郝曉杉, 馮盼盼, 張云云, 費洪榮
半枝蓮堿B抑制膠質瘤U251細胞增殖并誘導DNA損傷與凋亡的實驗研究*
郝曉杉, 馮盼盼, 張云云, 費洪榮△
[山東第一醫(yī)科大學(山東省醫(yī)學科學院)藥學院,山東 泰安 271016]
探討半枝蓮堿B(SBT-B)對人膠質瘤U251細胞增殖、DNA損傷和凋亡的影響。U251細胞經SBT-B(0.05、0.1和0.2 μmol/L)處理24 h,臺盼藍染色檢測細胞活力;參照半數抑制濃度(IC50),將U251細胞分為對照(control)組和SBT-B處理組(處理濃度分別為0.05、0.1和0.2 μmol/L);5-乙炔基-2'-脫氧尿苷(EdU)摻入法檢測SBT-B對U251細胞增殖的影響;免疫熒光染色檢測DNA損傷; TUNEL細胞凋亡檢測試劑盒檢測細胞凋亡;同時,SBT-B處理U251細胞24 h,Western blot檢測細胞凋亡、DNA損傷修復及絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路相關蛋白表達水平。SBT-B顯著抑制U251細胞活力和增殖(<0.05)。U251細胞經SBT-B作用24 h后,磷酸化組蛋白H2AX(γ-H2AX)灶點形成及表達水平顯著增加(<0.05),DNA損傷修復蛋白Rad51的表達水平則下調(<0.05);SBT-B顯著誘導U251細胞凋亡(<0.05),同時促進caspase-8、caspase-9和聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶(PARP)的剪切(<0.05)。SBT-B處理24 h后,細胞外信號調節(jié)激酶(ERK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)和p38 MAPK的磷酸化水平顯著增加(<0.05)。SBT-B抑制U251細胞增殖,并誘導細胞DNA損傷和凋亡,其可能通過激活MAPK信號通路而對膠質瘤細胞發(fā)揮抑制作用。
半枝蓮堿B;膠質瘤;DNA損傷;凋亡;絲裂原活化蛋白激酶
神經膠質瘤是一種源于顱內膠質細胞的中樞神經系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,約占顱內惡性神經系統(tǒng)腫瘤的80%,具有發(fā)病率高、復發(fā)率高和高侵襲性等特點[1]。目前,術后聯(lián)合化療是治療腦膠質瘤的主要手段,但化療藥物毒副作用大,易出現(xiàn)耐藥性,通常治療效果不佳。因此,開發(fā)新型低毒高效抗腫瘤藥物,并闡明其作用機制顯得尤為必要。
半枝蓮是唇形科植物半枝蓮(D. Don)的干燥全草,常與白花蛇舌草配伍治療肺癌、胃癌等惡性腫瘤[2-4]。二萜類化合物是半枝蓮的主要有效部位之一,其中二萜類生物堿能夠體外抑制肝癌細胞等多種腫瘤細胞增殖[5-6]。半枝蓮堿B(scutebarbatine B, SBT-B)是從半枝蓮中分離得到的新克羅型二萜生物堿類化合物,可抑制P-糖蛋白而逆轉腫瘤耐藥[7-8]。本研究以人膠質瘤U251細胞為實驗用細胞株,體外檢測SBT-B對U251細胞增殖、DNA損傷及凋亡的影響,并探討SBT-B抑制膠質瘤細胞活性的內在分子機制。
SBT-B購自武漢天植生物技術有限公司;胎牛血清和Alexa Fluor?488標記的Ⅱ抗購自Thermo Fisher Scientific;Cell-Light? EdU細胞增殖檢測試劑盒購自銳博生物技術有限公司;TUNEL細胞凋亡檢測試劑盒購自Roche;抗caspase-8、caspase-9、聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, PARP]和p-p38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)抗體購自Cell Signaling Technology;抗p38 MAPK抗體購自Sigma Aldrich;抗細胞外信號調節(jié)激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK)ERK、p-ERK、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)、GAPDH、Ku70、Ku86和Rad51抗體購自Santa Cruz;抗γ-H2AX抗體購自Abcam;抗p-JNK抗體購自BD Bioscience;HRP偶聯(lián)Ⅱ抗均購自北京中杉金橋生物技術有限公司;ECL化學發(fā)光液購自Merck Millipore。
