田昊 王曉剛
摘 ? ? 要|心理疾病污名是指個體在社會互動中對心理疾病患者存有的負面評價、消極情感體驗和歧視。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 心理健康服務從業(yè)者同樣對心理疾病患者存在污名,這不僅嚴重影響了患者的治療和康復,還降低了其對從事自身職業(yè)的意愿和信心。本文就心理健康服務從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名進行綜述,重點闡述其對患者和從業(yè) 者自身的負面影響,同時梳理了三種常用的教育、接觸及教育和接觸結合的干預措施并強調(diào)了各自的不足之 處,幫助心理健康服務從業(yè)者認識和減少自身的心理疾病污名,從而提升服務效果并促進專業(yè)素養(yǎng)的發(fā)展。
關鍵詞|心理健康服務從業(yè)者;心理疾病污名;心理疾病患者
Copyright ? 2022 by author (s) and SciScan Publishing Limited
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
1 引言
據(jù)世衛(wèi)組織統(tǒng)計,世界上約有八分之一的人患有心理疾病,特別在疫情期間,抑郁癥和焦慮癥等疾病的發(fā)病率增加了 25%,心理疾病患者數(shù)目增加了近 10 億人[1]。在我國,由于經(jīng)濟的迅速發(fā)展,人民群眾的心理壓力水平不斷升高,進而造成種種心理問題。黃悅勤于 2019 年發(fā)布在《柳葉刀》上的中國精神障礙流行病學調(diào)查顯示,目前我國精神障礙的終身患病率為 16.6%,這意味著我國民眾一生中有超過六分之一的概率會患精神障礙,然而我國對心理疾病的診斷和治療嚴重不足,就診率還不到 10%[2]。而心理疾病污名是阻礙人們求助的重要因素。心理疾病污名是指個體在社會互動中對心理疾病患者存 有的負面評價、消極情感體驗和歧視[3]。心理疾病污名不僅嚴重影響了患者的治療和康復,同時也對 患者身邊的人乃至心理健康服務從業(yè)者產(chǎn)生負面影響,降低患者生活質(zhì)量,其危害甚至比心理疾病本 身更嚴重[4,5]。
我國于 2017 年發(fā)布的《關于加強心理健康服務的指導意見》中明確要求加強醫(yī)學、教育、康復、社工等相關專業(yè)學生的心理學理論教學和實踐技能培養(yǎng),同時加強精神科醫(yī)師、護士、心理治療師、心理咨詢師、康復師、醫(yī)務社會工作者服務團隊建設[6]。雖然在以往關于心理健康服務從業(yè)者的定義中 并不包括社工人員,但近年來,無論是從國家政策還是服務實踐都有社工的身影,因此,本文定義的心理健康服務從業(yè)者(后文簡稱從業(yè)者)主要是指提供心理健康宣傳教育、心理咨詢、危機干預、心理治療等服務的精神科醫(yī)生、護士、心理治療師、心理咨詢師、康復師及社會工作者等專業(yè)從業(yè)者,而在心理健康服務人才培養(yǎng)上,我國的心理健康服務人才大多是從學校里培養(yǎng)出來的,很多是心理學專業(yè)和醫(yī)學專業(yè)。因此醫(yī)學生及心理學學生作為心理健康服務從業(yè)者的后備軍也將在本文中分開討論。
目前,關于心理疾病態(tài)度的大部分研究都集中在公眾的態(tài)度和信念上,而較少關注從業(yè)者的態(tài)度[7]。盡管如此,現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明,從業(yè)者也和公眾一樣對心理疾病患者持有污名態(tài)度,甚至比公眾更認同對心理疾病患者的刻板印象[8,9]。而從業(yè)者的污名態(tài)度會直接影響到患者的就醫(yī)行為、就醫(yī)質(zhì)量和康復,除此之外還可能會影響到公眾對心理疾病患者的態(tài)度[10,11]。因此,針對從業(yè)者群體污名化嚴重、影響惡劣、干預缺乏的情況,本文主要對從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名影響及干預措施進行討論,希望對未來從業(yè)者的人才培養(yǎng)提供參考和幫助。
2 從業(yè)者心理疾病污名對患者和自身的影響
對患者的影響
對患者求助和依從性的影響
