周佳月

春風(fēng)又綠江南岸，帶給杭州新的生命律動(dòng)。第十九屆亞運(yùn)會(huì)的腳步愈發(fā)近了，一批世界級(jí)水準(zhǔn)的亞運(yùn)場(chǎng)館悉數(shù)揭開自己的神秘面紗。其中，坐落于大運(yùn)河畔的運(yùn)河體育公園尤為亮眼：十年前，這里還只是一片“城市森林”;十年后，在舉辦亞運(yùn)會(huì)的契機(jī)之下，“城市森林”搖身一變，成為活力滿滿的“體育公園”。屆時(shí)，乒乓球、霹靂舞和曲棍球三大賽事將在此舉辦。

英國(guó)友人探館樂趣多

杭州拱墅區(qū)運(yùn)河體育公園自去年十一月開放，至今已經(jīng)四個(gè)月了。在這段時(shí)間里，拱墅區(qū)運(yùn)河體育公園不但成功舉辦了乒乓球測(cè)試賽，還迎接了眾多國(guó)內(nèi)外的游客前來參觀打卡。

英國(guó)友人海瑟（Hazel）在自己50歲生日之際受邀參觀了拱墅區(qū)運(yùn)河體育公園。兩年前，因?yàn)檎煞蚬ぷ髡{(diào)動(dòng)，海瑟來到了中國(guó)，從此她就迷上了中國(guó)文化，“世界的另一邊是如此不同，每天都能讓我開眼界！”這是海瑟來中國(guó)后時(shí)常掛在嘴上的一句話。

拱墅區(qū)運(yùn)河體育公園總占地面積701畝，是杭州主城區(qū)最大的新建亞運(yùn)場(chǎng)館建筑群。海瑟對(duì)體育公園的第一印象就是“大”，要知道在土地資源十分昂貴的大城市里，建成一座集體育館、公園、運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)、商場(chǎng)于一體的多元化綜合性城市體育公園絕非易事。更好的消息是，拱墅區(qū)運(yùn)河體育公園在亞運(yùn)會(huì)結(jié)束之后依舊會(huì)長(zhǎng)久性地服務(wù)公眾，成為城市的一部分，滿足大眾的健身需要?！霸诖缤链缃鸬某鞘欣?，決策者劃出這么大的區(qū)域做場(chǎng)館，最終受益的還是民眾呀！”海瑟被眼前巨大宏偉的亞運(yùn)場(chǎng)館深深震撼，于是發(fā)出了這樣的感嘆。

“一場(chǎng)一館一廣場(chǎng)兩中心”的結(jié)構(gòu)組成了拱墅區(qū)運(yùn)河體育公園。一南一北，遙遙相望，公園“覆蓋”的兩座體育場(chǎng)館：一把是非遺的“油紙傘”（體育場(chǎng)），體育場(chǎng)的主體部分是一個(gè)輕巧而優(yōu)雅的大跨度屋蓋，為觀眾提供遮蔽，兩個(gè)蒼勁有力的拱形構(gòu)件支撐著整個(gè)看臺(tái)，上覆交叉纖維的表皮，賦予其地標(biāo)性的符號(hào)感;一塊是放大版的“玉琮”（體育館），體育館共分為三層，地下一層，地上兩層，從外面看，靈動(dòng)的“魚腹形”雙曲面魚鱗狀金屬幕墻與菱形玻璃鱗片幕墻交相輝映，整體空間呈鵝卵形變化。兩個(gè)建筑巧妙地將杭州文化及韻味蘊(yùn)含于偉岸的身軀之中，于是建筑有了靈魂，文化也有了載體。霸氣的外觀，接地氣的公園方案，讓人不由得好奇這個(gè)公園的設(shè)計(jì)師究竟是何方神圣。

解鎖公園背后的故事

其實(shí)，這個(gè)完美的公園方案是由總部位于美國(guó)紐約的建筑事務(wù)所Archi-Tectonics（ATS）打造的。而操刀公園設(shè)計(jì)的正是ATS建筑事務(wù)所創(chuàng)始人，也是世界著名設(shè)計(jì)師、美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)建筑系主任溫卡 · 度別丹（Winka Dubbeldam）。說起賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)，大家肯定不會(huì)陌生，它是梁思成、林徽因等中國(guó)第一批赴美留學(xué)建筑師的搖籃。ATS設(shè)計(jì)公司之所以能脫穎而出，獲得拱墅運(yùn)河體育公園概念方案的委托設(shè)計(jì)，與其團(tuán)隊(duì)的創(chuàng)造性思維、綠色環(huán)保的理念、精益求精的態(tài)度有著很大關(guān)系，而在執(zhí)行施工階段，這又是一次遠(yuǎn)程協(xié)作的典范。