2.1細胞培養(yǎng)人膠質瘤U251細胞購自中國科學院典型培養(yǎng)物保藏委員會細胞庫,用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液,于5% CO2、37 ℃條件下常規(guī)培養(yǎng)。
2.2臺盼藍染色取對數生長期的U251細胞,消化后接種于6孔板中過夜培養(yǎng)。將細胞分為對照組和SBT-B不同劑量處理組。對照組加入含0.1% DMSO的培養(yǎng)液,SBT-B處理組分別加入含0.05、0.1和0.2 μmol/L SBT-B的培養(yǎng)液。藥物處理24 h后,胰酶消化并制備單細胞懸液,然后加入終濃度為0.2%的臺盼藍染色,計數活細胞數目,活細胞數=總細胞數-死細胞(著色細胞)數[9]。實驗重復3次。采用統(tǒng)計軟件SPSS 25.0計算IC50后,后續(xù)實驗中SBT-B的最大劑量≤1.2×IC50。
2.3EdU檢測細胞增殖接種對數生長期的U251細胞于96孔板中培養(yǎng)。待細胞貼壁后,隨機分為對照組和SBT-B處理組。對照組加入含0.1% DMSO的培養(yǎng)液,SBT-B處理組分別加入含0.1和 0.2 μmol/L SBT-B的培養(yǎng)液。培養(yǎng)24 h后,按照EdU摻入試劑盒說明書對細胞進行EdU標記和Apollo染色,隨機選取3個視野進行EdU陽性率統(tǒng)計。EdU陽性細胞(%)=新增殖細胞數(紅色)/總細胞數(藍色)×100%。
2.4TUNEL檢測細胞凋亡接種對數生長期細胞于96孔板中,分組及給藥劑量參照2.3。藥物處理24 h后,PBS洗滌細胞2次,加入無水甲醇固定細胞1 h,0.1% Triton X-100處理2min。然后按照TUNEL試劑盒說明書對凋亡細胞進行染色;DAPI避光染核15 min后,倒置熒光顯微鏡觀察細胞染色結果,并對結果進行統(tǒng)計分析。
2.5Western blotU251細胞消化后接種于6孔板中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),待細胞貼壁后分組給藥,分組及給藥劑量參照2.2。藥物處理24 h后,用預冷的PBS洗細胞2次,加入RIPA裂解液冰上放置20 min。接著4 ℃、14 000×離心20 min,收集上清并定量。取30 μg總蛋白進行SDS-PAGE,接著將蛋白電轉移至硝酸纖維素膜上。膜經5%脫脂奶粉封閉1 h后,加入Ⅰ抗于4 ℃孵育過夜;加入Ⅱ抗室溫孵育1 h;最后加入ECL顯色液曝光顯影。
2.6免疫熒光接種U251細胞于蓋玻片上,并過夜培養(yǎng)。分組及給藥劑量參照2.3。給藥培養(yǎng)24 h后,PBS洗滌細胞2次,無水甲醇固定細胞20 min;用0.1% Triton X-100打孔5 min,山羊血清室溫封閉30 min;接著加入γ-H2AX Ⅰ抗室溫孵育2 h;PBS洗滌細胞3次,加入熒光標記的Ⅱ抗于37 ℃孵育30 min;DAPI染核15 min后,倒置熒光顯微鏡觀察實驗結果[10]。
實驗結果采用SPSS 25.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。各實驗獨立重復3次,數據結果用均數±標準差(mean±SD)表示。組間比較應用單因素方差分析,組內兩兩比較采用SNK-檢驗。以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
臺盼藍染色實驗結果顯示,與對照組相比,U251細胞經不同濃度的SBT-B作用24 h后,活細胞數目顯著減少(<0.05),表明SBT-B能夠抑制膠質瘤細胞活力,且抑制作用呈劑量依賴性(圖1),其IC50=0.179 7 μmol/L。
Figure 1. Scutebarbatine B (SBT-B) inhibited the viability of U251 cells. The cells were treated with 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 μmol/L of SBT-B for 24 h, and the cell viability was determined by Trypan blue exclusion test. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs control group.