心理健康服務依從性(Adherence of Mental Health Services)是指心理健康服務對象對職業(yè)康復、社會技能訓練、家庭干預和個人成長等心理健康服務的參與程度[12,13]。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),由于患者可能預料到將在醫(yī)務機構受到歧視和偏見,所以很多心理疾病患者都選擇不接受治療,即便是治療中的患者其依從性也很差,提前終止治療的狀況也屢見不鮮[14,15]。即使是在治療中,從業(yè)者對待心理疾病的消極態(tài)度還是會對患者及其家人產(chǎn)生消極影響,阻礙患者接受治療,甚至影響到患者的治療信心、治療依從性, 以及能否正??祻停?6-19]。
對患者接受治療和護理的影響
一般來說,進入醫(yī)務機構的第一步就是要進行心理疾病的診斷,但不幸的是,心理疾病診斷會通過貼標簽的方式給患者增加污名[20]。并且在診斷時,心理疾病污名可能會使從業(yè)者對評估患者的健康狀 況產(chǎn)生兩個影響:首先,從業(yè)者可能無法與患者充分接觸以更深入地了解其問題所在;其次,心理疾病污名還會影響到臨床治療,比如影響臨床決策[21]、負面預測患者預后[22]和過度診斷[23],使情況惡化。除了醫(yī)生對其的污名影響外,在護理方面,患者也常常遭受污名[24],這就導致患者常常無法獲得與其 他疾病患者相等同的護理措施[25]。
這些研究表明不論是醫(yī)務服務機構的精神科醫(yī)生還是護士,都對心理疾病患者存在污名態(tài)度,這種負面的態(tài)度嚴重影響了患者在醫(yī)務機構的就診和治療,造成了患者依從性差、時常提前終止治療的情況發(fā)生。
對從業(yè)者自身的影響
對從業(yè)者服務工作的影響
目前關于從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名研究較少,但仍有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)精神科醫(yī)生、醫(yī)學生等心理健康服務從業(yè)者都對心理疾病患者存在污名態(tài)度,并且比預期要高得多[9,26]。另外,與全科醫(yī)生、臨床心理學家 和心理健康護士相比,精神科醫(yī)生對心理疾病更為悲觀[27,28],即使是專業(yè)的精神科醫(yī)生也可能對心理 疾病患者懷有刻板印象并歧視“精神病”人[16,29,30]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一些從業(yè)者對患者的康復并不抱有 期待[31],他們也更不愿意跟心理疾病患者接觸[32],就算是那些對心理疾病患者持有積極態(tài)度的從業(yè)者, 仍希望與心理疾病患者保持一定的社交距離[8,33,34]。特別是當患者出現(xiàn)復雜、多維問題的時候,這種 影響更為強烈[28]。
對心理健康服務從業(yè)者社會功能的影響
受到污名的影響,從業(yè)者常常不被視為真正的衛(wèi)生人員,這大大增加了他們對心理疾病的污名態(tài)度, 降低了他們從事該行業(yè)的意愿和信心[16,35]。不僅如此,從業(yè)者還要飽受種種負面評價:公眾認為心理 治療毫無作用甚至可能有害,認為精神科醫(yī)生是過度依賴藥物的低級醫(yī)生;醫(yī)學生則認為精神科醫(yī)生地位低下,也可能“不正?!保换颊呒捌浼覍僬J為從業(yè)者是污名的根源;而媒體則認為其沒有真正的學術水準[36]。這些負面評價對從業(yè)者產(chǎn)生了連帶污名,無論是從業(yè)者對心理疾病的污名還是其本身受到的 連帶污名都會阻礙從業(yè)者為患者提供更好的服務,加深他們的職業(yè)倦怠[37],進而增加其對心理疾病污 名的認可。反過來,從業(yè)者受到的污名會惡化他們服務的患者的自我污名及治療滿意度[38]。
綜上所述,從業(yè)者所持有的心理疾病污名對患者的求助、治療依從性、治療、護理、預后,甚至是自身的服務工作和社會功能都受到了不同程度的影響。即使是再積極的服務從業(yè)者也難逃污名,對心理健康服務從業(yè)者的污名干預已經(jīng)走到了刻不容緩的境地。
3 對從業(yè)者心理疾病污名的干預
心理疾病污名對從業(yè)者和患者的危害巨大,因此,需要對從業(yè)者采取干預措施,以促使他們反思和認識自己對待心理疾病患者的污名態(tài)度[39]。目前心理學家們開發(fā)了各種干預措施,其中,抗議、教育和接觸是三種常用的去污名手段,而針對從業(yè)者的常用干預措施主要為教育、接觸以及教育和接觸相結合的方法,但這三種策略又都有他們各自的局限性。
