lNTRODUCTlON

Annually, there are an estimated 1187000 new patients worldwide diagnosed with haematological malignancies, including leukaemia, myeloma, and lymphoma, resulting in 690000 deaths[1]. The main treatments for haematological malignancies include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation[2]. The combination of the primary disease and the direct side effects exerted by high-dose chemotherapy may lead to a decrease in physical exercise[3]. Repeated treatments for the disease, hospitalisation, and prolonged immobility can produce adverse effects including a lack of energy, whole body muscle weakness, physical de-conditioning, fatigue, and increased psychological stress, reducing health-related quality of life (HRQoL)[4-6]. Effective strategies are needed to alleviate side effects and prevent the physical and psychosocial degeneration of patients in active treatment for haematological malignancies[7].

Physical exercise has been indicated to be the most promising and effective rehabilitation strategy for cancer patients[8-10]. Systematic reviews reported that physical exercise can positively impact the muscle strength and HRQoL of cancer patients[11-15]. Exercise not only effectively improves the QoL and physical functions of patients with different demographic and clinical characteristics[13], but can mitigate fatigue, pain, insomnia, and dyspnoea in cancer patients[15]. It has been found that exercise does not have a beneficial effect in relation to complaints of nausea/vomiting, loss of appetite, astriction, and diarrhoea[15].

There are positive effects exerted by physical exercise on patients with haematological malignancy, whereas consistent evidence supporting the administration of physical exercise in patients with a haematological malignancy and thrombocytopenia is lacking[16-20]. It has been proposed that exercise reduces the risk of cerebral, intramuscular and joint haemorrhage in deeply thrombocytopenic patients[21]. The prevailing advice for haematological malignancy patients is to rest and sleep more, especially if they have thrombocytopenia, and to avoid intensive and high-energy physical activity, without taking note of the negative effects such as thromboembolic diseases, pressure ulcers, deconditioning, contractures, fatigue, and atelectasis[22]. Some other studies have not indicated clear findings in relation to this advice[21,23,24].

This study aimed to examine the effects of physical exercise on the QoL of haematological malignancy patients with thrombocytopenia, and to provide an evidence-based medical basis for the application and promotion of physical exercise.

MATERlALS AND METHODS

Search strategy

This study was conducted using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effect of physical exercise on the QoL of haematological malignancy patients with thrombocytopenia. We complied with the checklist of PRISMA[25]. The protocol was registered in the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (number:CRD42021256897). We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase databases for all relevant articles published up to 31 July 2021. The literature search strategy included a mix of MeSH and free-text terms associated with the key concepts of haematological malignancy, physical exercise intervention, and QoL (Table 1). No limitations were imposed regarding the written language used.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Research articles were selected if the following criteria were met:(1) Study design was an RCT; (2) Experimental and control groups were diagnosed with haematological malignancies (patient age ≥ 18 years); (3) Physical exercise was the main intervention for the experimental group, and various physical activities designed to improve patient QoL were included; and (4) Patients underwent chemotherapy and had thrombocytopenia during the exercise intervention period. Articles were excluded if:(1) No original data were included; and (2) Physical exercise intervention was discontinued if patients had a platelet count ＞ 20000/μL without active bleeding, severe anaemia, fever, infections or diarrhoea, or if there was no mention of platelet counts.

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Data extraction and synthesis

Two independent authors (Yang YP and Pan SJ) selected the relevant articles based on the inclusion criteria. The study type, study subject and intervention measures were assessed, and eligible studies were included after evaluating the full text. Detailed information was examined from the literature to perform the meta-analysis, and any disagreements that arose were discussed with a third senior author (Tung TH). Basic literature parameters (first author, year of publication and country, study group assignment, randomization for subjects, types of participants, intervention period, outcome, and measurements) were extracted by two independent authors and cross-checked.

Assessment of methodological quality

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Statistical analysis

We used Review Manager version 5.3[27] to calculate the overall effect exerted by physical exercise on QoL for haematological malignancy patients with thrombocytopenia. In the calculation of continuous data, weighted mean differences of 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for each trial. In addition, we assessed heterogeneity using theXtest and assessed the magnitude of the heterogeneity using theIstatistic. Heterogeneity in a meta-analysis refers to the variation in study outcomes between articles. We used a fixed-effect model whenIwas no more than 50%.

RESULTS

Study selection

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Characteristics of selected studies

A total of 121 patients were assigned to the intervention group and 121 to the control group. The references we included were published as full texts and we summarize the baseline information and provide it in Table 2. The timing of exercise intervention was mainly when patients were undergoing haematopoietic stell cell transplantation (HSCT) and during chemotherapy. The exercise conducted in the intervention group in the RCTs included aerobic, resistance and stretching exercise, as well as body vibration training[28-34]. In one RCT, aerobic and resistance exercise programmes were performed in two different groups, and the data from both groups were extracted and analyzed separately[33]. Participants recruited in this arm of the review were adults with haematological malignancy patients at various disease stages who also had thrombocytopenia. Five of the articles were conducted in Germany[29-31,33,34], and one each in the United States[32], and Denmark[28].

