訪浙江時留下的圖片和采訪筆記。

許多與瀚為有交往的華人華僑，看到這位德國老人用一生時間研究中國、行走中國、書寫中國，好奇和敬畏之情油然而生。

和中國結緣

瀚為的命運和中國交織在一起，是從1968年高中畢業(yè)那個暑假開始的。

那個夏天，十幾歲的他來到一個書籍博覽會。在這個熙熙攘攘、熱熱鬧鬧的博覽會上，這位德國少年的注意力被一本中文書吸引了。他當然完全不知道這本書在寫什么，但就是很喜歡書上的那些字，看上去像一幅幅的畫，但卻是文字，和歐洲的文字完全不同的文字。

瀚為家祖?zhèn)鞯闹袊嫀煹睦L畫。The portrait painting of Hans’s ancestor, painted by a Chinese painter.

瀚為早就想學一門和歐洲語言完全不同的語言，這奇特的文字激發(fā)起他的探索欲。

瀚為家從他小時候起就有一幅特別的畫。畫中女子神態(tài)寧靜，身穿很典型的歐洲服飾，坐在一張精致的雕花木椅上。這幅畫懸掛在屋子里，影響著瀚為家族一代又一代的人，好像牽動著這個家族和中國的緣分。因為這幅畫就出自一位華人畫師之手，是翰為祖先前往中國時，讓當時的中國畫師把自己隨身攜帶的母親照片畫了出來。

大學時偶然開始的專業(yè)一不留神成了瀚為一生的選擇。他大學本科、碩士、博士都學習了漢學。讀完博士后，他在漢堡大學里教授漢學。教授漢學的時候，他感覺到，當時大部分德國學生對中國很感興趣，對中國的古代文化也很有興趣，所以他和他們一起探討中國，研究中國成了他生命里一件很享受的事情。

在漢堡大學工作了將近十年后，盡管他內心里很想繼續(xù)從事教學工作，但出于各種原因，他最后還是決定成為一名自由職業(yè)者。

在中國行走

自由撰稿人的生活其實不好過。“工作多，酬金少，后來才慢慢好了?！卞珵檎f。

因為熟悉中文，熟悉中國歷史文化，瀚為被一家出版社看上了。出版社邀請瀚為寫一些有關中國旅游指南一類的書。他也因此開啟了德國和中國的往返生活。

有時候是為了寫旅游書，有時候是帶德國人來中國旅游，他跑了很多地方，北京、香港是跑得最多的。而待得最久的一定是北京。

他有一本書，書名就是《北京》，還寫了一本書叫《文學世界里的北京》，他把全世界作家是怎么寫北京的都集中到了一本書上，有詩歌、散文、小說等。這本書更像是帶你在以北京為主題的文學世界里暢游，用不同的視角去看這個千年古都。

“從中國傳統(tǒng)文化的角度來講，我覺得北京原來是最有代表性的，幾百年以前就有外國人到了北京，不同的外國人描寫了北京不同的情況，在北京住過的中國作家也不少，這些方面別的城市恐怕都比不上北京?！卞珵檎f。不過他也很直接地表示，“現(xiàn)在的北京太現(xiàn)代化了，但有一些四合院里面的餐廳或賓館還是很不錯，有好的傳統(tǒng)氣氛”。

寫旅游指南不是一蹴而就的事，因為當?shù)氐沫h(huán)境會不斷地變化，瀚為需要不斷地去更新寫好的書，所以他也在一遍一遍地游歷中國。他說，我來中國大概有四十多趟，除了寧夏沒有去過，其他每個省都去過了。