教育干預
教育干預的主旨是向公眾宣傳和普及關于心理疾病的信息,樹立正確的心理疾病態(tài)度,從而消除誤解、降低偏見[40]。對從業(yè)者進行教育,使他們了解污名態(tài)度和污名行為,以及這種態(tài)度和行為將對患者的信任、希望、康復機會和生活質(zhì)量可能造成的損害,這對于減少污名至關重要。
在職群體的教育干預
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心理學家或精神科專家可以舉辦課程及教育培訓活動幫助從業(yè)者提高心理疾病相關知識, 為患者提供更好的心理健康服務,減少公眾及從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名[41]。例如,斯圖爾(Stull)的一項研究表明,接受過高級心理健康培訓的從業(yè)者對心理疾病患者表現(xiàn)出較少的污名態(tài)度[42],這得到了很多證實[42-45]。除國外的研究外,我國研究者李潔對廣州 8 個地區(qū)的 99 名社區(qū)心理健康服務從業(yè)者進行為期一天的課程培訓,并在開始前后調(diào)查其相關知識及污名態(tài)度,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)課程培訓顯著提高了從業(yè)者對心理疾病患者的態(tài)度,拉近了雙方之間的社會距離[46]。與此同時,線上教育干預的有效性也在專家的考慮范圍之內(nèi),有學者調(diào)查了針對從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名網(wǎng)絡教育培訓的有效性[47],結果發(fā)現(xiàn)通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)向精神病學家和精神科住院醫(yī)生傳遞的反污名運動也可以有效地減少對心理疾病患者的污名。雖然不同類型的教育培訓都可以有效降低從業(yè)者的污名態(tài)度,但目前包括醫(yī)生及護理人員在內(nèi)的心理健康服務從業(yè)者都普遍缺乏針對心理疾病污名方面的教育培訓[41,48,49],并且只有少數(shù)的研究檢查了教育干預在減少醫(yī)務服務從業(yè)者心理疾病污名方面的功效[50]。
學生群體的教育干預
傳統(tǒng)的學歷教育也是教育干預的一種常見方法。雖然有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[51],隨著精神病學教育水平的提升, 污名程度會隨著降低,但一項針對中國 1372 名醫(yī)學生的橫斷面調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學教育在對去污名方 面作用不大[52,53]。對心理疾病患者的污名態(tài)度甚至可能隨著年級的提升而增加。在另一項測量醫(yī)學生 對待心理疾病的態(tài)度的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)高年級醫(yī)學生的心理疾病污名高于低年級學生,具體表現(xiàn)為高年級的醫(yī)學生更愿意對患有心理疾病的患者使用貶義詞,并且更不愿意透露已有的患心理疾病經(jīng)歷[54,55]。 與此同時,我國大部分醫(yī)學院校也沒有進行足夠的醫(yī)學人文教育,這就導致醫(yī)學生的醫(yī)術和移情能力發(fā)展不平衡,從而可能影響醫(yī)學生和患者之間的關系[56]。
教育干預的不足
教育干預也有種種缺點:第一,有效期較短。近期有研究調(diào)查了以去污名為主題的教育干預(研討會) 對大三心理學學生污名態(tài)度的影響,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)教育干預只帶來短期的成效,而沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)長期的效益[64]。第二,歸因方式可能會起到反效果。通過將心理疾病定義為生物遺傳因素來減少污名的教育方式反而會加劇污名[60]。第三,傳統(tǒng)學歷教育作用不大,同時還缺少對教育環(huán)境的重視。除了教育本身的作用外, 良好的教育環(huán)境對改善心理疾病污名極為重要,有研究表明當教授表現(xiàn)較少的污名態(tài)度時,學生對心理疾病患者的消極態(tài)度也會得到改善[65]。