拱墅區(qū)運(yùn)河體育公園是ATS團(tuán)隊(duì)迄今完成的最大建筑項(xiàng)目，其中包含著多個(gè)建筑，而在時(shí)間緊任務(wù)重的情況之下一切都變得艱難起來，也給設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)帶來了不小的挑戰(zhàn)。通過建筑信息模型技術(shù)（BIM），各方人員在不同國(guó)家協(xié)同辦公，從而有效提升了工作效率。而使該團(tuán)隊(duì)更加強(qiáng)大的原因是景觀設(shè)計(jì)師團(tuán)隊(duì)和工程師團(tuán)隊(duì)的加入，三個(gè)非常智能的團(tuán)隊(duì)緊密合作，最終誕生了精良計(jì)算出的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)。

為了這次探館，海瑟做足了功課。她一進(jìn)體育館就拿出了自己記的密密麻麻的本子，“內(nèi)設(shè)7000座、204套LED燈具、高清LED大屏……”當(dāng)腦海中想象的場(chǎng)景一瞬間投射到現(xiàn)實(shí)之中，海瑟還是覺得不可思議。這些高科技的應(yīng)用在場(chǎng)館內(nèi)隨處可見，旨在為觀眾提供更好的視覺體驗(yàn)。

與此同時(shí)，在設(shè)計(jì)過程中，ATS團(tuán)隊(duì)大膽的決策令建筑更加加分，他們拋棄了將場(chǎng)館都建于主干道中央的想法，而是將兩個(gè)場(chǎng)館分別設(shè)置在公園兩側(cè)，中間以花園式商業(yè)街連接，給建筑喘息的空間。正是因?yàn)檫@樣的設(shè)計(jì)，賽后運(yùn)河體育公園可以迅速融入市民們的生活。

走在公園的小路上，海瑟不禁發(fā)出疑問 ：“今天雨水很多，我打著傘都免不了濕了頭發(fā)，為什么公園小路上不積水呢？”原來，公園中的草坪和人行道全都用了“海綿底”，可以將雨水收集起來，減輕了人工排水的負(fù)擔(dān)。在運(yùn)河體育公園的設(shè)計(jì)方案中，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，無論是對(duì)單個(gè)建筑還是整個(gè)區(qū)域而言，可持續(xù)發(fā)展的理念貫穿始終。公園內(nèi)的多個(gè)建筑都有著綠色的屋頂，大部分采用自然通風(fēng)和自然采光的立面。設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)還復(fù)原了濕地，濕地植被對(duì)過濾和清潔水源到很大的作用，河流中有小島可以加快水流速度，凈化水并提供更多氧氣。為了節(jié)省資源，溫卡 · 度別丹請(qǐng)工程師給體育場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)吊頂——這是一個(gè)能自我支撐的屋頂系統(tǒng)，中間深，末端薄，整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)位于內(nèi)圓屋頂上，然后懸挑到外邊緣。這樣的設(shè)計(jì)一共節(jié)省了1100噸鋼材。

除了恢宏大氣的外觀，ATS團(tuán)隊(duì)在建筑細(xì)節(jié)上的打磨也是精益求精。為了確保中央空調(diào)送風(fēng)時(shí)不影響輕巧的乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡，又能給觀眾舒適的觀賽體驗(yàn)，ATS團(tuán)隊(duì)將送風(fēng)口設(shè)計(jì)在了觀眾椅子的下方;考慮到燈具高度對(duì)周邊建筑的外溢光，在體育場(chǎng)的燈光設(shè)計(jì)階段就通過專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)模型定制了不同角度的遮光系統(tǒng)、反射系統(tǒng)，有效解決了對(duì)周邊環(huán)境的干擾，讓光得到很好的控制和利用。“看到這些高科技的運(yùn)用，我已經(jīng)大為震驚。我沒想到，設(shè)計(jì)者在很多細(xì)節(jié)上都花了功夫！”海瑟激動(dòng)地說道。

溫卡 · 度別丹對(duì)于藝術(shù)和建筑的關(guān)系曾做出過專業(yè)的研究并給出了獨(dú)到的見解：一座城市的特色文化應(yīng)該成為現(xiàn)代化、智能化設(shè)計(jì)的驅(qū)動(dòng)力，不管幾十年、幾百年后，這種出色的設(shè)計(jì)，都會(huì)是經(jīng)濟(jì)的、可持續(xù)的。在不久的將來，拱墅運(yùn)河體育公園會(huì)擺脫傳統(tǒng)公園的模式，更新大眾對(duì)公園的認(rèn)知，讓市民實(shí)現(xiàn)在公園吃飯、逛街、看音樂節(jié)、聽脫口秀的夢(mèng)想。而海瑟在參觀完拱墅運(yùn)河體育公園后也開始計(jì)劃著賽后和朋友們來這兒逛逛?！斑@是我今年生日收到的最好的禮物！”海瑟難掩開心地說道。

The Gongshu Canal Sports Park covers a total area of 4??7 hectares and is the largest newly built Asian Games venue complex in the downtown area of ??Hangzhou. Opened last November， it has successfully held a table tennis test match， and also received many domestic and foreign tourists. Hazel was invited to visit this Park on her 50th birthday. Two years ago， she came to China because of her husband’s job transfer. She has since become fascinated with Chinese culture. “The other side of the world is so different; it opens my eyes every day！” This is what she often says in China.