有一次在北京做實地調查時，一位從東北來的四十多歲的中國朋友打算陪著他一起走走看看，他們從早走到了晚。到了晚上，那個朋友忍不住要放棄，因為他實在走不動了。

而六十歲出頭的瀚為依然是精神矍鑠，他神采奕奕地對那個朋友說，這只是他很普通很正常的一天。

與浙江之情

瀚為的鄰居吳朝陽是他晚年一起喝茶聊天的好伙伴。

吳朝陽是浙江東陽人，來到德國之前是一位歷史老師。

當吳朝陽一家的戶主名牌樹立在自己房子門口時，瀚為就注意到他的中國鄰居了。他特意找到了房屋中介，要來了吳朝陽的郵件。出于對中國文化的喜愛，他想進一步和這位中國鄰居有更多的交流。

吳朝陽受邀第一次走進瀚為教授的家。她說，她頓時覺得自己家和瀚為的比較起來，簡直是“家徒四壁”，“他的家一樓看起來好像是個美術館，二樓是個圖書館”。

在一樓的走廊，一面墻上掛著鄭板橋畫的竹子，另一面墻上掛著家族里傳承了上百年的油畫。客廳的白墻上掛著京劇臉譜的漆雕畫，窗戶上貼著一扇小小的中國木雕窗。

而走進他二樓的書房，更好像走進了一個中國古籍館。從地面做到頂?shù)臅苌?，整齊地疊著北宋史、元史、三國志、明史、漢書，甚至還有人民出版社早年出版的《中國思想通史》。

因為吳朝陽的關系，讓瀚為和浙江有了更深的聯(lián)系。

2012年和2013年，浙江出版聯(lián)合集團邀請瀚為到浙江旅游采訪。在年輕大學生的陪伴下，他一共花了三個月的時間，兩次走訪浙江各地。之后他寫成了《顯微鏡下的中國現(xiàn)代省份的報告》這本書，這本書在G20時還被翻譯成英文出版過。

“我對浙江很多有歷史味道的小地方印象很深，是一些小城市，外地人不太知道，但保存得很有特色。在這些地方還能感受到傳統(tǒng)的生活，現(xiàn)在還能回憶起來的有龍門鎮(zhèn)、王村口、臨海的古城墻，等等?！彼貏e喜歡的一個地方是諸葛村，三次帶著旅行團去那里玩?！叭サ牡聡笥褌兌纪ο矚g的?！彼X得，這些地方被人為改造的痕跡很少，走訪的時候有與古時對話的感覺。

浙江的佛教文化很豐富，這也讓瀚為印象深刻。他對佛教一直很有興趣，寫了一本與佛教文化相關的書籍。在浙江采訪時，他常常發(fā)現(xiàn)，浙江百姓很喜歡興建佛像和佛寺。在他記憶里，印象最深的是有一次去天臺山上的一座很小、很少有人去的寺廟，叫智者塔院，“它躲在森林里，很閉塞，很安靜”。而這樣人少小眾的文化場所，恰恰是他這位想要尋找歷史遺跡的學者所喜歡的。

愛中國茶文化

瀚為出生于靠近荷蘭的小城鎮(zhèn)Varel。這個小鎮(zhèn)的居民，幾乎每天早上起來都要喝茶，晚上也要喝茶；冬天要喝茶，夏天也要喝茶。所以，喝茶對于瀚為來說，就像每天要吃飯一樣，是最普通自然的事情。

自從瀚為成為一名漢學家后，他依舊四季喝茶，但有一點不一樣了—那就是冬天喝西式茶，夏天開始喝中式茶；冬天喝黑茶加奶加糖，夏天喝普洱烏龍等。“因為冬天需要比較多的熱量。”瀚為笑道。

他依稀記得，第一次喝中式茶是在1973年。那時候，他初到香港，發(fā)現(xiàn)香港的茶文化主要部分不是茶水，而是當?shù)氐狞c心。香港人說“飲茶”的意思，其實是喝著茶吃點心。他非常喜歡這種茶文化，和歐州的風格有點像。當時茶館在香港比在現(xiàn)在更加流行，大的茶樓有幾層樓，早上和中午都非常熱鬧。

