王春亞
書面表達(dá)是考查考生綜合應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)能力的必考題型。具體來說主要考查考生的要點(diǎn)提煉能力、遣詞造句能力、規(guī)范書寫能力、謀篇布局能力。分析高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的第五檔(21-25分)的要求可知:除了要完成規(guī)定的寫作任務(wù)和覆蓋題中的所有要點(diǎn)外,還要求考生在寫作時(shí)多用高級(jí)詞匯,盡力使用較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),有效地應(yīng)用連接成分使上下文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。針對(duì)這樣的要求,考生在寫作時(shí)應(yīng)從以下三個(gè)方面著手。
技巧一:應(yīng)用高級(jí)詞匯
一般來說,學(xué)生在小學(xué)階段、初中階段與高中一年級(jí)時(shí),所學(xué)過的詞匯都是常用的詞匯,在高一年級(jí)之后學(xué)過的詞匯中的大部分詞匯是高級(jí)詞匯,即年級(jí)越高所學(xué)習(xí)的詞匯越高級(jí)。這就要求我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的復(fù)習(xí)備考中,多用高年級(jí)學(xué)過的高級(jí)詞匯進(jìn)行寫作。如,用到carefully時(shí)用with caution代替,用到very時(shí)用more than代替,用到important時(shí)用significant代替,用到most of時(shí)用the majority of代替,用到impos-sible時(shí)用out of question代替等。閱卷老師在閱卷時(shí)看到比較高級(jí)的詞匯時(shí),會(huì)有耳目一新的感覺,從而給出高分。
例1: Tired of doing many exercises day and day,Mary realizes that she should improve the quality andefficiency of doing math problems.
改為:Fed up with doing many exercises day andday, Mary realizes that she should enhance the qualityand efficiency of doing math problems.
例2: As long as they stick to their ideals and nevergive up, they are sure to win.
改為:On condition that they hold on their idealstightly and never give up, they are bound to achieve tri-umph.
例3: We can help anyone at all times and hot cof-fee will be offered within 12 hours from 8:00 t0 20:00.
改為:We can assist anyone at all times and hot cof-fee is available within 12 hours from 8:00 t0 20:00.
分析上面的例子,可看出改寫后的句子顯得更高級(jí)一些,主要把一般性的常用詞替換成了高級(jí)詞匯或者固定搭配,如例1中的常見詞匯improve被替換成了高級(jí)詞匯enhance;例2中的常見的As long as被替換成了不常見的On condition that。
技巧二:使用復(fù)雜句式
高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)第五檔評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求考生盡量使用比較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),這就告訴考生,在寫書面表達(dá)時(shí),應(yīng)多用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子,比如可用各種從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句,還可以用插入語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式等。
例4: Zhang Hang saw three little girls, they arepicking up rubbish by the river,talking and laughing.
改為:Zhang Hang saw three little girls who arepicking up rubbish by the river,talking and laughing.
例5:A1though she had been taught 10 times,shesti11 couldn't operate the machine t001 for making preci-SiOn panS.
改為:Having been taught 10血1es,s11e stiU couldn'topemte the machine t001 fbr making precision parts.
例6:You will be able to s01ve that dif![icult physicsproblem only after you have mastered the problem-s01v—ing SkillS.
改為:0nly afcer you have mastered the problem—s01ving skills wi11 you be able to s01ve that dimcultphysics problem。
分析上面的例子可知:例4中,把兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合并成了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句后,句子結(jié)構(gòu)更緊湊。例5中,把讓步狀語(yǔ)從句改寫為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式后,句子顯得更簡(jiǎn)潔。例6中,改寫的句子把only引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句置于句首時(shí),主句中的主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)進(jìn)行倒裝,這樣改寫后讀起來更加自然流暢,句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加平衡。
技巧三:運(yùn)用過渡詞匯
考生在用高級(jí)詞匯、復(fù)雜的句式基本寫出書面表達(dá)的框架后,為了使句子與句子之間,段落與段落之間能夠銜接或過渡得更自然、表達(dá)得更連貫,進(jìn)而使全文更緊湊,考生在寫作時(shí)應(yīng)合理使用過渡性詞匯。比如,表并列或者遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞匯有:and,also,in ad—dition to,as weU as,moreover,not only...but also…,further more,what's worse/more等;表順序的詞匯有:now,bef-ore,then,earlier,after,firstly,aRerwards,1ater,secondly,to begin with等;表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞匯有:but,however,yet,on the contrary,on the otherhand,in spite of等;表因果關(guān)系的詞匯有:because,so,therefore,since,as a result,thanks to,due to,othenⅣise等;表解釋說明或列舉事實(shí)的詞匯有:for ex.ample,that is to say,such as,as f0110ws,take…for ex一鋤ple,as f0110ws等;表陳述作者觀點(diǎn)的詞匯有:in myopinion,persona11y speaking,as f-ar as I'm concemed,from my point of view等;表總結(jié)的詞匯有:finally,inconclusion, at last, in brief, in general, to sum up, inshort,on the whole等。
例7: In addition t0 55 positive comments, 31workers' views were either neutral, mixed, negative,or even missed the question.
例8: At that time, they didn't expect danger. Af-terwards,they trembled with fear.
例9:n's not a problem at all. On the other hand, it'sa great honor to help you and your mother.
例10: His admission to the ideal university islargely due to her efforts day and night.
分析上面的例子可知:例7中使用了in addition to意為“另外,除……之外”,例8中使用了afterwards意為“之后,然后”,例9中使用了on the other hand意為“(從)另一方面(來說)”,例10中使用了due to意為“由于”。這些過渡性詞匯的使用,使句子之間銜接更自然、更緊湊,更有層次性。
總之,要想寫出高水平的英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá),進(jìn)而獲得高分,考生不僅需要寫清寫全寫作要點(diǎn),而且需要多應(yīng)用高級(jí)詞匯、復(fù)雜語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行寫作。在寫作的過程中要根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境和結(jié)構(gòu)需要,合理應(yīng)用過渡性詞匯,使所寫的文章邏輯清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、層次分明。
(作者單位:甘肅省靖遠(yuǎn)縣第一中學(xué))