陳賢良 紀友亮 楊克明
摘要:川西坳陷須家河組是典型的致密砂巖儲層,勘探的首要目標是在致密背景下尋找相對高滲區(qū),成巖相是現今儲層面貌及品質的直接反映。針對川西坳陷中段須四段砂巖儲層,利用巖石薄片、鑄體薄片、陰極發(fā)光、掃描電鏡等分析測試方法,開展定量成巖相儲層綜合評價。結果表明:須四段儲層巖石類型以中粒巖屑砂巖和巖屑質石英砂巖為主,孔隙類型以粒內溶孔和粒間溶孔為主,孔隙結構為微-細孔、微-細喉型,孔隙度、滲透率低,屬致密儲層;基于壓實、膠結、溶蝕等3種主要成巖作用強度計算結果和分級標準,須四段儲層以中強-強壓實、強膠結、弱溶蝕為主要特征,發(fā)育6種主要成巖相類型且下亞段壓實與膠結強度高于上亞段、溶蝕強度弱于上亞段。結合沉積相、儲集空間類型及儲層物性特征等將須四段儲層劃分為4類,其中Ⅱ類儲層為有利儲層,分布在中江-洛帶地區(qū)和新場構造帶。研究成果可為進一步研究致密氣提供地質依據。
關鍵詞:川西坳陷中段;須四段;定量成巖相;儲層評價;有利儲層
中圖分類號:P 624文獻標志碼:A
文章編號:1672-9315(2022)04-0760-08
DOI:10.13800/j.cnki.xakjdxxb.2022.0416
Comprehensive evaluation of reservoir in? the forth Member of Xujiahe
Formation in the Middle Area of Western Sichuan DepressionCHEN Xianliang JI Youliang YANG Keming
(1.College of Geology and Environment,Xian University of Science and Technology,Xian 710054,China;
2.State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting,China University of Petroleum,Beijing 102249,China;
3.Research Institute of Exploration and Development,Southwest Oil & Gas Company,SINOPEC,Chengdu 610016,China)Abstract:The Xujiahe Formation is a typical tight sandstone reservoir in the Western Sichuan Depression.The primary goal of further exploration is to find relatively high-permeability areas under tight conditions.Diagenetic facies might well reflect the present reservoir appearance and quality.Therefore,aiming at the sandstone reservoir of the fourth member of the Xujiahe formation in the middle area of the western Sichuan Depression,a comprehensive reservoir evaluation was carried out based on quantitative diagenetic facies research by using petrographic thin sections,casting thin sections,cathodoluminescence,scanning electron microscopy and other analytical methods.The results show that reservoir rock types of the forth member of Xujiahe formation are mainly medium-grained lithic sandstone and lithic quartz sandstone.The pore types are mainly intragranular dissolved pores and intergranular dissolved pores and the pore structure is micro-fine pores and micro-fine throat type,and their porosity and permeability are low,belonging to tight reservoir.Based on the calculation results and three classification standards of compaction,cementation and dissolution,the reservoir of the fourth member of the Xujiahe formation are characterized by strong compaction,strong cementation and weak dissolution.Furthermore, six major diagenetic facies types were classified,and the compaction and cementation degree of the lower sub-member is higher than that of the upper sub-member,and the degree of dissolution is weaker than that of the upper sub-member.Based on quantitative diagenetic facies,with sedimentary facies in view,reservoir space type and reservoir physical properties,the reservoir was divided into four types,and Type II is a favorable reservoir in the study area,which mainly distributed in the Xinchang tectonic belt and Zhongjiang-Luodai area.The research results can provide geological basis for further exploration and development of tight gas in the study area.