綜上所述,教育干預的應用群體十分廣泛,對醫(yī)學生、心理學學生、醫(yī)務機構人員、社會工作者等從業(yè)者都可以起到明顯的效果,其范圍也并不局限于是學歷教育或是在職培訓。同時,教育干預的規(guī)??纱罂尚?,既有幾十人的課程培訓,也有上百人的研討會;教育干預的時長也可長可短,從不足一天到長達幾年都可實行。此外,由于線上的教育培訓并不會影響干預的效果,因此也并不局限于時間地域的限制。所以教育干預是一種十分優(yōu)良的針對從業(yè)者心理疾病污名的干預措施。但是考慮到教育干預的不足,針對從業(yè)者的教育干預(無論是學歷教育或是在職培訓)要謹慎考慮內(nèi)容和方向的重要性,同時提高從業(yè)者對所處環(huán)境中污名化行為和做法的有害影響認識,這樣才能最大限度發(fā)揮教育干預的作用,減少污名。
接觸干預
接觸干預是指增加人們與心理疾病患者的人際聯(lián)系[66]。接觸是影響污名的一個重要因素,同時接觸干預也是改善態(tài)度和增加與心理疾病患者交流興趣的最有效方式[67]。但是這并不代表著接觸一定會帶來污名態(tài)度的改善,關于接觸干預對從業(yè)者的作用,目前存在相互矛盾的看法[68]。
在職群體的接觸干預
一些研究確定了從業(yè)者與心理疾病患者之間的接觸對減少偏見和刻板印象具有積極的作用,是減少自我報告的外顯污名的有效方法,建議將與心理疾病患者的接觸作為減少污名的關鍵策略[69-73]。這是 因為如果加強和心理疾病患者的接觸,人們可以更好地了解患者,從而降低他們的污名程度。相反,如果沒有和心理疾病患者接觸過,或者接觸的經(jīng)驗很少的人可能持有較多的污名態(tài)度[74-77]。佩里斯(Peris) 等人從業(yè)者中不同群體的內(nèi)隱和外顯態(tài)度進行了比較,結果顯示臨床心理學家具有較少的污名態(tài)度,這可能就是與他們經(jīng)常和與心理疾病患者接觸有關[73]。在我國,對綿竹的 395 名基層從業(yè)者進行測量后發(fā)現(xiàn),村醫(yī)并沒有呈現(xiàn)出比鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)醫(yī)生更多的污名態(tài)度,這可能是因為大部分村醫(yī)都在他們生長的地方工作,在多年的生活中已經(jīng)和同村的患者發(fā)生了密切接觸,建立了穩(wěn)定的關系,所以他們的污名程度偏低。因此,對在職群體進行接觸干預、增加他們對心理疾病患者的接觸經(jīng)驗可能會減少心理疾病污名[78]。
學生群體的接觸干預
接觸在學校教育中常常以實習的形式發(fā)起,通過醫(yī)院和社區(qū)的心理健康實踐減少心理疾病污名。心理疾病實習是獲得心理疾病接觸經(jīng)驗的關鍵時期,也是減少污名的有效措施[79,80]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),醫(yī)學生在經(jīng)歷了心理健康實習后其外顯污名顯著減低,并且隨訪一個月后,醫(yī)學本科生對心理疾病的外顯污名也顯著低于非醫(yī)學本科生[79]。心理健康專業(yè)實踐也可以有效地減少護理專業(yè)學生對患有心理疾病的人的污名[81]。此外,臨床模擬也可以支持心理健康實踐,降低從業(yè)者的污名態(tài)度,這一點得到了相關的研究證實[82]。
接觸干預的不足
也有一些研究強調(diào)了接觸的負面影響,例如如果出現(xiàn)預后不良和康復困難的情況都會加劇服務從業(yè)者的污名。有四項研究[43,83-85]證明了接觸不一定帶來污名的改善,甚至還有人沒有檢測出二者任何的 關系[43,73,86]。
對于醫(yī)務人員而言,似乎治療效果才是他們所看中的,如果患者經(jīng)過治療后病情有所好轉(zhuǎn),醫(yī)務人員的污名程度可能就會降低,反之,如果治療效果不明顯,那么污名程度就會增加[74,87]。例如,心理疾病患者在心臟內(nèi)科和內(nèi)科診室的就診率更高,但醫(yī)生反而擁有較高的污名態(tài)度[88,89],這可能就是因為心理疾病患者在非心理科診室沒有得到應有的治療所以治療效果并不明顯。