EdU細胞增殖實驗結果顯示,與對照組比較,SBT-B處理U251細胞24 h后,EdU陽性細胞率顯著降低(<0.05),見圖2,表明SBT-B能夠抑制U251細胞增殖。
Figure 2. Effect of scutebarbatine B (SBT-B) on the proliferation of U251 cells. The cells were exposed to SBT-B (0.1 and 0.2 μmol/L) for 24 h, and EdU incorporation assay was used to assess the cell proliferation (scale bar=40 μm). Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs control group.
免疫熒光結果表明,U251細胞經SBT-B處理24 h后,DNA雙鏈斷裂標志分子H2AX的磷酸化(γ-H2AX)灶點數目顯著增加(圖3)。同時,γ-H2AX的蛋白表達水平顯著升高(<0.05),見圖4。
Figure 3. Scutebarbatine B (SBT-B) induced γ-H2AX foci formation. The U251 cells were treated with 0.1 and 0.2 μmol/L of SBT-B for 24 h, followed by γ-H2AX staining (scale bar=20 μm). Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs control group.
Figure 4. Scutebarbatine B (SBT-B) up-regulated the expression of γ-H2AX. The U251 cells were treated with different concentrations of SBT-B for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of γ-H2AX. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs control group.
Western blot檢測了SBT-B對DNA損傷修復相關蛋白表達的影響。圖5顯示,U251細胞經SBT-B作用24 h后,同源重組修復相關蛋白Rad51的表達水平顯著降低(<0.05),而Ku86和Ku70的蛋白表達無顯著差異。
Figure 5. Effect of scutebarbatine B (SBT-B) on the expression of Ku70, Ku86 and Rad51. The U251 cells were treated with various concentrations of SBT-B for 24 h, and total cellular extracts were subjected to Western blot analysis with antibodies of Ku70, Ku86 and Rad51. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs control group.
TUNEL結果顯示,SBT-B處理U251細胞24 h后,凋亡細胞數量顯著增加(<0.05),見圖6。
Figure 6. Scutebarbatine B (SBT-B) induced the apoptosis of U251 cells. The cells were treated with indicated concentrations of SBT-B for 24 h, and the apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining (scale bar=20 μm). Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs control group.
Western blot結果表明,SBT-B顯著促進PARP、caspase-8和caspase-9的剪切(<0.05),見圖7。
Figure 7. Effect of scutebarbatine B (SBT-B) on the cleavage of capase-8, caspase-9 and PARP. The U251 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of SBT-B for 24 h, and the protein levels of cleaved capase-8, caspase-9 and PARP were detected by Western blot. CF: cleavage fragment. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs control group.
Western blot結果表明,SBT-B作用24 h后,U251細胞中的ERK1/2、p38 MAPK和JNK1/2的磷酸化水平顯著升高(圖8)。
Figure 8. Scutebarbatine B (SBT-B) activated MAPK signaling pathway. The U251 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of SBT-B for 24 h, and the protein levels of p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 MAPK were measured by Western blot. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs control group.