Key words:the Middle Area of Western Sichuan Depression;the forth member of Xujiahe formation;quantitative diagenetic facics;reservoir evaluation;favorable reservoir
0引言
致密砂巖儲層經歷了復雜的成巖演化,造就了現今低孔低滲的儲層面貌,成巖相則是現今儲層品質的直接反映[1-5]?;诔蓭r相研究成果開展儲層綜合評價,更準確地指導有利儲層預測,為制定合理的開發(fā)方案提供地質依據。
須四段為川西坳陷中段深層天然氣產出的重要層位之一,現今埋深大于3 500 m,處于中成巖B期-晚成巖階段,儲層孔隙度平均4.88%,滲透率小于1×10-3μm2,為致密儲層。ZHONG、呂正祥、張鼐等研究儲層成巖作用、成巖演化及優(yōu)質儲層形成機制[6-8],WANG等分析儲層微觀孔隙結構及其成巖控制[9],李嶸等開展致密化機理研究[10],林小兵等針硅質碎屑顆粒溶蝕現象分析了溶蝕機理[11],王亞男等研究了自生高嶺石的發(fā)育特征、形成機理及其對儲層物性的影響[12]。研究成果主要涉及成巖作用、孔隙演化、致密化機理等方面,較少涉及定量成巖相研究[13-16],且多以須家河組為單元。利用巖石薄片、鑄體薄片、陰極發(fā)光、掃描電鏡等分析測試方法,結合定量成巖相研究成果,開展川西坳陷中段須四段儲層綜合評價,為進一步研究致密砂巖氣奠定基礎。
1區(qū)域地質概況
川西坳陷又稱川西前陸盆地,位于四川盆地西部,西以龍門山逆沖帶為界,東以龍泉山前陸隆起帶為界,呈北東—南西向展布,其中安縣—綿陽以南、大邑—成都以北地區(qū)為川西坳陷中段,內部可劃分出6個構造單元(圖1),面積約10 570 km2。須四段為晚三疊世周緣前陸盆地強烈活動階段沉積充填,發(fā)育沖積扇-河流-三角洲-湖泊相沉積[17-18],巖性由細、中砂巖與頁巖、煤層的不等厚互層組成。依據巖性特征可分為上、中、下3個亞段,其中上、下亞段巖性以砂巖為主,砂巖儲層發(fā)育。
2儲層特征
2.1儲層巖石學特征
須四段儲層巖石類型以巖屑砂巖和巖屑質石英砂巖為主,碎屑成分以低長石、高巖屑為特征(圖2,表1);碎屑顆粒以中粒結構為主,分選好,磨圓較差,以次棱角狀為主(圖3(a)、(b)、(c));填隙物主要包括碳酸鹽膠結物、硅質膠結物、黏土礦物和雜基(圖3(d));顆粒間以線-凹凸接觸為主,以顆粒支撐為特征,膠結類型以孔隙式膠結為主。須四段儲層碎屑成分和結構成熟度均較低。
2.2物性特征
須四段儲層孔隙度大小變化較大,其中下亞段儲層孔隙度分布在2%~8%之間,平均5.2%,上亞段儲層孔隙度分布在4%~10%之間,平均5.5%,滲透率小于1×10-3 μm2,為致密儲層,局部發(fā)育低滲、特低滲儲層(圖4)。
2.3儲集空間類型
通過鑄體薄片鑒定分析,結合掃描電鏡和陰極發(fā)光觀察,須四段儲層儲集空間發(fā)育較差,原生孔隙基本消失殆盡,次生孔隙發(fā)育,以粒內溶孔和粒間溶孔為主(圖5(a)~(c)),裂縫較發(fā)育;孔隙結構為微-細孔、微-細喉型,平均孔隙直徑小于10 μm,最大進汞飽和度為2.9%~51.6%,分選系數為1.09~12.02,最大連通孔喉半徑處于0.03~3 μm。整體上,上亞段儲層較下亞段儲層溶蝕孔更發(fā)育。
2.4儲層成巖特征
須四段儲層經歷了多種成巖變化,形成了現今的儲層面貌,其中壓實、膠結和溶蝕成巖作用對儲層質量起著絕對的控制作用。
2.4.1壓實作用