Hazel’s first impression of the Park is “big”. It is not easy to build in a big city a diversified and comprehensive urban sports park that integrates gymnasiums， parks， sports fields and shopping malls. The Park will continue to meet the fitness needs of the public after the Asian Games.

“In a city where every inch of land is so expensive， the decision makers set out such a large area as a venue， and it is the people who ultimately benefit，” said Hazel.

The structure of “one gymnasium， one stadium， one square， two centers” means two Games venues： one is shaped like an “oil-paper umbrella” （stadium）， which is a local intangible cultural heritage， so the main part of the stadium is a light and elegant large-span roof. It will become a new landmark; the other is an enlarged version of the “jade cong” （gymnasium） in three stories. From the outside， the flexible hyperboloid fish-scale metal curtain wall and the diamond-shaped glass scale curtain wall complement each other， and the overall space changes in an oval shape.

In fact， this perfect scheme was created by Archi-Tectonics （ATS）， a New York-based architectural firm. Winka Dubbeldam， the founder of ATS， is a world-renowned designer and the Chairman of the Department of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania. ATS stood out to get the design commission of the concept plan of the Sports Park for the creative thinking of its team， its concept of green environmental protection and attitude of excellence. And the construction process was an example of remote collaboration.

The Gongshu Canal Sports Park is the largest construction project completed by the ATS team so far. The tight schedule also brought challenges to the design team. Through the building information modeling （BIM） technology， different parties worked together from different countries， thus effectively improving work efficiency. What made this team even stronger was the addition of a team of landscape architects and a team of engineers; three very smart teams working closely together resulted in a well-calculated building structure.

These high-tech applications can be seen everywhere in the venue， aiming to provide a better visual experience for the spectators.

During the design process， the bold decision of the ATS team yielded a bonus. They abandoned the idea of ??building the venues on the main road， but separated the venues with a garden-like commercial street in the middle， giving the buildings breathing space. Thus the Park can be quickly integrated into the lives of citizens after the Games.

Thanks to the “sponge bottom”， which can collect rainwater， we reduce the burden of artificial drainage. In the design scheme of the Park， it is not difficult to find that the concept of sustainable development runs through， whether for a single building or the entire area. Many buildings have green roofs， and most of them feature facades that are naturally ventilated and naturally lit. The design team also restored the wetland， whose vegetation plays an important role in filtering and cleaning the water source. The small isles in the river can speed up the flow of water， purify water and provide more oxygen. To save resources， Winka asked an engineer to design a suspended ceiling for the stadium — a self-sustaining roof system， deep in the middle and thin at the ends， with the entire structure rested on the inner dome and cantilevered to the outer edge. This design saved a total of 1，100 tons of steel.

In addition to the grand appearance， the ATS team kept improving the architectural details. In order to ensure that the air supply from the central air conditioner does not affect the trajectory of lightweight table tennis balls and provide spectators with a comfortable viewing experience， the ATS team designed air supply vents below the spectator chairs. In the lighting design， they customized the shading system and reflection system of different angles with professional design models， which effectively solved the interference to the surrounding environment and allowed light to be well controlled and utilized.

From the start of the project in January 2019 to its completion at the end of 2021， the construction was repeatedly interrupted by the sudden outbreak of COVID-19. Winka worked remotely after her visit to the project site in November 2019. An architect on the construction site could view the construction area through the drone. If there was a problem， the ATS team members on the other side of the ocean could zoom in to view the details to ensure that the construction was foolproof. In fact， the image of the building seen on the drone screen was different from the image we saw with the naked eyes standing in front of the building. With the drone， the eyes could “fly” to any detail of the facade， take a close-up photo， and find out what needed to be changed.

This was undoubtedly a successful attempt， and remote collaboration is the future trend for design companies in the post-pandemic era. This working mode allows designers to have more right to speak， and to better explain their design concepts. Participants become more connected with each other in discussions， designing and executing details， and gain a greater sense of accomplishment.

Wenka has a unique insight into the relationship between art and architecture. The cultural features of a city should become the driving force for modern intelligent designing. Excellent designs will be economical and sustainable in decades， centuries to come. The Gongshu Sports Park inherits the city’s cultural context， tells the story of Hangzhou， and combines the avant-garde design language with the city and the future. In the near future， the Park will get rid of the traditional model， update the public’s understanding， and allow citizens to realize their dreams of eating， shopping， watching music festivals and listening to talk shows in a park.