二萜類生物堿是中草藥半枝蓮抗腫瘤活性的主要有效成分[6]。本研究探討了半枝蓮中生物堿SBT-B對膠質瘤細胞的體外抑制活性。臺盼藍染色實驗結果表明,SBT-B能夠劑量依賴性地降低U251細胞活力,EdU摻入法則顯示了SBT-B對U251細胞增殖的抑制作用。此外,本研究表明SBT-B能夠誘導DNA損傷和細胞凋亡,通過激活MAPK信號通路而對膠質瘤細胞起抑制作用。
誘導細胞DNA損傷是抗腫瘤藥物的主要抑癌機制之一[11]。本研究在證實SBT-B抑制膠質瘤細胞增殖的基礎上,同時檢測了SBT-B對細胞DNA損傷的影響。DNA雙鏈斷裂(DNA double-strand break,DSB)是DNA損傷的常見形式,而γ-H2AX灶點數量增多是發(fā)生DSB的重要標志[12]。本研究顯示U251細胞經SBT-B作用后,γ-H2AX灶點數量及蛋白表達均顯著增加,表明SBT-B能夠誘導U251細胞DNA發(fā)生DSB。當DSB發(fā)生后,細胞立即啟動DNA修復,如同源重組修復和非同源的末端連接修復等[13],SBT-B下調Rad51的蛋白表達則表明SBT-B抑制DNA同源重組修復。
細胞凋亡是基因組DNA出現(xiàn)嚴重損傷時所啟動的應對措施之一,主要包括外源性途徑和內源性途徑。外源性途徑由死亡受體介導,caspase-8是該凋亡途徑的起始因子;內源性途徑則是線粒體介導的細胞凋亡,可由caspase-9啟動[14]。兩條途徑均可激活下游caspase-3的活性剪切,誘導底物PARP發(fā)生水解,促進細胞凋亡。本研究證實SBT-B促進了casapse-8和caspase-9的活性剪切,表明SBT-B能夠通過調控內源性和外源性凋亡途徑而誘導膠質瘤細胞凋亡。
MAPK信號通路主要包括ERK、JNK和p38 MAPK三條經典的信號途徑,廣泛參與調控細胞增殖、凋亡及耐藥性等各種生理病理過程[15]。另外,多種天然藥物通過調控MAPK信號通路活性而抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[16-17]。因此,本研究檢測了SBT-B對MAPK家族三個主要成員磷酸化活性的影響,結果顯示SBT-B上調ERK、JNK和p38 MAPK的磷酸化水平,表明SBT-B可能通過調控MAPK通路而對U251細胞發(fā)揮抑制作用,但該通路是否為SBT-B的直接作用靶點尚需進一步研究。
總之,SBT-B能夠抑制U251細胞增殖,并誘導DNA損傷和細胞凋亡,同時下調DNA修復相關蛋白Rad51的表達。此外,SBT-B可能通過激活MAPK信號通路而抑制膠質瘤細胞活性。本研究為闡明半枝蓮及其有效成分抗腫瘤作用的分子機制提供了參考。
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Scutebarbatine B suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis of human glioma U251 cells
HAO Xiao-shan, FENG Pan-pan, ZHANG Yun-yun, FEI Hong-rong△
(,,271016,)
To investigate the effect of scutebarbatine B (SBT-B) on the proliferation, DNA damage and apoptosis of human glioma U251 cells.The U251 cells were treated with various concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 μmol/L) of SBT-B for 24 h, and the cell viability was detected by Trypan blue staining assay. The U251 cells were divided into control group, 0.05 μmol/L SBT-B group, 0.1 μmol/L SBT-B group and 0.2 μmol/L SBT-B group according to the value of IC50. EdU incorporation assay was used to determine the inhibitory effect of SBT-B (0.1 and 0.2 μmol/L) on the cell proliferation. DNA damage was measured by immunofluorescence assay. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL method. The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins, DNA damage repair-related proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway-related proteins were detected by Western blot.Treatment with SBT-B inhibited the viability and proliferation of U251cells (<0.05). Treatment with SBT-B for 24 h significantly increased γ-H2AX foci formation and protein levels, wihile the expression of Rad51 was down-regulated (<0.05). Treatment with SBT-B induced cell apoptosis and cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in U251 cells (<0.05). In addition, SBT-B increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK (<0.05).Treatment with SBT-B inhibits cell proliferation and triggers DNA damage and apoptosis through MAPK signaling pathway in U251 cells.
Scutebarbatine B; Glioma; DNA damage; Apoptosis; Mitogen-activated protein kinase
R739.4; R285.5
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2022.06.006
1000-4718(2022)06-1001-07
2022-02-21
2022-05-20
國家自然科學基金資助項目(No. 81703039);山東省中醫(yī)藥科技項目(No. 2020M062);山東第一醫(yī)科大學學術提升計劃(No. 2019LJ003)
Tel: 15662099068; E-mail: hrfei@sdfmu.edu.cn
(責任編輯:李淑媛,羅森)