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Risk of bias assessment

It has been suggested that physical exercise positively impacts patients with haematological malignancies and thrombocytopenia. This study found evidence that physical exercise improves the QoL of these patients, especially in terms of emotional functioning and pain management. Subsequent trials should include an adequate sample size, participants from a wide range of ethnic groups should be recruited and efficacy and safety outcomes should be measured and reported. In addition, the effect exerted by exercise intervention should be examined over longer durations following the intervention. In addition, further studies should include a control group who receive physical exercise and blinded testing of physical and psychological performance.

QoL score from Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 measurement

In this study, QoL was assessed by analyzing the scores for various domains from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30, (EORTC QLQC30)[28-30]. There were 111 individuals recruited for the mentioned outcomes (54 in the intervention group, 57 in the control group). The QLQ-C30 scores for global functioning and the domains of the QLQ-C30 questionnaires were analyzed. A total of 14 outcomes were obtained, representing global aspects and each aspect of QoL. The global functioning of QLQ-C30 results is illustrated in Figure 3. Physical exercise groups exhibited significantly different QoL scores (mean score difference = 8.81; 95%CI:1.81-15.81,= 0.01). The QLQ-C30 results are shown in Figures 4A-M. The physical exercise intervention group exhibited significantly different scores for emotional functioning (mean score difference =12.34; 95%CI:4.64-20.04,＜ 0.01) and pain (mean score difference = -12.77; 95%CI:-21.63 to -3.91,＜ 0.01) compared to the controls.

DlSCUSSlON

Two authors applied the Cochrane Collaboration Tool to examine the quality of selected articles[26]. The risk assessment tool included selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, reporting bias, and other sources of bias. For each domain the bias ratings were low risk, high risk, or unclear risk, according to whether the specific domain was shown.

Previous studies reported the benefits of physical exercise on emotional functioning in haematological malignancy patients, and the results of the present study are consistent with that evidence[33,35]. One study indicated that emotional functioning was significantly improved in the exercise intervention group of patients with acute leukaemia, and it was suggested that the psychosocial aspects of the intervention (the socialisation and communication between the exercise trainers and patients) might have a positively impact on QoL[33]. Another study suggested the benefit of exercise on pain in lymphoma patients, although a lack of reliable evidence was presented[35]. We found that exercise had an effect on pain in haematological malignancy patients.

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Due to the clinical instability of haematological malignancy patients, physical conditions and blood values varied during therapy, and the exercise training protocols should be adjusted daily, which may lead to an underestimation or overestimation of the effect of physical exercise[36]. Typically, platelet counts drop following chemotherapy, with the lowest count occurring 7-10 d post-chemotherapy, and the count can take 2-3 wk to recover[37]. For this reason, such RCTs were insufficiently conducted for physical exercise interventions in patients with haematological malignancies and thrombocytopenia.

Although the data gathered in some studies support the safety of exercise interventions because no adverse effects were reported[33,38], adverse events are rare in general and less likely to be observed in studies with a limited sample size. Furthermore, while adverse events are an important consideration in patients with haematological malignancies and thrombocytopenia, we failed to consider these due to the lack of reporting in the articles reviewed. Patients with severe thrombocytopenia are at risk of spontaneous bleeding and should not undergo physical exercise without prior consultation with their attending physician.

A total of 630 references were acquired from the Cochrane Library, PubMed and Embase databases and we discarded 132 duplicate publications. After reviewing the abstracts, 15 articles were reviewed in full. Of those, four non-RCTS were excluded. The other four papers were also excluded, in which exercise sessions were suspended in patients with platelets ＜ 50000/μL and ＜ 80000/μL without any abnormal clinical symptoms, which had strongly influenced their attendance during the exercises intervention and might have led to an underestimation of the effects of physical exercise on the QoL. At the end of the screening procedure, seven papers reporting on RCTs met the inclusion criteria[28-33]. The PRISMA flow diagram shows the article screening process (Figure 1).

In general, a person’s physical performance level can be determined by aerobic capacity and muscle strength, which can considerably impact patient QoL[33]. Resistance training could counteract the substantial loss of strength that occurs during acute therapy[39]. Although the articles included here were RCTs, it was difficult to control the exercise intensity of each participant, and there was inevitably bias involved due to the inapplicability of blinded methods. To examine the most effective type, duration and intensity of exercise, further trials with more participants and a rigorous study design should be conducted to measure the effect of exercise on QoL. In addition, longer follow-up times are required to observe any possible long-term effects. The comparability of the study data could be improved by standardizing measurement instruments.