學生群體似乎不太關注治療效果,對他們而言,和心理疾病患者的接觸質(zhì)量往往影響更大。雖然梅 塔(Mehta)等人的研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),與患有嚴重、慢性和難治疾病的人接觸較多可能會惡化心理疾病污名[90],但從業(yè)者不可避免地需要在患者發(fā)病時(癥狀明顯且迫切需要治療)與之接觸,因此他們的接觸質(zhì)量往往較低,從而導致對心理疾病患者的污名增加[34,91,92]。學生群體也常常因?qū)嵙暤男枰腭v到精神科病房, 所以他們的接觸質(zhì)量往往不高,污名態(tài)度也沒有顯著降低[91]。因此,接觸要滿足一定的條件才能起到 降低污名的作用,只有那些經(jīng)驗更豐富、接觸體驗更好、有親身經(jīng)歷的、對患者更有同理心的從業(yè)者在與患者接觸時才更安心,更容易降低污名,也更愿意和患者保持交往[93-95]。
綜上所述,雖然接觸干預往往可以取到比教育干預更有效的結果[96],但從業(yè)者和心理疾病患者之間的接觸和互動是十分復雜的過程,其結果可能會受到治療效果、接觸質(zhì)量、患病程度等多種因素的影響。所以,僅僅增加接觸的頻率是遠遠不夠的,從業(yè)者還要注重接觸的質(zhì)量、合理看待治療預期及對患者充分的尊重和共情,這樣才能更好地利用接觸干預減輕對心理疾病患者的污名。
教育和接觸結合干預
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),教育和接觸相結合的方法可以有效減少污名態(tài)度,而且效果是長期持續(xù)的,這種方法已經(jīng)得到了廣泛的認可[97-101]。
在職群體的教育和接觸干預
利恩(Lien)等人對 9 個國家的醫(yī)務人員去污名干預研究進行 Meta 分析,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)“間接接觸 + 講座”的干預模式使用率最高,達到了 81.5%,而排名第二的則是“直接接觸 + 學習工作坊”的干預模式, 使用率達到了 77.4%[102],這說明教育和接觸相結合的干預策略在各國都得到了廣泛的認可和使用。此外,加拿大的一項研究比較了學生群體和精神科醫(yī)生的污名態(tài)度是否和教育水平及接觸相關,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)醫(yī)生群體顯著低于學生群體,確認了增加對心理疾病的教育和接觸經(jīng)驗可以顯著減少心理疾病污名[95]。在我國,有研究調(diào)查了以接觸為基礎的教育干預對 121 名社區(qū)工作人員心理疾病污名的影響,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)教育和接觸相結合的干預組其態(tài)度和行為比單一教育組改善更為顯著,在三個月的回訪后其污名程度改善仍較為明顯[103]。
學生群體的教育和接觸結合干預
雖然目前對學生群體的教育和接觸結合干預研究較少,但最近有專家團隊開發(fā)了一套名叫德爾菲 法的手段用以減少醫(yī)學生群體對患者的心理疾病污名,它包括一組四個連續(xù)的互動干預,同樣包含了 教育和接觸的方式:放映電影并討論、精神科培訓、與精神障礙患者接觸、與精神障礙患者的社會交流、定義污名和個人經(jīng)歷的小組討論,也被證明十分有效[51]。雖然有很多研究證實了教育和接觸相結合 的干預方式可以有效地降低心理健康服務從業(yè)者的污名態(tài)度,但也有一些研究從業(yè)者持有相反態(tài)度, 認為該方式在行為改變方面效果并不理想,同時干預效果往往只在短時間內(nèi)有效,而在長時間內(nèi)效果 不佳[91,104-107]。
4 展望與啟示
本文梳理了心理健康服務從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名對患者及自身的影響,同時也簡述了三種目前針對該群體常用的去污名措施,希望可以幫助心理健康服務從業(yè)者認識、反思自己對心理疾病患者的污名態(tài)度,改善污名所造成的危害。綜上所述,本文就目前我國心理健康服務從業(yè)者污名化嚴重、干預措施缺乏的情況,為從業(yè)者的人才培養(yǎng)提出以下幾點建議。