須四段儲層壓實作用強,顆粒之間以線-凹凸接觸為主,出現壓實定向排列現象,可見長條狀的云母等塑性巖屑等被壓彎甚至折斷(圖5(d)、(e));壓溶作用分布不均勻,僅在局部石英含量高的儲層中發(fā)育。
2.4.2膠結作用
須四段儲層主要膠結作用包括碳酸鹽、硅質和黏土礦物膠結。其中碳酸鹽膠結物是最常見的膠結物類型,主要包括方解石、鐵方解石以及少量白云石、菱鐵礦等,以方解石含量最高,主要以斑狀、連晶狀2種形式產出于孔隙間(圖5(f)~(h)),早期以方解石膠結為主,晚期以含鐵碳酸鹽膠結為主;硅質膠結物含量一般較低,主要以次生加大邊的形式產出于石英顆粒的邊緣,主要為II~III級次生加大(圖5(i)、(j));黏土礦物主要包括伊利石、綠泥石和少量高嶺石,含量低,主要以孔隙襯邊和充填孔隙為主(圖5(k)、(l))。
2.4.3溶蝕作用
溶蝕作用是須四段砂巖儲層中非常普遍的一種成巖作用類型。在酸性地層水作用下長石、沉積巖巖屑、巖漿巖巖屑及碳酸鹽膠結物等發(fā)生部分、甚至全部的溶解,形成次生孔隙(圖5(a)~(c)、(m)~(o))。長石、巖屑常被溶蝕形成粒內溶孔、粒間溶孔,甚至形成鑄模孔等,常見長石沿解理縫溶解呈蜂窩狀、條帶狀,膠結物的溶解作用相對比較微弱。
3定量成巖相
為定量表征3種主控成巖作用的成巖強度,采用視壓實率、視膠結率、視溶蝕率進行定量表征[5,20-23],建立須四段儲層成巖強度劃分標準(表2)。
依據成巖強度計算結果和分級標準可知,整體以中強-強壓實、強膠結、弱溶蝕為主(圖6),下亞段壓實與膠結強度高于上亞段、溶蝕強度弱于上亞段。建立測井響應并優(yōu)選響應特征明顯的聲波、電阻率和密度輔助成巖相判別(表3),開展全井段成巖相分析,完成平面成巖相劃分[24-28]。
上、下亞段儲層成巖相展布特征相似,龍門山前地區(qū)主要發(fā)育強膠結成巖相,新場構造帶以中強壓實中溶蝕成巖相為主,中江-回龍至洛帶地區(qū)以強壓實中溶蝕成巖相為主,大邑地區(qū)以強膠結弱溶蝕成巖相為主,什邡、馬井及廣漢地區(qū)以強壓實弱溶蝕成巖相為主,溫江、成都地區(qū)以強壓實成巖相為主(圖7)。中溶蝕成巖相主要發(fā)育在三角洲前緣水下分流河道主體、砂體厚度大于10 m、長石等溶蝕組分含量較高的地區(qū),且上亞段儲層溶蝕程度大于下亞段。
4儲層綜合評價
須四段儲層整體巖屑含量高,埋藏深、壓實作用強,儲集空間發(fā)育較差。Ⅰ類儲層物性最好,但僅在局部深度范圍內發(fā)育,以發(fā)育Ⅱ、Ⅲ類儲層為主,其中Ⅱ類儲層溶蝕作用較強,物性較好,為有利儲層(表4)。
須四段下亞段Ⅱ類儲層主要發(fā)育在新場構造帶和中江-洛帶地區(qū)(圖7),屬中壓實中溶蝕和中強壓實中溶蝕成巖相。須四段上亞段Ⅱ類儲層展布特征與下亞段相似,僅中江-洛帶地區(qū)有利儲層分布面積有所增大。由于上亞段儲層埋藏淺且砂體發(fā)育程度高,溶蝕強度大于下亞段、物性好于下亞段儲層。
5結論
1)須四段儲層主要由中粒巖屑砂巖和巖屑質石英砂巖組成,孔隙類型以粒內和粒間溶孔為主,孔隙結構為微-細孔、微-細喉型,孔隙度、滲透率低,屬致密儲層。
2)依據壓實、膠結、溶蝕3種主要成巖強度計算結果和分級標準,須四段儲層以中強-強壓實、強膠結、弱溶蝕為主要特征,發(fā)育強壓實、強壓實弱溶蝕、強壓實中溶蝕、中強壓實中溶蝕、強膠結、強膠結弱溶蝕6種主要成巖相類型。
3)縱向上,下亞段壓實與膠結強度高于上亞段、溶蝕程度弱于上亞段;平面上,上、下亞段儲層成巖相展布特征相似。
4)須四段儲層分為4類,其中II類儲層物性較好,為有利儲層,分布在新場構造帶和中江-洛帶地區(qū),且上亞段儲層物性好于下亞段儲層。
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