黃偉嘉 賀文文

A character that’s worth a look

會(huì)當(dāng)凌絕頂，一覽眾山小

Climbing to the top of a mountain and looking out at the vast view below has been the start of many Chinese poems passed down through the ages. A single glance from a mountain top was all it took for poets to start grieving the changing of the seasons， wallowing in nostalgia， venting their homesickness， and lamenting over their lives or the future of the country.

Eighth century poet Du Fu （杜甫）， one of China’s greatest poets， wrote of his ambitions to conquer personal obstacles during a journey to Taishan Mountain in Shandong province when he was 24. It led to one of his most well-known poems， “Gazing on the Peak （《望岳》）”： “Someday may I climb up to its highest summit， and with one sweeping view see how small all other mountains are （會(huì)當(dāng)凌絕頂，一覽眾山小Huìdānglíngjuédǐng， yìlǎnzhòngshānxiǎo）.” There are lots of Chinese terms related to seeing， but Du Fu decided that “one sweeping view，” or “一覽?（yìlǎn），” was enough for him to belittle the other mountains.

The character 覽?（lǎn） is one of many Chinese terms meaning “to look，” “to view，” or “to quickly and roughly look through.” The earliest form of the character appeared in small seal script in the Qin dynasty （221 – 206 BCE）. In the （《說文解字》）， one of the earliest Chinese dictionaries， 覽?was defined as “to watch; made up of the radical 見 （jiàn） and the upper part of the character 監(jiān)?（jiān）.” The character 見?was first seen in the oracle bones of the Shang dynasty （1600 – 1046 BCE）， resembling a figure with big eyes on its head， meaning to open one’s eyes wide to see something. The character 監(jiān)?was originally a figure watching its reflection in a wash basin. When combined together， the character became 覽， which was simplified over history into its present form.

In “The Prose of Consideration and Caution （《思慎賦》），” the seventh and eighth century Chinese historian and politician Liu Zhiji （劉知幾） wrote “明鏡可以覽行?（míngjìngkěyǐlǎnxíng），” meaning a bright mirror could help one see one’s true self. The meaning of 覽?hasn’t changed much from ancient times to the present day. In modern Chinese， words containing 覽?are often related to browsing and looking in a general sense—usually not very closely or carefully. To read a book or newspaper is 閱覽?（yuèlǎn）， and the reading room in the library is called 閱覽室 （yuèlǎnshì）. The idiom 博覽群書 （bólǎnqúnshū） means that someone is very widely read. To look through something quickly is called 瀏覽 （liúlǎn）， and the browser you use for reading information online is called 瀏覽器 （liúlǎnqì）.

覽 is also used for viewing out-of-doors. For instance， to go sightseeing on your travels is 游覽 （yóulǎn）， and if? you are pleased by what you see， the word for you is 飽覽 （bǎolǎn）. 覽勝 （lǎnshèng） means to visit some famous historical sites， and if one of your goals in life is to feast your eyes on all of the famous mountains and historical relics around the world， or 飽覽名山勝景 （bǎolǎnmíngshānshèngjǐng）， China is a necessary stop on your journey.

When paired with the character 展 （zh2n）， 覽 also becomes part of a noun meaning “exhibition.” In many large cities today， there are all kinds of exhibitions to see any given weekend， such as a 攝影展覽 （shèyǐngzhǎnlǎn， photography exhibition）， 藝術(shù)展覽 （yìshùzhǎnlǎn， art exhibition）， or even 汽車展覽 （qìchēzhǎnlǎn， auto show）. The places where these exhibitions are held is a 展覽館 （zhǎnlǎnguǎn， exhibition hall）. Some of these events are large enough to attract exhibitors from all over the world， such as the World Exposition or 世界博覽會(huì) （ShìjièBólǎnhuì）—the delayed 2020 edition was held in Dubai until the end of March this year.

No matter how you decide to use your eyes—to watch， see， read， observe， or stare—perhaps nothing will give you a better view than standing tall in a wide open space， where everything is 一覽無余 （yìlǎnwúyú）： meaning you can take in everything in one glance.