首先,以往的研究都主要在外顯態(tài)度進行測量和干預,而內(nèi)隱態(tài)度的研究較少,特別是干預的效果層面。但目前的幾種針對從業(yè)者的干預措施對內(nèi)隱態(tài)度的改善效果都不明顯,未來應針對如何改善從業(yè)者的內(nèi)隱污名進行更多的研究和探索,以更好地服務心理疾病患者,提升治療效果。
其次,鑒于文化與污名之間的關系,反污名干預措施的發(fā)展應適應我國本土文化,特別是要重視“面子”文化對從業(yè)者的影響。未來的研究開發(fā)針對中國文化的干預措施,以減少中國心理健康專業(yè)學生及其他醫(yī)學生從業(yè)者對心理疾病的相關污名。
最后,在教育干預方面,由于醫(yī)學生的態(tài)度受到包括實習及與其他臨床醫(yī)生互動的醫(yī)學院經(jīng)歷的極大影響,因此在干預中要特別注重教師、領導及前輩的榜樣作用,注重學院教育及培訓環(huán)境中的風氣建設,以確保下一代從業(yè)者(醫(yī)學生、心理學研究生等)不會產(chǎn)生這些負面態(tài)度。另外,在接觸干預方面, 研究證明了接觸質(zhì)量比接觸頻率更為重要,那么如何提高從業(yè)者和心理疾病患者之間的接觸質(zhì)量可能也是未來研究的一個方向,尤其是怎樣減輕從業(yè)者對重型心理疾病發(fā)病期的刻板印象,這些對未來心理服務領域的人才培養(yǎng)至關重要。
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A Study of Mental Illness Stigma Intervention for Mental Health Service Practitioners
Tian Hao Wang Xiaogang
College of Education and Psychology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu
Abstract: Mental illness stigma refers to the negative evaluations, negative emotional experiences, and discrimination that individuals have toward people with mental illness during social interactions. It has been found that mental health service practitioners also have a stigma against patients with mental illness, which not only seriously affects the treatment and recovery of patients, but also reduces their willingness and confidence to engage in their own profession. This paper provides a review of mental illness stigma among mental health service practitioners, focusing on its negative effects on patients and practitioners themselves. It also identifies three common interventions of education, contact, and a combination of education and contact, and highlights the shortcomings of each, to help mental health service practitioners recognize and reduce their own mental illness stigma, thereby improving service outcomes and promoting professionalism.
Key words: Mental health service practitioners; Mental illness stigma; People with mental illness