This study had several limitations that should be considered. The major limitation was the insufficient number of available RCTs. Thus, the statistical power was low and we were unable to do subgroup analysis among patients with acute leukaemias and HSCT due to the small study sample size. Second, the physical exercise intervention was not uniform, for example, in terms of the exercise type, intensity, time and frequency. Subgroup analyses were not conducted for the exercise types. Further RCTs should be conducted to examine the different effects exerted by exercise types on global and the other domains of QLQ-C30. Third, the included studies achieved a low level of evidence, which demonstrates that more high-quality research should be conducted to reduce the risk of bias and draw more robust conclusions regarding physical exercise interventions. Fourth, as the articles reviewed here were conducted in only three nations (Germany, United States and Denmark), the results might not be generalized to haematological malignancy patients elsewhere. On the whole, in Mainland China, patients and their family members are conservative and superstitious. Medical and rehabilitation providers, as well as patients and families, voiced their concern that physical exercise and mobilization may cause bleeding in the patients[23]. Although some patients expressed a desire for exercise support, they were also afraid of bleeding and injury[40].

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CONCLUSlON

Figure 2 shows the assessments of the risk of bias of the articles included by the Cochrane Collaboration Tool. All seven articles lacked a description of how selection bias was prevented during from the allocation sequence. Six of the trials failed to clearly indicate whether patients were blinded, since it was not feasible to blind the patients when they were conducting physical exercise. A low quality of evidence was reached for the results of QoL due to the lack of blinding of study participants and outcome evaluations, and the allocation concealment. However, in respect of blinding, it is inappropriate to blind the physical exercise intervention group and their teachers.

ARTlCLE HlGHLlGHTS

Research background

Annually, there are an estimated 1187000 new patients worldwide diagnosed with haematological malignancies, including leukaemia, myeloma, and lymphoma, resulting in 690000 deaths. Effective strategies are needed to alleviate side effects and prevent the physical and psychosocial degeneration of patients in active treatment for haematological malignancies.

Research motivation

The prevailing advice for haematological malignancy patients is to rest and sleep more, especially if they have thrombocytopenia, and to avoid intensive and high-energy physical activity, without taking note of the negative effects such as thromboembolic diseases, pressure ulcers, deconditioning, contractures, fatigue, and atelectasis. Some other studies have not indicated clear findings in relation to this advice.

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Research objectives

This study aimed to examine the effects of physical exercise on the quality of life (QoL) of haematological malignancy patients with thrombocytopenia, and to provide an evidence-based medical basis for the application and promotion of physical exercise.

Research methods

This study was conducted using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effect of physical exercise on the QoL of haematological malignancy patients with thrombocytopenia. We complied with the checklist of PRISMA[25]. The protocol was registered in the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (number:CRD42021256897). We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase databases for all relevant articles published up to 31 July 2021.

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Research results

Seven RCTs were selected in the systematic review and three were included in the final meta-analysis. There were significant differences in QoL between physical exercise groups [mean score difference = 8.81; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.81-15.81,= 0.01], especially in emotional functioning (mean score difference = 12.34; 95%CI:4.64-20.04,= 0.002) and pain (mean score difference = -12.77; 95%CI:-3.91 to -21.63,= 0.005).

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Research conclusions

It has been suggested that physical exercise positively impacts patients with haematological malignancies and thrombocytopenia. This study found evidence that physical exercise improves the QoL of these patients, especially in terms of emotional functioning and pain management.

Research perspectives

Subsequent trials should include an adequate sample size, participants from a wide range of ethnic groups should be recruited and efficacy and safety outcomes should be measured and reported. In addition, the effect exerted by exercise intervention should be examined over longer durations following the intervention. In addition, further studies should include a control group who receive physical exercise and blinded testing of physical and psychological performance.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of QoL assessments testing physical exercise interventions in patients with haematological malignancies and thrombocytopenia. The beneficial effects on QoL in haematological malignancy patients have been shown by previous studies[18-22]. The present study also found a robust correlation between administration of exercise interventions and enhancement of QoL in patients with haematological malignancies and thrombocytopenia, especially in terms of emotional functioning and pain. Therefore, this implies that patients with haematological malignancies and thrombocytopenia may achieve a significant benefit from exercise interventions. There should be some caution over the interpretation of this finding since there were numerous confounding factors (disparity of baseline characteristics, quality control of intervention process, completion efficiency of subjects, and different assessment tools), which may have influenced the analysis of the findings. In addition, QoL is the reduction in inflammation following the execution of physical exercise.

Yang YP and Pan SJ conducted the study and drafted the manuscript; Pan SJ participated in the design and data collection of the study; Yang YP and Qiu SL calculated the results of this study; Tung TH conceived the study and participated in its design and coordination; all of the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.

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China

Yu-Pei Yang 0000-0002-8452-8616; Shuang-Jun Pan 0000-0002-8363-9381; Shu-Lin Qiu 0000-0001-9425-5706; Tao-Hsin Tung 0000-0003-2097-8375.

Wang JJ

A

Guo X