在中國游歷期間，有時候熱情的中國朋友會拉著他喝茶，他本期待著一場隆重的喝茶儀式即將開始，沒想到程序要簡單很多。他似乎有點小情緒：“起碼應該是用瓷器裝的?！毖哉Z之間，一個文化學者的堅持和執(zhí)拗又出來了。

直到今天，73歲的他依然堅持喝中式茶和西式茶用不同的茶具。喝歐式茶時，用的是一只有上百年歷史的帶托盤有玫瑰花紋的瓷杯；而喝中式茶，用的則是一整套白瓷茶具。

每次和中國鄰居喝茶，喝茶的架勢都讓曾為歷史老師的吳朝陽連連感嘆，中國的傳統(tǒng)文化竟然在一個德國人身上傳承得這么好。

他在院子里還準備專門修建一座喝茶的亭子，目前還是一個白色鋼結構。他在亭子旁邊種上了葡萄藤，等到葡萄綠葉爬滿亭子的時候，他說要邀請他的親朋好友，包括吳朝陽，來亭子里喝茶。

在電話采訪結束時，瀚為也邀請筆者等疫情過后去他在德國漢堡的江南小園林里喝茶，觀魚，聊中國文化，讀中國古書。很想知道，當這位熱愛中國文化的德國漢學家跟我們面對面聊天時，誰會是那個更了解中國傳統(tǒng)文化的人呢？

瀚為家中有很多中式家具。Chinese-style furniture is seen everywhere in Hans’s home.

Dr. Hans-Wilm Schütte: A Sinologist and Cultural Ambassador

By Han Jing

Dr. Hans-Wilm Schütte, a German sinologist, lives in Neugraben, a small town in the south of Elbe, Hamburg. In a neighborhood called Bird’s Nest, his house is seen as a mansion by the local people, not only for its size, but also because of his courtyard. He dug a pond of 28 square meters in the middle, with its crystal clear water dotted by gold fishes and its bottom covered with pebbles. Above the pond, he built a stone bridge resembling those in China’s(south of the Yangtze River) area, and a white Chinese-style pavilion nearby.

Every time Wu Chaoyang, his Chinese neighbor, walks into this yard, she somewhat gets confused about her exact whereabouts. Has she returned to China? Wu said that Hans has a more profound understanding of China than her. Now in his 70s, he still travels between China and Germany, and writes books. Not long ago, he donated eight German-language books on Chinese culture to the China National Archives of Publications and Culture (Hangzhou), including one with the pictures and interview notes he recorded during his stay in Zhejiang.

His story with China began in the summer of 1968 when Hans graduated from high school. One day, in a bustling book fair, he was attracted by a book written in Chinese. He had no idea what the book was about, but the Chinese characters were so mesmerizing that he couldn’t take his eyes off them. They were like pictures, with the least resemblance of letters of alphabet. This triggered his curiosity as he had long desired to learn a language that was completely different from European ones.

Hans got to know his family heirloom as a young boy: a painting of a lady in a mild demeanor wearing a typical European dress and sitting on an exquisitely carved wood chair. When Hans’s ancestor visited China, he asked a Chinese painter to draw the picture of his mother based on the portrait he took with him.

Never did Hans himself think that Sinology would be his life pursuit. He chose Sinology as his undergraduate major by accident, but furthered it in his postgraduate and doctoral studies.He then taught Sinology at the University of Hamburg and found many German students very interested in China at that time, especially the ancient Chinese culture. After working in the university for almost a decade, he decided to become a freelancer,in spite of his strong passion for education.

Earning a living through writing is by no means easy. “I worked hard with little remuneration at the beginning. It took a while to get better,” Hans said. Well versed in the Chinese language, history and culture, he was offered a job to write travel guides about China for a publishing house. A life filled with round trips between Germany and China started.

Sometimes he traveled to gain inspiration for new books, and sometimes he brought Germans to China for a tour. He traveled to many places, Beijing and Hong Kong in particular. His longest stay was in Beijing, the thousand-year-old national capital, which materialized in his booksand(). He pooled how writers from all over the world wrote about Beijing in one book,in the forms of poetry, prose, novels, etc. Reading this book is like strolling in the literary world with Beijing as the theme.

“I think Beijing is the most representative of traditional Chinese culture. For hundreds of years, people from other countries have visited Beijing to describe this city. Many Chinese writers have lived in Beijing. No other cities can compare to Beijing in this regard,” Hans said. However, he added, “I don’t like Beijing so much anymore. You can only find the traditional vibe in some restaurants or hotels nested in, the quadrangle courtyards.”

A travel guide is not written overnight, as the local environment constantly changes. To update his books, Hans needs to travel to China many times. He said that he had been to China about forty times and reached almost every province except Ningxia. During a field investigation in Beijing, a Chinese friend in his forties from Northeast China came to his company for the work. They walked from morning to night. Finally, that friend was tired and said he couldn’t walk any more. On the contrary, Hans,who was then in his early 60s, was still in high spirits. He said, “This is an ordinary day for me.”

Wu Chaoyang was a good neighbor for Hans to drink tea and chat with in his later years. Wu is a native of Dongyang county,Zhejiang. Before coming to Germany, she was a history teacher.As soon as Wu put her family nameplate on the doorstep, Hans noticed this Chinese neighbor. He got Wu’s email address through the real estate agent. Out of love for Chinese culture, he wanted to know more about her.

When Wu was invited to his home for the first time, she felt her house was “utterly destitute” compared with Dr. Schütte’s. “His house looks like an art gallery on the first floor and a library on the second floor.” In the corridor, one finds a picture of bamboo on a wall painted by Zheng Banqiao (1693-1765), the noted painter and calligrapher, and a century-old oil painting on another wall. In the living room, there are lacquer carvings of Peking opera masks on the white wall, and a small Chinese wood carving window attached to the glass. His study on the second floor is more like a Chinese ancient book library. On the high bookshelf, one canfind annals of the various Chinese dynasties and even an early edition of

The friendship between Wu and Hans led to a deeper connection between him and Zhejiang. In 2012 and 2013, the Zhejiang Publishing United Group invited Hans to Zhejiang for interviews. He spent three months each time visiting every corner of Zhejiang, and finally completed, which was later translated into English and published during the G20 Summit held in Hangzhou.

“I am deeply impressed by many small places with historical flavors in Zhejiang. These special towns are not well known, but are well preserved. You can have a glimpse into the old life there.I can recall Longmen township, Wangcunkou village, the ancient city wall in Linhai, Cicheng township in Ningbo city,” he said.“One of my favorite places is Zhuge village. I took three tour groups there. They like it very much.” Hans thinks those places generally intact, and he can have a dialogue with the ancients.

He was surprised by the rich Buddhist culture in Zhejiang.He is interested in Buddhism and has written about its culture.Through his interviews, he found that local people liked to build Buddhist temples and statues. He has visited many monasteries and talked with monks and abbots. What impressed him most was a very small temple on the Tiantai Mountain called the Stupa of the Wise. “It is hidden in the forest, very secluded and quiet.” This is exactly what he has been looking for.

“Perhaps the local people in Zhejiang, who used to earn a living through fishing, have close exchanges with Japanese and other ethnic groups in Southeast Asia, and they are more openminded and willing to accept other cultures.”

Hans is also fascinated by the Chinese Tea culture. In Varel,a small town near the Netherlands, where he was born, “people drink tea almost every morning when they wake up, drink tea at night, and drink tea in winter and summer.” Therefore, drinking tea is a routine for him. As a Sinologist, he has changed his drinking habit a little bit — drinking Western tea in winter and Chinese tea in summer, in particular, dark green tea with milk and sugar in winter, and Pu’er tea and Oolong in summer. “You need more calorie for winter,” he laughed.

瀚為家的小院。The courtyard of Hans’s house.